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Mazhar H, Afzal A, Aman S, Babar Khawar M, Hamid SE, Ishaq S, Shahid Ali S, Zhu H, Hussain Z. Purification and characterization of lipase produced from Bacillus cereus (PCSIR NL-37). BIONATURA 2023. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing trend to produce lipase from microorganisms owing to their commercial demand in various industries. Bacillus cereus has been shown to have extracellular lipase activity and high growth rates. This study explains the purification of microbial lipase to homogeneity by dialysis, precipitation and chromatography. The purified enzyme with 56kDa relative molecular mass exhibited the highest activity at 60°C (95.56U/ml) and pH 7 (124.50U/ml). The enzyme activity was highly promoted in the presence of K+ (136.17U/ml) and Zn++(133.07 U/ml), and SDS did not affect the enzyme activity, whereas in the company of triton X100 activity of lipase is maximum (23.90 U/ml). The enzyme activity was enhanced by using almond oil (120.00 U/ml) as a substrate. We deduce cheaper protocols for producing extracellular lipase via simple laboratory techniques, which could be a good insight for its production at the commercial level.
Keywords: Lipase; Bacillus cereus; chromatography; enzyme activity; purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniya Mazhar
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China. 2Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ali Afzal
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Suneela Aman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Applied Molecular Biology & Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Eisha Hamid
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saira Ishaq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shahid Ali
- Institute of Zoology, University of Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-Pakistan
| | - Hongxin Zhu
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China. 2Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
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Zhu E, Xiang X, Wan S, Miao H, Han N, Huang Z. Discovery of the Key Mutation Site Influencing the Thermostability of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase by Rosetta Design Programs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168963. [PMID: 36012226 PMCID: PMC9408933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are remarkable biocatalysts and are broadly applied in many industry fields because of their versatile catalytic capabilities. Considering the harsh biotechnological treatment of industrial processes, the activities of lipase products are required to be maintained under extreme conditions. In our current study, Gibbs free energy calculations were performed to predict potent thermostable Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) variants by Rosetta design programs. The calculating results suggest that engineering on R209 may greatly influence TLL thermostability. Accordingly, ten TLL mutants substituted R209 were generated and verified. We demonstrate that three out of ten mutants (R209H, R209M, and R209I) exhibit increased optimum reaction temperatures, melting temperatures, and thermal tolerances. Based on molecular dynamics simulation analysis, we show that the stable hydrogen bonding interaction between H198 and N247 stabilizes the local configuration of the 250-loop in the three R209 mutants, which may further contribute to higher rigidity and improved enzymatic thermostability. Our study provides novel insights into a single residue, R209, and the 250-loop, which were reported for the first time in modulating the thermostability of TLL. Additionally, the resultant R209 variants generated in this study might be promising candidates for future-industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enheng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xia Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Sidi Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huabiao Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Nanyu Han
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zunxi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Engineering Research Center of Sustainable and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan for Biomass Energy and Biotechnology of Environment, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (Z.H.)
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Suzuki T, Noda T, Morishita T, Ishiguro K, Otsuka S, Brunori A. Present status and future perspectives of breeding for buckwheat quality. BREEDING SCIENCE 2020; 70:48-66. [PMID: 32351304 PMCID: PMC7180147 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat is an important crop globally. It has been processed into cereal grain, noodles, confectionery, bread, and fermented foods for many years. Buckwheat production and processing has supported local economies and is deeply related to the culture of some regions. Buckwheat has many unique traits as a food, with a good flavor and color. In addition, buckwheat is also a healthy food because it contains bioactive compounds that have anti-oxidative, anti-hypertensive, and anti-obesity properties. Therefore, breeding of buckwheat for quality is an important issue to be addressed. Compared to other crops, there is still a lack of basic information on quality, including bioactive compounds generation and enhancement. However, some mechanisms for modifying and improving the quality of buckwheat varieties have recently been identified. Further, some varieties with improved quality have recently been developed. In this review, we summarize the issues around buckwheat quality and review the present status and future potential of buckwheat breeding for quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Suzuki
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, Suya 2421, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noda
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Memuro Upland Farming Research Station, Shinsei, Memuro, Kasai-Gun, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Morishita
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Institute of Crop Science, Radiation Breeding Division, 2425 Kamimurata, Hitachi-Omiya, Ibaraki 319-2293, Japan
| | - Koji Ishiguro
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Memuro Upland Farming Research Station, Shinsei, Memuro, Kasai-Gun, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Shiori Otsuka
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Memuro Upland Farming Research Station, Shinsei, Memuro, Kasai-Gun, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Andrea Brunori
- ENEA, CR Casaccia, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Santa Maria di Galeria, Roma, Italy
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Yadav SK, Bisht D, Tiwari S, Darmwal N. Purification, biochemical characterization and performance evaluation of an alkaline serine protease from Aspergillus flavus MTCC 9952 mutant. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Costa-Silva TA, Souza CRF, Oliveira WP, Said S. Characterization and spray drying of lipase produced by the endophytic fungus Cercospora kikuchii. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20140314s00002880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S. Said
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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New tools for exploring "old friends-microbial lipases". Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1163-96. [PMID: 22956276 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fat-splitting enzymes (lipases), due to their natural, industrial, and medical relevance, attract enough attention as fats do in our lives. Starting from the paper that we write, cheese and oil that we consume, detergent that we use to remove oil stains, biodiesel that we use as transportation fuel, to the enantiopure drugs that we use in therapeutics, all these applications are facilitated directly or indirectly by lipases. Due to their uniqueness, versatility, and dexterity, decades of research work have been carried out on microbial lipases. The hunt for novel lipases and strategies to improve them continues unabated as evidenced by new families of microbial lipases that are still being discovered mostly by metagenomic approaches. A separate database for true lipases termed LIPABASE has been created recently which provides taxonomic, structural, biochemical information about true lipases from various species. The present review attempts to summarize new approaches that are employed in various aspects of microbial lipase research, viz., screening, isolation, production, purification, improvement by protein engineering, and surface display. Finally, novel applications facilitated by microbial lipases are also presented.
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8
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Bora L, Bora M. Optimization of extracellular thermophilic highly alkaline lipase from thermophilic bacillus sp isolated from hotspring of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:30-42. [PMID: 24031801 PMCID: PMC3768969 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822012000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on lipase production were carried out with a bacterial strain (Bacillus sp LBN 2) isolated from soil sample of hotspring of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The cells were cultivated in a mineral medium with maximum production at 1% groundnut oil. The optimum temperature and initial medium pH for lipase production by the organism were 500C and 9.0 respectively. The molecular mass was found to be 33KDa by SDS PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature for activity were 10 and 600C respectively. The enzyme was found to be stable in the pH range of 8–11 with 90% retention of activity at pH 11. The enzyme retained 90% activity at 600C and 70% of activity at 700C for 1h. The lipase was found to be stable in acetone followed by ethanol. The present findings suggested the enzyme to be thermophilic alkaline lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limpon Bora
- Dept of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur-784028
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9
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Dimitrijević A, Veličković D, Bihelović F, Bezbradica D, Jankov R, Milosavić N. One-step, inexpensive high yield strategy for Candida antarctica lipase A isolation using hydroxyapatite. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:358-362. [PMID: 22209131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipase A from Candida antarctica (CAL A) was purified to apparent homogeneity in a single step using hydroxyapatite (HAP) chromatography. CAL A bound to HAP was eluted with 10mM Na-phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 containing 0.5% Triton X-100. The protocol resulted in a 3.74-fold purification with 94.7% final recovery and 400.83 U/mg specific activity. Silver staining after SDS-PAGE revealed the presence a single band of 45 kDa. The enzyme exhibited a temperature optimum of 60°C, was unaffected by monovalent metal ions, but was destabilized by divalent metal ions (Zn(2+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Cu(2+), Mn(2+)) and stimulated by 50mM Fe(2+). Detergents at 0.1% concentrations did not affect lipase activity. Except for Triton X-100, detergent concentrations of 1% had a destabilizing effect.
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10
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Overview of fungal lipase: a review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:486-520. [PMID: 22072143 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipases (triacylglycerolacyl hydrolases, EC3.1.1.3) are class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides. In this review paper, an overview regarding the fungal lipase production, purification, and application is discussed. The review describes various industrial applications of lipase in pulp and paper, food, detergent, and textile industries. Some important lipase-producing fungal genera include Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Candida, etc. Current fermentation process techniques such as batch, fed-batch, and continuous mode of lipase production in submerged and solid-state fermentations are discussed in details. The purification of lipase by hydrophobic interaction chromatography is also discussed. The development of mathematical models applied to lipase production is discussed with special emphasis on lipase engineering.
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11
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Thermophilic lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus: Gene cloning, expression and characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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13
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Li N, Zong MH. Lipases from the genus Penicillium: Production, purification, characterization and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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George DA, Stuckey DC. Extraction of monoclonal antibodies (IgG1) using anionic and anionic/nonionic reverse micelles. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1352-60. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A. Methods for detection and characterization of lipases: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:782-798. [PMID: 19539743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipases are very prominent biocatalysts because of their ability to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media. The chemo-, regio- and enantio-specific behaviour of these enzymes has caused tremendous interest among scientists and industrialists. Lipases from a large number of bacterial, fungal and a few plant and animal sources have been purified to homogeneity. This article presents a critical review of different strategies which have been employed for the detection, purification and characterization of microbial lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ali Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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Two Step Purification of Acinetobacter sp. Lipase and Its Evaluation as a Detergent Additive at Low Temperatures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 150:139-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A. Purification and characterization of a mesophilic lipase from Bacillus subtilis FH5 stable at high temperature and pH. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2007; 58:115-32. [PMID: 17385549 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.58.2007.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides. Microbial lipases are currently receiving much attention with the rapid development of enzyme technology. Bacillus subtilis FH5, isolated from tannery wastes, produced a thermostable alkalophilic lipase and was purified to homogeneity as judged by SDS-PAGE. The purification steps included acetone fractionation and sequential column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75 and adsorption chromatography on Hydroxylapatite. The results of chromatographies showed that two types of lipases were present having molecular weights approximately 62 kDa and 24 kDa, respectively. The purified enzyme was found to be 100% stable at pH 10 and about 80% residual activity was present at 60 degrees C. The enzyme was found to be stable in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ ions. Km value was calculated as 5.05 mM and Vmax as 0.416 micromol/ml/min. Bacillus subtilis FH5 was isolated from tannery waste, therefore, enzyme is environmentally compatible for application in leather degreasing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Hasan
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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20
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Gupta N, Rathi P, Singh R, Goswami VK, Gupta R. Single-step purification of lipase from Burkholderia multivorans using polypropylene matrix. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:648-53. [PMID: 15711795 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipase from Burkholderia multivorans was purified with high yields directly from fermentation broth by a single-step purification protocol involving adsorption and desorption. The crude enzyme (lyophilized powder) from B. multivorans was loaded on Accurel (Membrana, Germany), a polypropylene matrix, using butanol as the solvent in a buffer at pH 9.0 and ambient temperature for a period of 12 h. The enzyme adsorbed onto the matrix with high specific activity (33 units mg(-1) protein). This was followed by desorption of the enzyme from the matrix using Triton X-100 as the eluent. The enzyme was finally recovered by precipitation with acetone (50%, v/v). Thus, an overall enzyme yield of 66% with a 3.0-fold purification was obtained. The purity of the enzyme was ascertained by SDS-PAGE. The phenomenon of adsorption and desorption on Accurel was studied for three more lipases, viz. Mucor meihei lipase (Sigma-Aldrich Co.), Lipolase (Novo Nordisk, Denmark) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase (laboratory isolate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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Suzuki T, Honda Y, Mukasa Y. Purification and characterization of lipase in buckwheat seed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7407-7411. [PMID: 15563227 DOI: 10.1021/jf049271+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To obtain basic information about enzymatic deterioration of buckwheat flour, triacylglycerol lipase (LIP; EC 3.1.1.3) was purified from buckwheat seed. The LIP consisted of two isozymes, LIP I and LIP II, and they were purified with purification folds of 60 and 143 with final specific activities of 0.108 and 0.727 mumol of fatty acid released per minute per milligram of protein at 30 degrees C using triolein as a substrate. Molecular weights were estimated to be 150 (LIP I) and 28.4 kDa (LIP I) by gel filtration and 171 (LIP I) and 26.5 kDa (LIP II) by SDS-PAGE. Optimal pHs of LIP activities were 3.0 (LIP I) and 6.0 (Lip II) using triolein as a substrate. Both LIP I and II reacted in the acidic pH range. Optimal temperatures were 30 (LIP I) and 40 degrees C (LIP II), and both LIP I and II were stable below 30 degrees C when p-nitrophenyl-laurate was used as a substrate. However, they were inactivated above 60 degrees C. On the other hand, when triolein was used as a substrate, optimal temperatures were 30 degrees C for both LIP I and II, and they retained 40% of their activity after a 4 h incubation of enzymes at 70 degrees C. LIP I and II had higher activity against triolein than monoolein or tri/monopalmitin. Most of the LIP activity was distributed in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Suzuki
- National Agriculture Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Shinsei, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0071, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
Separation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the other colostral whey proteins was carried out by reversed micellar extraction. The colostral whey was diluted to 5 times its original volume with 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.35 containing 100 mM of sodium chloride. The aqueous solution was then mixed with an equal volume of isooctane containing 50 mM bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), and shaken at 200 rpm and 25 degrees C for 10 min. After extraction, the mixture was separated to the aqueous phase and the reversed micellar phase by centrifugation. This procedure extracted most of the non-IgG proteins to the reversed micellar phase and recovered more than 90% of the IgG in the aqueous phase. The IgG in the aqueous phase had a purity of 90%, and still possessed immunological activity. AOT was not detectable in the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Kai Su
- Department of Leisure, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Southern Taiwan University of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Microbial lipases today occupy a place of prominence among biocatalysts owing to their ability to catalyze a wide variety of reactions in aqueous and non-aqueous media. The chemo-, regio- and enantio-specific behaviour of these enzymes has caused tremendous interest among scientists and industrialists. Lipases from a large number of bacterial, fungal and a few plant and animal sources have been purified to homogeneity. This has enabled their successful sequence determination and their three-dimensional structure leading to a better understanding of their unique structure-function relationships during various hydrolytic and synthetic reactions. This article presents a critical review of different strategies which have been employed for the purification of bacterial, yeast and fungal lipases. Since protein purification is normally done in a series of sequential steps involving a combination of different techniques, the effect of sequence of steps and the number of times each step is used is analyzed. This will prove to be of immense help while planning lipase purification. Novel purification technologies now available in this field are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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25
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Endogenous lipolysis in feedstuffs and compound feeds for pigs: effects of storage time and conditions and lipase and/or emulsifier addition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Pereira MG, Mudge SM, Latchford J. Consequences of linseed oil spills in salt marsh sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2002; 44:520-533. [PMID: 12146835 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In a simulated spill in a salt marsh, linseed oil penetrated rapidly into the sediments at a rate of 10(-7) cm2 s(-1). The oil concentration remained unchanged for the first month after the spill, but 60% of the oil disappeared from the top 30 cm after a further month. The oil adsorbed to and accumulated in the muddy sediments (top 15 cm) leading to decreased sediment permeability, pH, Eh, abundance of plant roots and infauna and to the establishment of anoxic conditions. These changes accompanied transformations in the original fatty acid composition of the linseed oil, mainly associated with a decrease in 18 : 3omega3, an increase in the other fatty acids and the presence of 'new' fatty acids. A rapid increase in the abundance of heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and aerobic oil degrading bacteria, suggested that these micro-organisms degraded the oil. The role of the bacteria in oil degradation was confirmed in laboratory experiments where the fatty acids composition of the linseed oil underwent identical transformations to those obtained in the field. The degradation of linseed oil appears to be a sequential process initiated by aerobic and/or anaerobic bacteria and continued by sulphate reducing bacteria, which were unable to degrade the raw oil.
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27
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Ruiz B, Farrés A, Langley E, Masso F, Sánchez S. Purification and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Penicillium candidum. Lipids 2001; 36:283-9. [PMID: 11337984 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium candidum produces and secretes a single extracellular lipase with a monomer molecular weight of 29 kDa. However, this enzyme forms dimers and higher molecular weight aggregates under nondenaturing conditions. The lipase from P. candidum was purified 37-fold using Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B and DEAE-Sephadex columns. The optimal assay conditions for lipase activity were 35 degrees C and pH 9. The lipase was stable in the pH range of 5-6 with a pl of 5.5, but rapid loss of the enzyme activity was observed above 25 degrees C. Tributyrin was found to be the best substrate for the P. candidum lipase, among those tested. Metal ions such as Fe2+ and Cu2+ inhibited enzymatic activity and only Ca2+ was able to slightly enhance lipase activity. Ionic detergents inhibited the activity of the enzyme, whereas nonionic detergents stimulated lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70228, México D.F. 04510, México
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28
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Cho AR, Yoo SK, Kim EJ. Cloning, sequencing and expression in Escherichia coli of a thermophilic lipase from Bacillus thermoleovorans ID-1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 186:235-8. [PMID: 10802177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic lipase of Bacillus thermoleovorans ID-1 was cloned and sequenced. The lipase gene codes 416 amino acid residues and contains the conserved pentapeptide Ala-X-Ser-X-Gly as other Bacillus lipase genes. The optimum temperature of the lipase is 75 degrees C, which is higher than other known Bacillus lipases. For expression in Escherichia coli, the lipase gene was subcloned in pET-22b(+) vector with a strong T7 promoter. Lipase activity was approximately 1.4-fold greater than under the native promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Bioproducts Research Center, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Sudaemun-Ku, Seoul, South Korea
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29
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Brush TS, Chapman R, Kurzman R, Williams DP. Purification and characterization of extracellular lipases from Ophiostoma piliferum. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2131-8. [PMID: 10579517 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interest in lipases from microorganisms, animals, and plants has greatly increased in the past decade due to their applications in biotransformations and organic syntheses. We are reporting the purification and characterization of two lipases from the fungus, Ophiostoma piliferum, a saprophytic organism commonly found on wood. A major and a minor lipase have been co-purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on octyl sepharose FF, followed by ion exchange chromatography on Q sepharose FF. The lipases bound very tightly to octyl sepharose resulting in greater than 100-fold purification in this one step. The major lipase has a molecular weight of approximately 60 kDa, a pI of 3.79, and is glycosylated as determined by PAS staining. The minor lipase, which composes 10% of the total protein, has a pI of 3.6, and molecular weight of approximately 52 kDa and did not stain with the PAS reagent. Deglycosylation of the major lipase produced two proteins of lower molecular weight, a 55 kDa protein and a 52 kDa protein. The deglycosylated protein at 52 kDa co-migrates with the minor lipase on SDS-PAGE gels. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the major and minor lipases indicated both lipases have the same N-termini and MALDI-TOF mass spectral analysis showed similar peptide patterns. Available data indicate that the lipases are derived from the same protein and appear to differ in their post-translational modification as evidenced by their pIs and molecular weight difference. The pH rate profile and thermal stability were determined for the purified O. piliferum lipase and were consistent with a mesophilic lipase. In aqueous solution, the lipases exhibited a higher rate of hydrolysis for p-nitrophenylbutyrate (C4) than for p-nitrophenylstearate (C18), which is an unexpected result.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Brush
- Clariant Corporation, Biotechnology Research Division, Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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30
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Sánchez A, Ferrer P, Serrano A, Pernas MA, Valero F, Rúa ML, Casas C, Solà C. Characterization of the lipase and esterase multiple forms in an enzyme preparation from a Candida rugosa pilot-plant scale fed-batch fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Diogo MM, Silva S, Cabral JM, Queiroz JA. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase on polypropylene glycol immobilised on Sepharose. J Chromatogr A 1999; 849:413-9. [PMID: 10457439 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fractionation of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase was performed using a polypropylene glycol-Sepharose gel. The influence of mobile phase composition on the adsorption of lipase on the gel was studied and it was found that the retention of lipase depends on the salt used and increased with increasing the ionic strength. The retention was not strongly affected by changing the pH value of the mobile phase. By using 20% (w/v) ammonium sulphate in phosphate buffer a total retention of lipase on the column was obtained and by simply decreasing the ionic strength of the buffer, desorption of lipase could be achieved. The chromatographic purification of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B modified by covalent immobilisation of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol was also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Diogo
- Departamento de Química, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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32
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KAMIMURA ES, MENDIETA O, SATO HH, PASTORE G, MAUGERI F. Production of lipase from Geotrichum sp and adsorption studies on affinity resin. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-66321999000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - O. MENDIETA
- State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - H. H. SATO
- State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - G. PASTORE
- State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - F. MAUGERI
- State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
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33
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Abstract
The present communication describes the chemical modification of anhydrous butterfat by interesterification with oleic acid catalyzed by a lipase of Mucor javanicus. Two reactor configurations were tested, a batch-stirred tank reactor containing suspended lipase and a batch-stirred tank reactor in combination with a hollow-fiber membrane module containing adsorbed lipase. The goal of this research was to assess the advantage of using a (hydrophobic) porous support to immobilize the lipase in attempts to engineer butterfat with increased levels of unsaturated fatty acid residues (oleic acid) at the expense of medium-to-long chain saturated fatty acids (myristic and palmitic acids). Reactions were carried out at 40 degrees C in the absence of solvent under controlled water activity, and were monitored by chromatographic assays for free fatty acids. The results obtained indicate that the rate of interesterification using the proposed reactor configuration is enhanced by a factor above 100 relative to that using suspended lipase, for the same protein mass basis. Although hydrolysis of butterfat occurred to some degree, the enzymatic process that uses the hollow-fiber reactor was technically superior to the stirred tank system. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- VM Balcao
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. Antonio Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200 Porto, Portugal
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34
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Abstract
This review describes how the versatile Candida rugosa lipases (CRL) have extended the frontiers of biotechnology. As evidenced by the current literature, CRL claims more applications than any other biocatalyst. This review comprises a detailed discussion on the molecular biology of CRL, its versatile catalytic reactions, broad specificities and diverse immobilization strategies. It also discusses its role in the food and flavour industry, the production of ice cream and single cell protein, biocatalytic resolution of life-saving pharmaceuticals, carbohydrate esters and amino acid derivatives unobtainable by conventional chemical synthesis, potent biocide making, biosensor modulations, eco-friendly approach and bioremediation, biosurfactants in detergent making, and recently, cosmetics and perfumery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benjamin
- Biotechnology Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum, India
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35
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36
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Kinetic and stability characterization ofChromobacterium viscosum lipase and its comparison withPseudomonas glumae lipase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02787803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Schmidt-Dannert C, Rúa ML, Schmid RD. Two novel lipases from thermophile Bacillus thermocatenulatus: screening, purification, cloning, overexpression, and properties. Methods Enzymol 1997; 284:194-220. [PMID: 9379935 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)84013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Schmidt-Dannert
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Rúa ML, Schmidt-Dannert C, Wahl S, Sprauer A, Schmid RD. Thermoalkalophilic lipase of Bacillus thermocatenulatus large-scale production, purification and properties: aggregation behaviour and its effect on activity. J Biotechnol 1997; 56:89-102. [PMID: 9304872 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(97)00079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli BL321 was transformed with the expression plasmid pCYTEXP1 carrying the BTL2 gene from Bacillus thermocatenulatus under the control of the strong temperature-inducible lambda pL promoter and was cultivated in a 100 1 bioreactor. The mature lipase was produced in large quantities (54,000 U g-1 wet cells) and further purified to homogeneity by a two-step purification protocol (hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration chromatography). The pure enzyme was characterized and its physicochemical properties compared to those of the BTL2 lipase which had previously been weakly expressed in E. coli under the control of its native promoter on pUC18, yielding 600 U g-1 wet cells. The specific activity of the overexpressed enzyme was approx. 5-fold higher than that of the weakly expressed enzyme. The two proteins showed the same pI and N-terminal sequence and had very similar thermostability, pH stability, optimum pH and temperature activity, and substrate specificity. Both enzymes were extremely stable in the presence of several organic solvents and detergents. With trioleylglycerol as a substrate, the overexpressed lipase cleaves each of the three ester bonds. The purified BTL2 lipase shows a strong tendency to aggregate. Direct evidence for changes in the aggregation state was obtained by gel filtration chromatography. The effect of aggregation on lipase activity was strongly dependent on both substrate and temperature during the assay. Under certain conditions, a direct relationship was found between the molecular mass of the lipase aggregates and the increase in activity upon the addition of 1% (w/v) sodium cholate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Rúa
- Institut für Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Germany
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39
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40
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Schuepp C, Kermasha S, Michalski MC, Morin A. Production, partial purification and characterisation of lipases from Pseudomonas fragi CRDA 037. Process Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(96)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Stahmann KP, Böddecker T, Sahm H. Regulation and properties of a fungal lipase showing interfacial inactivation by gas bubbles, or droplets of lipid or fatty acid. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 244:220-5. [PMID: 9063467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ashbya gossypii can grow on triacyglycerol as carbon source. A degradation rate of 0.05 g x g-1 mycelial dry mass x h-1 was detected for soybean oil. Although this rate was within the sensitivity range of lipase assays no activity was detectable. On the other hand, extracellular lipase activity could be visualized by clearance halos round the growing mycelium when trioleoylglycerol was emulsified as the sole carbon source in agar plates. Variation of the culture conditions revealed that reduced shaking speed and decreased fat content in the medium led to detectable amounts of lipase in the supernatant of flask cultures. A maximal activity of 800 U x l-1 was obtained after 32 h of cultivation in flasks containing 1% yeast extract and incubated at 60 rpm. Because of its pI of 9.0, the enzyme could be purified in a single step by preparative isoelectric focusing. It appeared as a homogeneous protein in analytical isoelectric focusing and SDS/PAGE (M 35,000). The lipase was inactivated within minutes in stirred gas/water, trioleoylglycerol/water or oleic acid/water mixtures. These effects suggested an interface inactivation. This idea was supported by a stability modulation observed with the surfactant Pluronic F-68. Inactivation by oleic acid led to an aggregation of the lipase shown by gel filtration. Growth experiments performed under lipase-stabilizing conditions revealed a negative influence of glucose, glycerol or oleic acid on detectable lipase activity, probably due to a regulation of lipase formation. Inactivation and regulation thus explained the lack of detectable lipase activity in cultures of A. gossypii growing on triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Stahmann
- Institut für Biotechnologie 1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany.
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42
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Liquid-liquid extraction of a recombinant cutinase from fermentation media with AOT reversed micelles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Schmidt-Dannert C, Rúa ML, Atomi H, Schmid RD. Thermoalkalophilic lipase of Bacillus thermocatenulatus. I. molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, purification and some properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1301:105-14. [PMID: 8652645 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(96)00027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An expression library was generated by partial Sau3A digestion of genomic DNA from the thermophile Bacillus thermocatenulatus and cloning of DNA fragments in pUC18 in Escherichia coli DH5alpha. Screening for lipase activity identified a 4.5 kb insert in pUC18 which directed the production of lipase in E. coli DH5alpha. A subclone with a 2.2 kb insert was sequenced. The lipase gene codes for a mature lipase of 388 amino acid residues, corresponding to a molecular weight of 43 kDa. As in other Bacillus lipases, an Ala replaces the first Gly in the conserved pentapeptide Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly found in most lipases. The region upstream of the lipase gene contains a Bacillus promoter which directs the expression of lipase in E. coli DH5alpha. The expressed lipase was isolated and purified 312-fold to homogeneity. N-terminal sequencing of the purified lipase revealed a correct cleavage of the preprotein in E. coli DH5alpha. Maximum activity was found at pH 8.0-9.0 with tributyrin and olive oil as substrates and at 60-70 degrees C with p-NPP and olive oil as substrates. The lipase showed high stability at pH 9.0-11.0 and towards various detergents and organic solvents.
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44
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Purification and partial characterization ofRhizomucor miehei lipase for ester synthesis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02787816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Taipa MA, Liebeton K, Costa JV, Cabral JM, Jaeger KE. Lipase from Chromobacterium viscosum: biochemical characterization indicating homology to the lipase from Pseudomonas glumae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1256:396-402. [PMID: 7786905 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(95)00052-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous purification of a commercial lipolytic preparation from Chromobacterium viscosum using gel filtration chromatography yielded two enzymatically active fractions, named lipases A and B. Characterization of these fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that lipase A consisted of a high molecular weight aggregate of lipase protein with lipopolysaccharides. This complex could be dissociated by treatment with EDTA-Tris buffer containing the non-ionic detergent n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and subsequent isoelectric focusing in an agarose gel containing the same detergent. Both lipases A and B revealed a major peak corresponding to an isoelectric point of 7.1. SDS-PAGE analysis of lipases A and B after purification by gel filtration or by IEF revealed one major protein band of M(r) of 33 K. Determination of N-terminal amino acid sequences confirmed that both fractions A and B contained the same lipase protein. Furthermore, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the C. viscosum lipase was identical to the one of Pseudomonas glumae lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Taipa
- Laboratório de Engenharia Bioquímica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal
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46
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47
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Freitag R, Horváth C. Chromatography in the downstream processing of biotechnological products. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 53:17-59. [PMID: 8578972 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chromatography techniques are essential for the isolation and purification of most of the high value products of modern biotechnology. The economically sensible and technically satisfactory downstream processing of a therapeutic protein, usually involves a number of chromatographic steps. Its development and optimization require considerable knowledge of the various physico-chemical and engineering aspects of biochemical chromatography. This review addresses the various modes of chromatography and the design of chromatographic separation processes from a biotechnologist's point of view. Strategies for optimizing the structure of the downstream process are outlined and scaling up consideration are discussed. The importance of the different chromatographic methods in research and development is estimated in an analysis of protein purification schemes recently published in the literature. Finally, examples of the application of chromatographic procedures for process scale product purification in the biotechnological industry are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Freitag
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Universität Hannover, Germany
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48
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Carneiro-da-Cunha MG, Cabral JMS, Aires-Barros MR. Studies on the extraction and back-extraction of a recombinant cutinase in a reversed micellar extraction process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Many different bacterial species produce lipases which hydrolyze esters of glycerol with preferably long-chain fatty acids. They act at the interface generated by a hydrophobic lipid substrate in a hydrophilic aqueous medium. A characteristic property of lipases is called interfacial activation, meaning a sharp increase in lipase activity observed when the substrate starts to form an emulsion, thereby presenting to the enzyme an interfacial area. As a consequence, the kinetics of a lipase reaction do not follow the classical Michaelis-Menten model. With only a few exceptions, bacterial lipases are able to completely hydrolyze a triacylglycerol substrate although a certain preference for primary ester bonds has been observed. Numerous lipase assay methods are available using coloured or fluorescent substrates which allow spectroscopic and fluorimetric detection of lipase activity. Another important assay is based on titration of fatty acids released from the substrate. Newly developed methods allow to exactly determine lipase activity via controlled surface pressure or by means of a computer-controlled oil drop tensiometer. The synthesis and secretion of lipases by bacteria is influenced by a variety of environmental factors like ions, carbon sources, or presence of non-metabolizable polysaccharides. The secretion pathway is known for Pseudomonas lipases with P. aeruginosa lipase using a two-step mechanism and P. fluorescens lipase using a one-step mechanism. Additionally, some Pseudomonas lipases need specific chaperone-like proteins assisting their correct folding in the periplasm. These lipase-specific foldases (Lif-proteins) which show a high degree of amino acid sequence homology among different Pseudomonas species are coded for by genes located immediately downstream the lipase structural genes. A comparison of different bacterial lipases on the basis of primary structure revealed only very limited sequence homology. However, determination of the three-dimensional structure of the P. glumae lipase indicated that at least some of the bacterial lipases will presumably reveal a conserved folding pattern called the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold, which has been described for other microbial and human lipases. The catalytic site of lipases is buried inside the protein and contains a serine-protease-like catalytic triad consisting of the amino acids serine, histidine, and aspartate (or glutamate). The Ser-residue is located in a strictly conserved beta-epsilon Ser-alpha motif. The active site is covered by a lid-like alpha-helical structure which moves away upon contact of the lipase with its substrate, thereby exposing hydrophobic residues at the protein's surface mediating the contact between protein and substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Jaeger
- Lehrstuhl Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, FRG
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50
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Schmidt-Dannert C, Sztajer H, Stöcklein W, Menge U, Schmid RD. Screening, purification and properties of a thermophilic lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1214:43-53. [PMID: 8068728 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
By screening of 15 thermophilic Bacillus strains, five strains exhibiting lipase activity were found. Among these the strain Bacillus thermocatenulatus (DSM 730) produced the highest lipase activity. The lipase proved to be inducible and extracellular and was purified 67-fold to homogenous state by hexane extraction, methanol precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose. The molecular weight of the lipase determined by SDS-PAGE is 16 kDa. However, the lipase forms very large aggregates (> 750 kDa) as observed after native PAGE, which makes handling of the lipase very difficult. The lipase binds almost irreversibly on different chromatography matrices, e.g., Amberlite and Serolite, and is very stable in the immobilised form. The N-terminal sequence consists of 53% apolar amino acids and shows no significant homology towards other known lipase sequences. Maximum activity was found at pH 7.5-8.0 and 60-70 degrees C with pNPP and olive oil as substrates.
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