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van der Pol JJ, Machnik M, Biselli M, Portela-Klein T, de Gooijer CD, Tramper J, Wandrey C. On-line immunoanalysis of monoclonal antibodies during a continuous culture of hybridoma cells. Cytotechnology 2012; 24:19-30. [PMID: 22358593 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007913128209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal-antibody production of an immobilized hybridoma cell line cultivated in a fluidized-bed reactor was monitored on-line for nearly 900 h. The monoclonal antibody concentration was determined by an immuno affinity-chromatography method (ABICAP). Antibodies directed against the product, e.g. IgG, were immobilized on a micro-porous gel and packed in small columns. After all IgG present in the sample was bound to the immobilized antibodies, unbound proteins were removed by rinsing the column. Elution of the bound antibodies followed and the antibodies were determined by fluorescence. The analytical procedure was automated with a robotic device to enable on-line measurements. The correlation between the on-line determined data and antibody concentrations measured by HPLC was linear.A sampling system was constructed, which was based on a pneumatically actuated in-line membrane valve integrated into the circulation loop of the reactor. Separation of the cells from the sample stream was achieved by a depth filter made of glass-fibre, situated outside the reactor. Rapid obstruction of the filter by cells or cell debris and contamination of the sample system was avoided by intermittent rinsing of the sample system with a chemical solution. The intermittent rinsing of the filter, which had a surface of 4.8 cm(2), resulted in an operational capacity of up to 40 samples (1.0 l total sample volume). Both the sampling system and the analytical device functioned without failure during this long-term culture.The culture temperature was varied between 34 and 40 °C. Raising the temperature from 34 up to 37 °C resulted in a simultaneous increase of growth and specific antibody production rate. Specific metabolic rates of glucose, lactate, glutamine and ammonium stayed constant in this temperature range. A further enhancement of temperature up to 40 °C had a negative effect on the growth rate, whereas the specific monoclonal antibody production rate showed a small increase. The other specific metabolic rates also increased in the temperature range between 38 to 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J van der Pol
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Biotechnology, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
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Ozturk SS, Thrift JC, Blackie JD, Naveh D. Real-time monitoring of protein secretion in mammalian cell fermentation: measurement of monoclonal antibodies using a computer-controlled HPLC system (BioCad/RPM). Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 48:201-6. [PMID: 18623479 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260480306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On-line, "real-time" monitoring of product concentration is important for mammalian cell culture fermentation. The continuous measurement of monoclonal antibodies allows for instantaneous determination of cell productivity and effective manipulation of the fermentor operating conditions for optimal production. This article will present the evaluation and application of a BioCad/RPM system (Per Septive Biosystems) for rapid analysis of lgG concentration for hybridoma cell cultivation. Several commercial crossflow filtration devices are tested for low protein retention and fouling properties. A protein G column is used successfully for analyzing about 400 samples of lgG(1), without significant loss in separation efficiency. The Immuno Detection system is integrated into a computer-controlled 15-L fermentor. This fermentor could be operated in batch and perfusion modes with cell densities up to 20 million cells/mL. A continuous cell-free sample stream obtained by a hollow fiber filter system is introduced to the BioCad/RPM for analysis. The speed of this system allows for real-time monitoring even at high densities with fast dynamics. A murine hybridoma cell (A10G10) is cultivated in batch and continuous reactors and antibody concentration is measured continuously with complete sterility. The results are compared to offline measurements with good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Ozturk
- Bayer Corporation Biotechnology, 4th and Parker Streets, PO Box 1986, Berkeley, California, USA
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Wang H, Shen G, Yu R. Aspects of recent development of immunosensors. ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS, BIOSENSORS AND THEIR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [PMCID: PMC7150224 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012373738-0.50011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the recent developments in the field of immunosensors. Immunosensors incorporate the specific immunochemical reaction with the modern transducers including electrochemical (potentiometric, conductometric, capacitative, impedance, amperometric), optical (fluorescence, luminescence, refractive index), and microgravimetric transducers. These immunosensor devices with dramatic improvements in the sensitivity and selectivity possess the abilities to investigate the reaction dynamics of antibody–antigen binding and the potential to revolutionize conventional immunoassay techniques. With the rapid development of immunological reagents and detection equipments, immunosensors have allowed an increasing range of analytes to be identified and quantified and in particular, simple-to-use, inexpensive, and reliable immunosensing systems have been developed for areas such as outpatient monitoring, large screening programs, and remote environmental surveillance. Immunosensors with lowered detection limits and increased sensitivities have been developed in various fields, particularly in clinical analysis. A noticeable development trend is also observed in the development of immunosensors combining with other techniques such as flow injection analysis (FIA) or capillary electrophoretic (CE) analysis, which complement and improve the present immunoassay methods. Belov et al. have proposed a novel immunophenotyping method for leukemias which uses a cluster of differentiation antibody microarray, and a microarray of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for autoimmune diagnosis of systematic rheumatic disease. Development of microfluidic immunosensor systems for proteomics and drug discovery have also been reported in recent years where the microfluidic system integrates multiple processes in a single device to improve analytical performance by reducing the reagent consumption and the analysis time, and increasing reliability and sensitivity through automation.
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Pänke O, Balkenhohl T, Kafka J, Schäfer D, Lisdat F. Impedance spectroscopy and biosensing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 109:195-237. [PMID: 17992488 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic terms of impedance and the technique of impedance measurements. Furthermore, an overview of the application of this transduction method for analytical purposes will be given. Examples for combination with enzymes, antibodies, DNA but also for the analysis of living cells will be described. Special attention is devoted to the different electrode design and amplification schemes developed for sensitivity enhancement. Finally, the last two sections will show examples from the label-free determination of DNA and the sensorial detection of autoantibodies involved in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pänke
- Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany
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Valdés R, Leyva A, Geada D, Fernández EG, Padilla S, Tamayo A. Quantification of Monoclonal Antibodies from Bioreactor Supernatants Using Protein-G Sepharose Chromatography. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mak WC, Cheung KY, Trau D, Warsinke A, Scheller F, Renneberg R. Electrochemical bioassay utilizing encapsulated electrochemical active microcrystal biolabels. Anal Chem 2007; 77:2835-41. [PMID: 15859600 DOI: 10.1021/ac048505l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to perform electrochemical immunoassay based on the utilization of encapsulated microcrystal was developed. The microcrystal labels create a "supernova effect" upon exposure to a desired releasing agent. The microcrystal cores dissolve, and large amounts of signal-generating molecules diffuse across the capsule wall into the outer environment. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technology was employed for the encapsulation of electrochemical signal-generating microcrystals (ferrocene microcrystals). The encapsulated microcrystals were conjugated with antibody molecules through the adsorption process. The biofunctionalized microcrystals were utilized as a probe for immunoassays. The microcrystal-based label system provided a high-signal molecule to antibody (S/P) ratio of 10(4)-10(5). Microcrystal biolabels with different antibody surface coverage (1.60-5.05 mg m(-2)) were subjected to a solid-phase immunoassay for the detection of mouse immunoglobulin G (M-IgG) molecules. The microcrystal-based immunoassay for the detection of M-IgG performed with microcrystals having antibody surface coverage of 5.05 mg m(-2) showed a sensitivity of 3.93 nA microg(-1) L(-1) with a detection limit of 2.82 microg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Cheung Mak
- Sino-German Nano-Analytical Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Junker BH, Wang HY. Bioprocess monitoring and computer control: key roots of the current PAT initiative. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:226-261. [PMID: 16933288 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review article has been written for the journal, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, to commemorate the 70th birthday of Daniel I.C. Wang, who served as doctoral thesis advisor to each of the co-authors, but a decade apart. Key roots of the current PAT initiative in bioprocess monitoring and control are described, focusing on the impact of Danny Wang's research as a professor at MIT. The history of computer control and monitoring in biochemical processing has been used to identify the areas that have already benefited and those that are most likely to benefit in the future from PAT applications. Past applications have included the use of indirect estimation methods for cell density, expansion of on-line/at-line and on-line/in situ measurement techniques, and development of models and expert systems for control and optimization. Future applications are likely to encompass additional novel measurement technologies, measurements for multi-scale and disposable bioreactors, real time batch release, and more efficient data utilization to achieve process validation and continuous improvement goals. Dan Wang's substantial contributions in this arena have been one key factor in steering the PAT initiative towards realistic and attainable industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Junker
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Building R810-127, Rahway 07065, New Jersey
| | - H Y Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Warsinke A, Nagel B. Towards Separation‐Free Electrochemical Affinity Sensors by Using Antibodies, Aptamers, and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers—A Review. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710600853903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Limbut W, Kanatharana P, Mattiasson B, Asawatreratanakul P, Thavarungkul P. A comparative study of capacitive immunosensors based on self-assembled monolayers formed from thiourea, thioctic acid, and 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:233-40. [PMID: 16460923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A procedure was developed for the covalent coupling of anti-alpha-fetoprotein antibody (anti-AFP) to a gold surface modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of thiourea (TU). The performance of the SAM-antibody layer was compared to those of similar layers based on thioctic acid (TA) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) by using flow injection capacitive immunosensor system. Covalent coupling of anti-AFP on self-assembled thiourea monolayer (SATUM) modified gold electrode can be used to detect alpha-fetoprotein with high efficiency, similar sensitivity, the same linear range (0.01-10 microgl(-1)) and detection limit (10 ngl(-1)) as those obtained from sensors based on self-assembled thioctic acid monolayer (SATAM) and self-assembled 3-mercaptopropionic acid monolayer (SAMPAM). The system is specific for alpha-fetoprotein and can be regenerated and reused up to 48 times. Therefore, self-assembled monolayer using thiourea which is cheaper than thioctic acid and 3-mercaptopropionic acid is a good alternative for biosensor applications when SAMs are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warakorn Limbut
- Biophysics Research Unit, Biosensors and Biocurrents, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Abstract
A new array immunosensing system with high-throughput has been developed, based on the principle of a biotape that could be used to make a biocassette recorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ming Li
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798.
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Hsu CT, Chung HH, Lyuu HJ, Tsai DM, Kumar AS, Zen JM. An Electrochemical Cell Coupled with Disposable Screen-Printed Electrodes for Use in Flow Injection Analysis. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:35-8. [PMID: 16429769 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical cell coupled with disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) that is specifically designed for use in flow injection analysis (FIA) is described in this study. The cell is made of foldable polyoxymethylene (acetal) thick platelets with the bottom portion consisting of a cavity track to drag the SPEs in position and the top portion having predrilled T-like holes to arrange the Ag/AgCl reference electrode and stainless steel inlet & outlet. An "O ring" is suitably fixed on the top of the working electrode to form a thin-layer space where the electrochemical reaction can take place. Hydrodynamic characterization was validated by using a benchmark hexacyanoferrate redox couple. The results of practical analysis of glucose in human plasma clearly demonstrate the characteristics and applicability of the proposed wall-jet electrochemical cell in FIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Teng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Warsinke A, Stöcklein W, Leupold E, Micheel E, Scheller FW. Electrochemical Immunosensors on the Route to Proteomic Chips. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-0069(05)01014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Bilitewski U. Chapter 11 Biosensors for bioprocess monitoring. BIOSENSORS AND MODERN BIOSPECIFIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)44011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Hu SQ, Wu ZY, Zhou YM, Cao ZX, Shen GL, Yu RQ. Capacitive immunosensor for transferrin based on an o-aminobenzenthiol oligomer layer. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The paper gives a review on the recent development of bioprocess engineering. It includes monitoring of product formation processes by flow injection analysis, various types of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods as well as by biosensors. The evaluation of mycelial morphology and physiology by digital image analysis is discussed also. It deals with advanced control of indirectly evaluated process variables by means of state estimation/observer, with the use of structured and hybrid models, expert systems and pattern recognition for process optimization and gives a short report on the state of the art of metabolic flux analysis and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schügerl
- Institut für Technische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstr. 3, D-30167, Hannover, Germany.
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Berggren C, Bjarnason B, Johansson G. An immunological interleukine-6 capacitive biosensor using perturbation with a potentiostatic step. Biosens Bioelectron 1998; 13:1061-8. [PMID: 9842701 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(98)00058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An instrument for potentiostatic capacitance measurements, based on perturbation with a potentiostatic step was used. The capacitive sensor consisted of self-assembled sulfur compounds on gold to which antibodies towards Interleukine 6, Il-6, had been immobilized. The biosensor was part of a potentiostatic three-electrode system with an extra reference electrode. Two different methods using epoxy- or carbodiimide coupling of the polyclonal antibodies were compared. The antigen Il-6 could be detected from 5 x 10(-16) to 5 x 10(-13) M with one immobilization method and to more than 5 x 10(-9) M with the other. No labels were necessary since the binding of the antigen was detected directly. The insulating properties of the different layers of the biosensor were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berggren
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Lund, Sweden
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Liu M, Rechnitz GA, Li K, Li QX. Capacitive Immunosensing of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Protein Conjugates. ANAL LETT 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719808005282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Berggren C, Johansson G. Capacitance measurements of antibody-antigen interactions in a flow system. Anal Chem 1997; 69:3651-7. [PMID: 9302871 DOI: 10.1021/ac970203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive immunosensors were made by coupling monoclonal antibodies to thioctic acid, which had self-assembled on a gold electrode. Surface areas that were not covered were plugged with 1-dodecanethiol to make the layer dense and insulating. Cyclic voltammetry showed that the hexacyanoferrate redox reactions were blocked by this procedure. The capacitance of the electrode was evaluated from the current transients obtained when a potentiostatic step was applied. The immunosensor was placed in a flow system, and a capacitance decrease could be observed after injection of an unlabeled antigen. It was linear over almost three decades when plotted vs the logarithm of the antigen concentration. Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone could be determined in the range 1 pg/mL-1 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.5 pg/mL (15 10(-15) M). A similar response was obtained with immobilized F(ab)2 fragments. No cross-reactivity was observed with the thyrotropic hormone, which has one chain in common with gonadotropin. Monoclonal antibodies toward interleukin-2 immobilized on the immunosensor gave also a response over 1 pg/mL-1 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 1 pg/mL. An immunosensor with monoclonal antibodies toward human albumin gave a calibration curve with lower slope than the other proteins but still with a detection limit of 1 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berggren
- Chemical Center, University of Lund, Sweden
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