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Ray A, Kundu P, Ghosh A. Reconstruction of a Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Scenedesmus obliquus and Its Application for Lipid Production under Three Trophic Modes. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3463-3481. [PMID: 37852251 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Green microalgae have emerged as beneficial feedstocks for biofuel production. A systems-level understanding of the biochemical network is needed to harness the microalgal metabolic capacity for bioproduction. Genome-scale metabolic modeling (GEM) showed immense potential in rational metabolic engineering, utilizing biochemical flux distribution analysis. Here, we report the first GEM for the green microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus (iAR632), a promising biodiesel feedstock with high lipid-storing capability. iAR632 comprises 1467 reactions, 734 metabolites, and 632 genes distributed among 7 compartments. The model was optimized under three different trophic modes of microalgal cultivation, i.e., autotrophy, mixotrophy, and heterotrophy. The robustness of the reconstructed network was confirmed by analyzing its sensitivity to the biomass components. Pathway-level flux profiles were analyzed, and significant flux space expansion was noticed majorly in reactions associated with lipid biosynthesis. In agreement with the experimental observation, iAR632 predicted about 3.8-fold increased biomass and almost 4-fold higher lipid under mixotrophy than the other trophic modes. Thus, the assessment of the condition-specific metabolic flux distribution of iAR632 suggested that mixotrophy is the preferred cultivation condition for improved microalgal growth and lipid production. Overall, the reconstructed GEM and subsequent analyses will provide a systematic framework for developing model-driven strategies to improve microalgal bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayusmita Ray
- P.K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Pritam Kundu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Dekevic G, Tertel T, Tasto L, Schmidt D, Giebel B, Czermak P, Salzig D. A Bioreactor-Based Yellow Fever Virus-like Particle Production Process with Integrated Process Analytical Technology Based on Transient Transfection. Viruses 2023; 15:2013. [PMID: 37896790 PMCID: PMC10612092 DOI: 10.3390/v15102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease that, while preventable through vaccination, lacks rapid intervention options for those already infected. There is an urgent need for passive immunization techniques using YF-virus-like particles (YF-VLPs). To address this, we successfully established a bioreactor-based production process for YF-VLPs, leveraging transient transfection and integrating Process Analytical Technology. A cornerstone of this approach was the optimization of plasmid DNA (pDNA) production to a yield of 11 mg/L using design of experiments. Glucose, NaCl, yeast extract, and a phosphate buffer showed significant influence on specific pDNA yield. The preliminary work for VLP-production in bioreactor showed adjustments to the HEK cell density, the polyplex formation duration, and medium exchanges effectively elevated transfection efficiencies. The additive Pluronic F-68 was neutral in its effects, and anti-clumping agents (ACA) adversely affected the transfection process. Finally, we established the stirred-tank bioreactor process with integrated dielectric spectroscopy, which gave real-time insight in relevant process steps, e.g., cell growth, polyplex uptake, and harvest time. We confirmed the presence and integrity of YF-VLP via Western blot, imaging flow cytometry measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. The YF-VLP production process can serve as a platform to produce VLPs as passive immunizing agents against other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Lars Tasto
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Deborah Schmidt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
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Sandmann M, Münzberg M, Bressel L, Reich O, Hass R. Inline monitoring of high cell density cultivation of Scenedesmus rubescens in a mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor by photon density wave spectroscopy. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:54. [PMID: 35168633 PMCID: PMC8845379 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Due to multiple light scattering that occurs inside and between cells, quantitative optical spectroscopy in turbid biological suspensions is still a major challenge. This includes also optical inline determination of biomass in bioprocessing. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, a technique based on multiple light scattering, enables the independent and absolute determination of optical key parameters of concentrated cell suspensions, which allow to determine biomass during cultivation. Results A unique reactor type, called “mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor” was used to create a highly concentrated algal suspension. PDW spectroscopy measurements were carried out continuously in the reactor without any need of sampling or sample preparation, over 3 weeks, and with 10-min time resolution. Conventional dry matter content and coulter counter measurements have been employed as established offline reference analysis. The PBR allowed peak cell dry weight (CDW) of 33.4 g L−1. It is shown that the reduced scattering coefficient determined by PDW spectroscopy is strongly correlated with the biomass concentration in suspension and is thus suitable for process understanding. The reactor in combination with the fiber-optical measurement approach will lead to a better process management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-05943-2.
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On-line monitoring of industrial interest Bacillus fermentations, using impedance spectroscopy. J Biotechnol 2022; 343:52-61. [PMID: 34826536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is a technique used to characterize electrochemical systems, increasing its applicability as well to monitor cell cultures. During their growth, Bacillus species have different phases which involve the production and consumption of different metabolites, culminating in the cell differentiation process that allows the generation of bacterial spores. In order to use impedance spectroscopy as a tool to monitor industrial interest Bacillus cultures, we conducted batch fermentations of Bacillus species such as B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, and B. licheniformis coupled with this technique. Each fermentation was characterized by the scanning of 50 frequencies between 0.5 and 5 MHz every 30 min. Pearson's correlation between impedance and phase angle profiles (obtained from each frequency scanned) with the kinetic profiles of each strain allowed the selection of fixed frequencies of 0.5, 1.143, and 1.878 MHz to follow-up of the fermentations of B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis, respectively. Dielectric profiles of impedance, phase angle, reactance, and resistance obtained at the fixed frequency showed consistent changes with exponential, transition, and spore release phases.
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Morschett H, Tenhaef N, Hemmerich J, Herbst L, Spiertz M, Dogan D, Wiechert W, Noack S, Oldiges M. Robotic integration enables autonomous operation of laboratory scale stirred tank bioreactors with model-driven process analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2759-2769. [PMID: 33871051 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given its geometric similarity to large-scale production plants and the excellent possibilities for precise process control and monitoring, the classic stirred tank bioreactor (STR) still represents the gold standard for bioprocess development at a laboratory scale. However, compared to microbioreactor technologies, bioreactors often suffer from a low degree of process automation and deriving key performance indicators (KPIs) such as specific rates or yields often requires manual sampling and sample processing. A widely used parallelized STR setup was automated by connecting it to a liquid handling system and controlling it with a custom-made process control system. This allowed for the setup of a flexible modular platform enabling autonomous operation of the bioreactors without any operator present. Multiple unit operations like automated inoculation, sampling, sample processing and analysis, and decision making, for example for automated induction of protein production were implemented to achieve such functionality. The data gained during application studies was used for fitting of bioprocess models to derive relevant KPIs being in good agreement with literature. By combining the capabilities of STRs with the flexibility of liquid handling systems, this platform technology can be applied to a multitude of different bioprocess development pipelines at laboratory scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Morschett
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Niklas Tenhaef
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hemmerich
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura Herbst
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Spiertz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Deniz Dogan
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Computational Systems Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Noack
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Piccoli RM, Quiroz LHC, de Toledo Fleury A, Oliveira V, Marteleto NB, Bonomi A. Optimization of polyhydroxyalkanoates bioproduction, based on a cybernetic mathematical model. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-020-00047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Cardoso VM, Campani G, Santos MP, Silva GG, Pires MC, Gonçalves VM, de C. Giordano R, Sargo CR, Horta AC, Zangirolami TC. Cost analysis based on bioreactor cultivation conditions: Production of a soluble recombinant protein using Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 26:e00441. [PMID: 32140446 PMCID: PMC7049567 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of cultivation strategy on the cost of recombinant protein production is crucial for defining cost-effective bioreactor operation conditions. This paper presents a methodology to estimate and compare cost impacts related to utilities as well as medium composition, using simple design equations and accessible data. Data from batch bioreactor cultures were used as case study involving the production of pneumococcal surface protein A, a soluble recombinant protein, employing E. coli BL21(DE3). Cultivation strategies and corresponding process costs covered a wide range of operational conditions, including different media, inducers, and temperatures. The core expenses were related to the medium and cooling. When the price of peptone was above the threshold value of US$ 30/kg, defined medium became the best choice. IPTG and temperatures around 32 °C led to shorter cultures and lower PspA4Pro production costs. The procedure offers a simple, accessible theoretical tool to identify cost-effective production strategies using bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemir M. Cardoso
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilson Campani
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Maurício P. Santos
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G. Silva
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuella C. Pires
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Viviane M. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto de C. Giordano
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cíntia R. Sargo
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio C.L. Horta
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Teresa C. Zangirolami
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering (PPGEQ), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Özdemir A, Lin JL, Gülfen M, Hsiao CJ, Chen CH. A quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer for dry microparticle analysis. Analyst 2019; 144:5608-5616. [PMID: 31432814 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a new design of a charge detection quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (QIT-MS) for the analysis of micro-sized dry inorganic and bioparticles including red blood cells (RBCs) and different sizes of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The developed method is one of the fastest methods to measure the mass of micro-sized particles. This system allows the online analysis of various micro-sized particles up to 1 × 1017 Da. The calibration of the mass spectrometer has been done by using different sizes of polystyrene (PS) particles (2-15 μm). The measured masses of RBCs were around 1.8 × 1013 Da and MCF-7 cancer cells were between 1 × 1014 and 4 × 1014 Da. The calculated mass distribution profiles of the particles and cells were given as histogram profiles. The statistical data were summarized after Gaussian type fitting to the experimental histogram profiles. The new method gives very promising results for the analysis of particles and has very broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mustafa Gülfen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Chun-Jen Hsiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Da Xue Rd., Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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Narayana S, Christensen L, Skov T, van den Berg F. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis to Characterize Lactobacillus acidophilus Fermentation Processes. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:1087-1098. [PMID: 31008650 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819848486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing competition among global biotech industries has led to high demands on production consistency. A statistical strategy of performance mapping for production optimization is therefore of great economic significance. Process analytical technology (PAT)-based sensors such as mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy enable process monitoring through substrate and by-product concentrations that directly represent the physiology of cells. Combined with multivariate statistics, MIR can be employed as a strategy for production performance mapping. This study describes the use of at-line spectroscopy, chemometric modeling, and post-process fitting to characterize Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentations. The emphasis is on alternative arrangements of the data and chemometric methods principle component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Two key parameters, rate constant and time of inflection, are extracted by post-process fitting on the outcomes of these different models. Their use as process performance descriptors to characterize the dynamics of substrate consumption, product formation and batch-to-batch variations is suggested. The unconstrained PCA primarily described biomass change, while the constrained models PARAFAC and MCR (both the augmented and individual-run configurations) could model the decrease in sugars and increase in lactic acid over time. It was concluded that MCR on individual batch data, followed by post-process fitting, is the preferred strategy for MIR spectroscopic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Narayana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Skov
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Frans van den Berg
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Ebert FV, Reitz C, Cruz-Bournazou MN, Neubauer P. Characterization of a noninvasive on-line turbidity sensor in shake flasks for biomass measurements. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Nazemi E, Hassen WM, Frost EH, Dubowski JJ. Growth of Escherichia coli on the GaAs (001) surface. Talanta 2018; 178:69-77. [PMID: 29136882 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Detection of pathogenic bacteria and monitoring their susceptibility to antibiotics are of great importance in the fields of medicine, pharmaceutical research, as well as water and food industries. In order to develop a photonic biosensor for detection of bacteria by taking advantage of photoluminescence (PL) of GaAs-based devices, we have investigated the capture and growth of Escherichia coli K12 on bare and biofunctionalized surfaces of GaAs (001) - a material of interest for capping different semiconductor microstructures. The results were compared with the capture and growth of Escherichia coli K12 on Au surfaces that have commonly been applied for studying a variety of biological and biochemical reactions. We found that neither GaAs nor Au-coated glass wafers placed in Petri dishes inoculated with bacteria inhibited bacterial growth in nutrient agar, regardless of the wafers being bare or biofunctionalized. However, the capture and growth of bacteria on biofunctionalized surfaces of GaAs and Au wafers kept in a flow cell and exposed to different concentrations of bacteria and growth medium revealed that the initial surface coverage and the subsequent bacterial growth were dependent on the biofunctionalization architecture, with antibody-coated surfaces clearly being most efficient in capturing bacteria and offering better conditions for growth of bacteria. We have observed that, as long as the GaAs wafers were exposed to bacterial suspensions at concentrations of at least 105 CFU/mL, bacteria could grow on the surface of wafers, regardless of the type of biofunctionalization architecture used to capture the bacteria. These results provide important insight towards the successful development of GaAs-based devices designed for photonic monitoring of bacterial reactions to different biochemical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Nazemi
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 0A5.
| | - Walid M Hassen
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 0A5.
| | - Eric H Frost
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 0A5; Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Jan J Dubowski
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Technological Innovation (3IT), CNRS UMI-3463, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 0A5.
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Ozdemir A, Lin JL, Gulfen M, Lai SH, Hsiao CJ, Chen NG, Chen CH. ESI MS for Microsized Bioparticles. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13195-13202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdil Ozdemir
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, Esentepe, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Jung-Lee Lin
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Mustafa Gulfen
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Sakarya University, Esentepe, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Szu-Hsueh Lai
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Hsiao
- Genomics
Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Nelson G. Chen
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Da Xue Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Monitoring growth and antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli with photoluminescence of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well microstructures. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 93:234-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Münzberg M, Hass R, Dinh Duc Khanh N, Reich O. Limitations of turbidity process probes and formazine as their calibration standard. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:719-728. [PMID: 27695985 PMCID: PMC5233748 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Turbidity measurements are frequently implemented for the monitoring of heterogeneous chemical, physical, or biotechnological processes. However, for quantitative measurements, turbidity probes need calibration, as is requested and regulated by the ISO 7027:1999. Accordingly, a formazine suspension has to be produced. Despite this regulatory demand, no scientific publication on the stability and reproducibility of this polymerization process is available. In addition, no characterization of the optical properties of this calibration material with other optical methods had been achieved so far. Thus, in this contribution, process conditions such as temperature and concentration have been systematically investigated by turbidity probe measurements and Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, revealing an influence on the temporal formazine formation onset. In contrast, different reaction temperatures do not lead to different scattering properties for the final formazine suspensions, but give an access to the activation energy for this condensation reaction. Based on PDW spectroscopy data, the synthesis of formazine is reproducible. However, very strong influences of the ambient conditions on the measurements of the turbidity probe have been observed, limiting its applicability. The restrictions of the turbidity probe with respect to scatterer concentration are examined on the basis of formazine and polystyrene suspensions. Compared to PDW spectroscopy data, signal saturation is observed at already low reduced scattering coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Münzberg
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Roland Hass
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ninh Dinh Duc Khanh
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Oliver Reich
- Physical Chemistry - innoFSPEC, University of Potsdam, Am Mühlenberg 3, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Meitz A, Sagmeister P, Lubitz W, Herwig C, Langemann T. Fed-Batch Production of Bacterial Ghosts Using Dielectric Spectroscopy for Dynamic Process Control. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4020018. [PMID: 27681912 PMCID: PMC5029484 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacterial Ghost (BG) platform technology evolved from a microbiological expression system incorporating the ϕX174 lysis gene E. E-lysis generates empty but structurally intact cell envelopes (BGs) from Gram-negative bacteria which have been suggested as candidate vaccines, immunotherapeutic agents or drug delivery vehicles. E-lysis is a highly dynamic and complex biological process that puts exceptional demands towards process understanding and control. The development of a both economic and robust fed-batch production process for BGs required a toolset capable of dealing with rapidly changing concentrations of viable biomass during the E-lysis phase. This challenge was addressed using a transfer function combining dielectric spectroscopy and soft-sensor based biomass estimation for monitoring the rapid decline of viable biomass during the E-lysis phase. The transfer function was implemented to a feed-controller, which followed the permittivity signal closely and was capable of maintaining a constant specific substrate uptake rate during lysis phase. With the described toolset, we were able to increase the yield of BG production processes by a factor of 8–10 when compared to currently used batch procedures reaching lysis efficiencies >98%. This provides elevated potentials for commercial application of the Bacterial Ghost platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Meitz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz A-8010, Austria.
| | - Patrick Sagmeister
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166/4, Vienna A-1060, Austria.
| | - Werner Lubitz
- Biotech Innovation Research Development and Consulting (BIRD-C) GmbH & Co KG, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 2-8, Vienna A-1030, Austria.
- Center of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna A-1030, Austria.
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1A 166/4, Vienna A-1060, Austria.
| | - Timo Langemann
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz A-8010, Austria.
- Biotech Innovation Research Development and Consulting (BIRD-C) GmbH & Co KG, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 2-8, Vienna A-1030, Austria.
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17
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Shah N, Naseby D. Bioluminescence-based measurement of viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 9027 harbouring plasmid-based lux genes under the control of constitutive promoters. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1373-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Shah
- Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Group; School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - D.C. Naseby
- Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Group; School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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18
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Ude C, Schmidt-Hager J, Findeis M, John GT, Scheper T, Beutel S. Application of an online-biomass sensor in an optical multisensory platform prototype for growth monitoring of biotechnical relevant microorganism and cell lines in single-use shake flasks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:17390-405. [PMID: 25232914 PMCID: PMC4208230 DOI: 10.3390/s140917390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of this work we evaluated a multisensory, noninvasive prototype platform for shake flask cultivations by monitoring three basic parameters (pH, pO2 and biomass). The focus lies on the evaluation of the biomass sensor based on backward light scattering. The application spectrum was expanded to four new organisms in addition to E. coli K12 and S. cerevisiae [1]. It could be shown that the sensor is appropriate for a wide range of standard microorganisms, e.g., L. zeae, K. pastoris, A. niger and CHO-K1. The biomass sensor signal could successfully be correlated and calibrated with well-known measurement methods like OD600, cell dry weight (CDW) and cell concentration. Logarithmic and Bleasdale-Nelder derived functions were adequate for data fitting. Measurements at low cell concentrations proved to be critical in terms of a high signal to noise ratio, but the integration of a custom made light shade in the shake flask improved these measurements significantly. This sensor based measurement method has a high potential to initiate a new generation of online bioprocess monitoring. Metabolic studies will particularly benefit from the multisensory data acquisition. The sensor is already used in labscale experiments for shake flask cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ude
- Leibniz University of Hanover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: (C.U.); (J.S.-H.), (T.S.)
| | - Jörg Schmidt-Hager
- Leibniz University of Hanover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: (C.U.); (J.S.-H.), (T.S.)
| | - Michael Findeis
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Josef-Engert-Str. 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; E-Mails: (M.F.); (G.T.J.)
| | - Gernot Thomas John
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Josef-Engert-Str. 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; E-Mails: (M.F.); (G.T.J.)
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Leibniz University of Hanover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: (C.U.); (J.S.-H.), (T.S.)
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Leibniz University of Hanover, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Callinstr. 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: (C.U.); (J.S.-H.), (T.S.)
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19
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Schmidt-Hager J, Ude C, Findeis M, John GT, Scheper T, Beutel S. Noninvasive online biomass detector system for cultivation in shake flasks. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schmidt-Hager
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University of Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Christian Ude
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University of Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University of Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry; Leibniz University of Hannover; Hannover Germany
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20
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Sagmeister P, Wechselberger P, Jazini M, Meitz A, Langemann T, Herwig C. Soft sensor assisted dynamic bioprocess control: Efficient tools for bioprocess development. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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An advanced monitoring platform for rational design of recombinant processes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23207722 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Bioprocess engineering is an application-oriented science in an interdisciplinary environment, and a meaningful combination of different scientific disciplines is the only way to meet the challenges of bioprocess complexity. Setting up a reasoned process monitoring platform is the first step in an iterative procedure aiming at process and systems understanding, being the key to rational and innovative bioprocess design. This chapter describes a comprehensive process monitoring platform and how the resulting knowledge is translated into new strategies in process and/or host cell design.
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22
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Wechselberger P, Sagmeister P, Herwig C. Real-time estimation of biomass and specific growth rate in physiologically variable recombinant fed-batch processes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012. [PMID: 23178981 PMCID: PMC3755222 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The real-time measurement of biomass has been addressed since many years. The quantification of biomass in the induction phase of a recombinant bioprocess is not straight forward, since biological burden, caused by protein expression, can have a significant impact on the cell morphology and physiology. This variability potentially leads to poor generalization of the biomass estimation, hence is a very important issue in the dynamic field of process development with frequently changing processes and producer lines. We want to present a method to quantify “biomass” in real-time which avoids off-line sampling and the need for representative training data sets. This generally applicable soft-sensor, based on first principles, was used for the quantification of biomass in induced recombinant fed-batch processes. Results were compared with “state of the art” methods to estimate the biomass concentration and the specific growth rate µ. Gross errors such as wrong stoichiometric assumptions or sensor failure were detected automatically. This method allows for variable model coefficients such as yields in contrast to other process models, hence does not require prior experiments. It can be easily adapted to a different growth stoichiometry; hence the method provides good generalization, also for induced culture mode. This approach estimates the biomass (or anabolic bioconversion) in induced fed-batch cultures in real-time and provides this key variable for process development for control purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wechselberger
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Dorresteijn RC, Wieten G, van Santen PT, Philippi MC, de Gooijer CD, Tramper J, Beuvery EC. Current good manufacturing practice in plant automation of biological production processes. Cytotechnology 2012; 23:19-28. [PMID: 22358517 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007923820231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biologicals is subject to strict governmental regulations. These are drawn up in current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), a.o. by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. To implement cGMP in a production facility, plant automation becomes an essential tool. For this purpose Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) have been developed that control all operations inside a production facility. The introduction of these recipe-driven control systems that follow ISA S88 standards for batch processes has made it possible to implement cGMP regulations in the control strategy of biological production processes. Next to this, an MES offers additional features such as stock management, planning and routing tools, process-dependent control, implementation of software sensors and predictive models, application of historical data and on-line statistical techniques for trend analysis and detection of instrumentation failures. This paper focuses on the development of new production strategies in which cGMP guidelines are an essential part.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Dorresteijn
- Laboratory for Product and Process Development, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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24
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Palmer SM, Kunji ERS. Online analysis and process control in recombinant protein production (review). Methods Mol Biol 2012; 866:129-155. [PMID: 22454120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-770-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Online analysis and control is essential for efficient and reproducible bioprocesses. A key factor in real-time control is the ability to measure critical variables rapidly. Online in situ measurements are the preferred option and minimize the potential loss of sterility. The challenge is to provide sensors with a good lifespan that withstand harsh bioprocess conditions, remain stable for the duration of a process without the need for recalibration, and offer a suitable working range. In recent decades, many new techniques that promise to extend the possibilities of analysis and control, not only by providing new parameters for analysis, but also through the improvement of accepted, well practiced, measurements have arisen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Palmer
- Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Puyen ZM, Villagrasa E, Maldonado J, Esteve I, Solé A. Viability and Biomass of Micrococcus luteus DE2008 at Different Salinity Concentrations Determined by Specific Fluorochromes and CLSM-Image Analysis. Curr Microbiol 2011; 64:75-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-0033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Ansorge S, Lanthier S, Transfiguracion J, Henry O, Kamen A. Monitoring lentiviral vector production kinetics using online permittivity measurements. Biochem Eng J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Optical Inline Measurement Procedures for Counting and Sizing Cells in Bioprocess Technology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Höpfner T, Bluma A, Rudolph G, Lindner P, Scheper T. A review of non-invasive optical-based image analysis systems for continuous bioprocess monitoring. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009; 33:247-56. [PMID: 19396466 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To observe and control cultivation processes, optical sensors are used increasingly. Important variables for controlling such processes are cell count, cell size distribution and the morphology of cells. Among turbidity measurement methods, imaging procedures are applied for determining these process values. A disadvantage of most previously developed imaging procedures is that they are only available offline, which requires sampling. On the other hand, available imaging inline probes can only deliver a limited number of process values so far. This contribution gives an overview of optical procedures for the inline determination of cell count, cell size distribution and other variables. In particular, by in situ microscopy, an imaging procedure will be described, which allows the determination of direct and non-direct cell variables in real time without sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Höpfner
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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29
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Chang HC. Ultrahigh-mass mass spectrometry of single biomolecules and bioparticles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:169-185. [PMID: 20636058 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of soft ionization methods, mass spectrometry (MS) has found widespread application in the life sciences. Mass is now known to be a critical parameter for characterization of biomolecules and their complexes; it is also a useful parameter to characterize bioparticles such as viruses and cells. However, because of the genetic diversity of these entities, it is necessary to measure their masses individually and to obtain the corresponding mean masses and mass distributions. Here, I review recent technological developments that enable mass measurement of ultrahigh-mass biomolecules and bioparticles at the single-ion level. Some representative examples include cryodetection time-of-flight MS of single-megadalton protein ions, Millikan-type mass measurements of single viruses in a cylindrical ion trap, and charge-detection quadrupole ion trap MS of single whole cells. I also discuss the promises and challenges of these new technologies in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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30
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Vaidyanathan S, Macaloney G, Vaughan J, McNeil B, Harvey LM. Monitoring of Submerged Bioprocesses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/0738-859991229161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Rehbock C, Beutel S, Brückerhoff T, Hitzmann B, Riechers D, Rudolph G, Stahl F, Scheper T, Friehs K. Bioprozessanalytik. CHEM-ING-TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.200700164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Rudolph G, Lindner P, Gierse A, Bluma A, Martinez G, Hitzmann B, Scheper T. Online monitoring of microcarrier based fibroblast cultivations with in situ microscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:136-45. [PMID: 17546690 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Animal cell culture is widely used in biotechnology for the production of many biological products. In situ microscopes acquire images directly from cell suspensions and analyze the images in matters of cell concentration, cell size distribution and cell morphology. Their applicability was already proven for yeast and suspended mammalian cell cultivations. In this work the in situ microscope was utilized to measure the level of colonization of fibroblasts on microcarrier surfaces during cultivation. For this study the murine cell line NIH-3T3 was used in combination with Cytodex 1 microcarriers. Cultivations were carried out in a 5 L stirred tank bioreactor equipped with the in situ microscope. Images were obtained sequentially with the in situ microscope over the whole cultivation time (900 images per sequence, 7.5 h per sequence on average). For the microcarrier analysis an image analysis algorithm based on a neural network was developed and implemented in the microscope analysis software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rudolph
- Institut für Technische Chemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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33
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Melero-Martin J, Santhalingam S, Al-Rubeai M. Methodology for Optimal In Vitro Cell Expansion in Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Ansorge S, Esteban G, Schmid G. On-line monitoring of infected Sf-9 insect cell cultures by scanning permittivity measurements and comparison with off-line biovolume measurements. Cytotechnology 2007; 55:115-24. [PMID: 19003001 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two infected Sf-9 cell cultures were monitored on-line by multi-frequency permittivity measurements using the Fogale BIOMASS SYSTEM((R)) and by applying different off-line methods (CASY((R))1, Vi-CELLtrade mark, packed cell volume) to measure the biovolume and the mean diameter of the cell population. During the growth phase and the early infection phase the measured permittivity at the working frequency correlated well with the different off-line methods for the biovolume. We found a value of 0.67 pF cm(-1) permittivity per unit of total biovolume (CASY) (muL mL(-1)). After the maximum value in the permittivity was reached, i.e. when the viability of the cultures decreased significantly, we observed different time courses for the biovolume depending on the applied method. The differences were compared and could be explained by the underlying measurement principles. Furthermore, the characteristic frequency (f(C)) was calculated from the on-line scanning permittivity measurements. The f(C) may provide an indication of changes in cell diameter and membrane properties especially after infection and could also be an indicator for the onset of the virus production phase. The changes in f(C) were qualitatively explained by the underlying equation that is correlating f(C) and the properties of the cell population (cell diameter, intracellular conductivity and capacitance per membrane area).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ansorge
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research Basel, Protein Sciences, Basel, 4070, Switzerland,
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35
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Wei N, You J, Friehs K, Flaschel E, Nattkemper TW. An in situ probe for on-line monitoring of cell density and viability on the basis of dark field microscopy in conjunction with image processing and supervised machine learning. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:1489-500. [PMID: 17274069 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation industries would benefit from on-line monitoring of important parameters describing cell growth such as cell density and viability during fermentation processes. For this purpose, an in situ probe has been developed, which utilizes a dark field illumination unit to obtain high contrast images with an integrated CCD camera. To test the probe, brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is chosen as the target microorganism. Images of the yeast cells in the bioreactors are captured, processed, and analyzed automatically by means of mechatronics, image processing, and machine learning. Two support vector machine based classifiers are used for separating cells from background, and for distinguishing live from dead cells afterwards. The evaluation of the in situ experiments showed strong correlation between results obtained by the probe and those by widely accepted standard methods. Thus, the in situ probe has been proved to be a feasible device for on-line monitoring of both cell density and viability with high accuracy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Technology, Fermentation Engineering, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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36
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Henry O, Ansorge S, Aucoin M, Voyer R, Kamen A. ON-LINE MONITORING OF CELL SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURE PROCESSES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3182/20070604-3-mx-2914.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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New concepts for quantitative bioprocess research and development. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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38
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Wei N, You J, Friehs K, Flaschel E, Nattkemper TW. In situ dark field microscopy for on-line monitoring of yeast cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 29:373-8. [PMID: 17186133 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new-type in situ probe has been developed to acquire dark field images of yeast in bioreactors. It has been derived from an in situ bright field microscope that is able to measure cell density in bioreactors during fermentation processes. The illumination part of the probe has been replaced with a dark field device, in which an aspheric condenser is used, so that high contrast dark field images can be obtained. The technique of second imaging is implemented to improve the sharpness of the images by means of a relay lens. This new in situ probe is expected to enable the evaluation of the cell viability without staining owing to modern image processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Technology, Fermentation Engineering, Bielefeld, Germany
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39
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Meyer D, Bühler B, Schmid A. Process and catalyst design objectives for specific redox biocatalysis. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2006; 59:53-91. [PMID: 16829256 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)59003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meyer
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, University of Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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40
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Soley A, Lecina M, Gámez X, Cairó JJ, Riu P, Rosell X, Bragós R, Gòdia F. On-line monitoring of yeast cell growth by impedance spectroscopy. J Biotechnol 2005; 118:398-405. [PMID: 16026878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of impedance spectroscopy to estimate on-line cell concentration was studied. The estimation was based on the relative variation between electrical impedance measured at low (10 kHz) and high frequencies (10 MHz). Studies were carried out to characterise the influence of changes in physical and chemical parameters on the impedance measurement. Two different possibilities to perform on-line measurements were tested: a simple set-up, based on an in situ probe, gave good results but was not suitable for high agitation and aeration rates. An ex situ flow-through on-line measuring cell was used to overcome these problems, showing a better performance. The use of this set-up for the growth monitorisation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture showed an efficient performance, having the correlation between estimated and measured S. cerevisiae a Pearson coefficient of 0.999.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Soley
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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41
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Haack MB, Eliasson A, Olsson L. On-line cell mass monitoring of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivations by multi-wavelength fluorescence. J Biotechnol 2004; 114:199-208. [PMID: 15464613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The catalyst in bioprocesses, i.e. the cell mass, is one of the most challenging and important variables to monitor in bioprocesses. In the present study, cell mass in cultivations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was monitored on-line with a non-invasive in situ placed sensor measuring multi-wavelength culture fluorescence. The excitation wavelength ranged from 270 to 550 nm with 20 nm steps and the emission wavelength range was from 310 to 590 nm also with 20 nm steps. The obtained spectra were analysed chemometrically with the multi-way technique, parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), resulting in a decomposition of the multivariate fluorescent landscape, whereby underlying spectra of the individual intrinsic fluorophors present in the cell mass were estimated. Furthermore, gravimetrically determined cell mass concentration was used together with the fluorescence spectra for calibration and validation of multivariate partial least squares (PLS) regression models. Both two- and three-way models were calculated, the models behaved similarly giving root mean square error of prediction (RMSEPs) of 0.20 and 0.19 g l(-1), respectively, when test set validation was used. Based on this work, it is evident that on-line monitoring of culture fluorescence can be used for estimation of the cell mass concentration during cultivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Haack
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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42
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Kacmar J, Zamamiri A, Carlson R, Abu-Absi NR, Srienc F. Single-cell variability in growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell populations measured with automated flow cytometry. J Biotechnol 2004; 109:239-54. [PMID: 15066762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2003] [Revised: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultures normally are heterogeneous due to factors such as the cell cycle, inhomogeneous cell microenvironments, and genetic differences. However, distributions of cell properties usually are not taken into account in the characterization of a culture when only population averaged values are measured. In this study, the cell size, green fluorescence protein (Gfp) content, and viability after automated staining with propidium iodide (PI) are monitored at the single-cell level in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures growing in a batch bioreactor using an automated flow injection flow cytometer system. To demonstrate the wealth of information that can be obtained with this system, three cultures containing three different plasmids are compared. The first plasmid is a centromeric plasmid expressing under the control of a TEF2 promoter the S65T mutant form of Gfp. The other two plasmids are 2 microm plasmids and express the FM2 mutant of Gfp under the control of either the TEF1 or the TEF2 promoter. The automated sampling, cell preparation, and analysis permitted frequent quantification of the culture characteristics. The time course of the data representing not only population average values but also their variability, provides a detailed and reproducible "fingerprint" of the culture dynamics. The data demonstrate that small changes in the genetic make up of the recombinant system can result in large changes in the culture Gfp production and viability. Thus, the developed instrumentation is valuable for rapidly testing promoter strength, plasmid stability, cell viability, and culture variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kacmar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 151 Amundson Hall, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312, USA
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43
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Suhr H, Wehnert G, Schneider K, Bittner C, Scholz T, Geissler P, Jähne B, Scheper T. In situ microscopy for on-line characterization of cell-populations in bioreactors, including cell-concentration measurements by depth from focus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 47:106-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260470113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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44
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Liwarska-Bizukojc E, Ledakowicz S. Estimation of viable biomass in aerobic biodegradation processes of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). J Biotechnol 2003; 101:165-72. [PMID: 12568745 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2-(p-Iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) dehydrogenase test and RNA assay were introduced to evaluate biomass in the processes of aerobic biodegradation of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactors. It was found that RNA quantification by KOH/UV method delivered reliable and repeatable results. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for INT test was significantly higher than for RNA assay and achieved values of 3-15%. Moreover, it occurred that the optimum temperature for the growth of autochthonic biomass, which takes part in the biodegradation process, was in the range from 25 to 37 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Liwarska-Bizukojc
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Lodz, Al Politechniki 6, 93-590 Lodz, Poland.
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45
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Abstract
Electrochemical sensors for pH and dissolved oxygen remain the most commonly used in bioprocess monitoring, but continued research has resulted in improved optical sensors. Optical sensors for dissolved oxygen and dissolved carbon dioxide are now commercially available. Advances in optics and electronics are further driving down the costs of these sensors. In the near future, bioprocess optimization will change paradigms as massively parallel, fully instrumented bioreactors become available and high-throughput bioprocessing becomes a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Harms
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, UMBC, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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46
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Ducommun P, Kadouri A, von Stockar U, Marison IW. On-line determination of animal cell concentration in two industrial high-density culture processes by dielectric spectroscopy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 77:316-23. [PMID: 11753940 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy was applied to two industrial high cell density culture processes and used to determine on-line the concentration of CHO cells immobilized on macroporous microcarriers in a stirred bioreactor and in a packed-bed of disk carriers. The cell concentration predicted from the spectroscopic data was in excellent agreement with off-line cell counting data for both processes. Deviations between the two counting methods only occurred in the case of a significant decrease of the cell viability, from 93% to 64%, which induced a change of the average cell size in the culture. Results for the packed-bed process were further confirmed by the application of indirect yield models based on the measurement of glucose, lactate, and the protein of interest. Moreover, dielectric spectroscopy was used as a tool to characterize the packed-bed process. It was possible to determine both the maximum cell concentration that could be reached in the culture system, 2.0 x 10(11) cell per kg of disk carrier, and to quantify the increase of specific protein productivity induced by the production phase, from 5.14 x 10(-8) microg x cell(-1) x h(-1) to 4.24 x 10(-7) microg x cell(-1) x h(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ducommun
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Yardley JE, Kell DB, Barrett J, Davey CL. On-line, real-time measurements of cellular biomass using dielectric spectroscopy. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2001; 17:3-35. [PMID: 11255671 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2000.10647986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Yardley
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, Wales, U.K
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48
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Vaidyanathan S, Harvey LM, McNeil B. Deconvolution of near-infrared spectral information for monitoring mycelial biomass and other key analytes in a submerged fungal bioprocess. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Ducommun P, Bolzonella I, Rhiel M, Pugeaud P, von Stockar U, Marison IW. On-line determination of animal cell concentration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(20010305)72:5<515::aid-bit1015>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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Abstract
A sensor is presented, which allows on-line microscopic observation of microorganisms during fermentations in bioreactors. This sensor, an In Situ Microscope (ISM) consists of a direct-light microscope with a measuring chamber, integrated in a 25 mm stainless steel tube, two CCD-cameras, and two frame-grabbers. The data obtained are processed by an automatic image analysis system. The ISM is connected with the bioreactor via a standard port, and it is immersed directly in the culture liquid-in our case Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a synthetic medium. The microscopic examination of the liquid is performed in the measuring chamber, which is situated near the front end of the sensor head. The measuring chamber is opened and closed periodically. In the open state, the liquid in the bioreactor flows unrestricted through the chamber. In closing, a defined volume of 2,2. 10(-8) mL of the liquid becomes enclosed. After a few seconds, when the movement of the cells in the enclosed culture has stopped, they are examined with the microscope. The microscopic images of the cells are registered with the CCD-cameras and are visualized on a monitor, allowing a direct view of the cell population. After detection, the measuring chamber reopens, and the enclosed liquid is released. The images obtained are evaluated as to cell concentration, cell size, cell volume, biomass, and other relevant parameters simultaneously by automatic image analysis. With a PC (486/33 MHz), image processing takes about 15 s per image. The detection range tested when measuring cells of S. cerevisiae is about 10(6) to 10(9) cells/mL (equivalent to a biomass of 0.01 g/L to 12 g/L). The calculated biomass values correlate very well with those obtained using dry weight analysis. Furthermore, histograms can be calculated, which are comparable to those obtained by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bittner
- Physikalische Messtechnik, Auf der Hart 14, D-33649 Bielefeld, Germany.
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