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Delecourt G, Plet L, Guen YL, Tezgel O, Tresset G, Midoux P, Montier T, Bennevault V, Guégan P. Synthesis of Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymers Poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline-b-ethylenimine) and their DNA Transfection Efficiency. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200296. [PMID: 36189853 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery is now a part of the therapeutic arsenal for vaccination and treatments of inherited or acquired diseases. Polymers represent an opportunity to develop new synthetic vectors for gene transfer, with a prerequisite of improved delivery and reduced toxicity compared to existing polymers. Here, the synthesis in a two-step's procedure of linear poly(ethylenimine-b-2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) block copolymers with the linear polyethylenimine (lPEI) block of various molar masses is reported; the molar mass of the poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPrOx) block has been set to 7 kg mol-1 . Plasmid DNA condensation is successfully achieved, and in vitro transfection efficiency of the copolymers is at least comparable to that obtained with the lPEI of same molar mass. lPEI-b-PiPrOx block copolymers are however less cytotoxic than their linear counterparts. PiPrOx can be a good alternative to PEG which is often used in drug delivery systems. The grafting of histidine moieties on the lPEI block of lPEI-b-PiPrOx does not provide any real improvement of the transfection efficiency. A weak DNA condensation is observed, due to increased steric hindrance along the lPEI backbone. The low cytotoxicity of lPEI-b-PiPrOx makes this family a good candidate for future gene delivery developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delecourt
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, UMR 8232 CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, Cedex 05, 75252, France
| | - Laetitia Plet
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, UMR 8232 CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, Cedex 05, 75252, France
| | - Yann Le Guen
- INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB - GTCA team, Univ Brest, Brest, 29200, France
| | - Ozgul Tezgel
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Guillaume Tresset
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Patrick Midoux
- CNRS UPR4301, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Orléans, Cedex 2, 45071, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB - GTCA team, Univ Brest, Brest, 29200, France.,CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares "Maladies Neuromusculaires", Brest, 29200, France
| | - Véronique Bennevault
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, UMR 8232 CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, Cedex 05, 75252, France.,University of Evry, Evry, Cedex, 91025, France
| | - Philippe Guégan
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, UMR 8232 CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, Cedex 05, 75252, France
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Poly(2-oxazoline)s as Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments of Polish Scientists. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194176. [PMID: 36236124 PMCID: PMC9572872 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline)s are the synthetic polymers that are the products of the cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazoline monomers. Due to their beneficial properties, from which biocompatibility, stealth behavior, high functionalization possibilities, low dispersity, stability, nonionic character, and solubility in water and organic solvents should be noted, they have found many applications and gained enormous interest from scientists. Additionally, with high versatility attainable through copolymerization or through post-polymerization modifications, this class of polymeric systems has been widely used as a polymeric platform for novel biomedical applications. The chemistry of polymers significant expanded into biomedical applications, in which polymeric networks can be successfully used in pharmaceutical development for tissue engineering, gene therapies, and also drug delivery systems. On the other hand, there is also a need to create ‘smart’ polymer biomaterials, responsive to the specified factor, that will be sensitive to various environmental stimuli. The commonly used stimuli-responsive biomedical materials are based mostly on temperature-, light-, magnetic-, electric-, and pH-responsive systems. Thus, creating selective and responsive materials that allow personalized treatment is in the interest of the scientific world. This review article focuses on recent discoveries by Polish scientists working in the field of stimuli-responsive poly(2-oxazoline)s, and their work is compared and contrasted with results reported by other world-renowned specialists.
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Pan X, Ishaq MW, Ali MW, Yang J, Li L, Chen Y. Unraveling the conformational properties of comb-like Poly(propargyl acrylate)-graft-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) chains in dilute solutions. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gomzyak VI, Sedush NG, Puchkov AA, Polyakov DK, Chvalun SN. Linear and Branched Lactide Polymers for Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090421030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The review presents modern advances in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers based on lactide of various topologies and also analyzes the main methods for preparation of nanoparticles that show promise for the creation of targeted drug delivery systems.
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Trachsel L, Zenobi-Wong M, Benetti EM. The role of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s in hydrogels and biofabrication. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:2874-2886. [PMID: 33729230 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOXAs) have been rapidly emerging as starting materials in the design of tissue engineering supports and for the generation of platforms for cell cultures, especially in the form of hydrogels. Thanks to their biocompatibility, chemical versatility and robustness, PAOXAs now represent a valid alternative to poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) and their derivatives in these applications, and in the formulation of bioinks for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. In this review, we summarize the recent literature where PAOXAs have been used as main components for hydrogels and biofabrication mixtures, especially highlighting how their easily tunable composition could be exploited to fabricate multifunctional biomaterials with an extremely broad spectrum of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucca Trachsel
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland. and Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Zahoranová A, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)- and Poly(2-oxazine)-Based Self-Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations-An Update. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001382. [PMID: 33448122 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
For many decades, poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world-wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2-oxazoline)-based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self-assemblies and non-covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2-oxazoline)s and poly(2-oxazine)s is learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/163MC Vienna 1060 Austria
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Julius‐Maximilians‐Universität Würzburg Röntgenring 11 Würzburg 97070 Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry Department of Chemistry Helsinki University Helsinki 00014 Finland
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Blokhin AN, Razina AB, Bursian AE, Ten’kovtsev AV. Synthesis of a New Type of Star-Shaped Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazolines) on the Basis of Sulfochlorinated Calix[8]arene. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090421010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mazánková V, Sťahel P, Matoušková P, Brablec A, Čech J, Prokeš L, Buršíková V, Stupavská M, Lehocký M, Ozaltin K, Humpolíček P, Trunec D. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerized 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline Based Thin Films for Biomedical Purposes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112679. [PMID: 33202725 PMCID: PMC7697250 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyoxazoline thin coatings were deposited on glass substrates using atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization from 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline vapours. The plasma polymerization was performed in dielectric barrier discharge burning in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The thin films stable in aqueous environments were obtained at the deposition with increased substrate temperature, which was changed from 20 ∘C to 150 ∘C. The thin film deposited samples were highly active against both S. aureus and E. coli strains in general. The chemical composition of polyoxazoline films was studied by FTIR and XPS, the mechanical properties of films were studied by depth sensing indentation technique and by scratch tests. The film surface properties were studied by AFM and by surface energy measurement. After tuning the deposition parameters (i.e., monomer flow rate and substrate temperature), stable films, which resist bacterial biofilm formation and have cell-repellent properties, were achieved. Such antibiofouling polyoxazoline thin films can have many potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Věra Mazánková
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence in Brno, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-973-442-073
| | - Pavel Sťahel
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Antonín Brablec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Jan Čech
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Vilma Buršíková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Monika Stupavská
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Marián Lehocký
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (K.O.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (K.O.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Humpolíček
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (K.O.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - David Trunec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
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9
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Oleszko-Torbus N, Utrata-Wesołek A, Bochenek M, Lipowska-Kur D, Dworak A, Wałach W. Thermal and crystalline properties of poly(2-oxazoline)s. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01316d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The review gathers together data concerning the influence of poly(2-substituted-2-oxazoline)s structure on their thermal and crystalline properties, and how this relationship can be adjusted in controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelina Bochenek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
| | - Daria Lipowska-Kur
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
| | - Andrzej Dworak
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
| | - Wojciech Wałach
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 41-819 Zabrze
- Poland
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Sedlacek O, Hoogenboom R. Drug Delivery Systems Based on Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s and Poly(2‐Oxazine)s. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Sedlacek
- Supramolecular Chemistry GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
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Sťahel P, Mazánková V, Tomečková K, Matoušková P, Brablec A, Prokeš L, Jurmanová J, Buršíková V, Přibyl R, Lehocký M, Humpolíček P, Ozaltin K, Trunec D. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerized Oxazoline-Based Thin Films-Antibacterial Properties and Cytocompatibility Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2069. [PMID: 31842276 PMCID: PMC6960831 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyoxazolines are a new promising class of polymers for biomedical applications. Antibiofouling polyoxazoline coatings can suppress bacterial colonization of medical devices, which can cause infections to patients. However, the creation of oxazoline-based films using conventional methods is difficult. This study presents a new way to produce plasma polymerized oxazoline-based films with antibiofouling properties and good biocompatibility. The films were created via plasma deposition from 2-methyl-2-oxazoline vapors in nitrogen atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge. Diverse film properties were achieved by increasing the substrate temperature at the deposition. The physical and chemical properties of plasma polymerized polyoxazoline films were studied by SEM, EDX, FTIR, AFM, depth-sensing indentation technique, and surface energy measurement. After tuning of the deposition parameters, films with a capacity to resist bacterial biofilm formation were achieved. Deposited films also promote cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sťahel
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Věra Mazánková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (K.T.)
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence in Brno, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Tomečková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Antonín Brablec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Jana Jurmanová
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Vilma Buršíková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Roman Přibyl
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Marián Lehocký
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (P.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Petr Humpolíček
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (P.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (P.H.); (K.O.)
| | - David Trunec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
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12
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Catechol-modified poly(oxazoline)s with tunable degradability facilitate cell invasion and lateral cartilage integration. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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14
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15
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Filippov A, Tarabukina E, Kudryavtseva A, Fatullaev E, Kurlykin M, Tenkovtsev A. Molecular brushes with poly-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline side chains and aromatic polyester backbone manifesting double stimuli responsiveness. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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PDMS-PMOXA-Nanoparticles Featuring a Cathepsin B-Triggered Release Mechanism. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172836. [PMID: 31484396 PMCID: PMC6747961 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: It was our intention to develop cathepsin B-sensitive nanoparticles for tumor-site-directed release. These nanoparticles should be able to release their payload as close to the tumor site with a decrease of off-target effects in mind. Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, is associated with premalignant lesions and invasive stages of cancer. Previous studies have shown cathepsin B in lysosomes and in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, this enzyme qualifies as a trigger for such an approach. Methods: Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(methyloxazoline) (PDMS-PMOXA) nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel were formed by a thin-film technique and standard coupling reactions were used for surface modifications. Despite the controlled release mechanism, the physical properties of the herein created nanoparticles were described. To characterize potential in vitro model systems, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and common bioanalytical methods were employed. Conclusions: Stable paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles with cathepsin B digestible peptide were formed and tested on the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3. These nanoparticles exerted a pharmacological effect on the tumor cells suggesting a release of the payload.
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Simon L, Vincent M, Le Saux S, Lapinte V, Marcotte N, Morille M, Dorandeu C, Devoisselle JM, Bégu S. Polyoxazolines based mixed micelles as PEG free formulations for an effective quercetin antioxidant topical delivery. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118516. [PMID: 31319148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to prove the value of the polyoxazolines polymer family as surfactant in formulations for topical application and as an alternative to PEG overuse. The amphiphilic polyoxazolines (POx) were demonstrated to have less impact on cell viability of mice fibroblasts (NIH3T3) than their PEG counterparts. Mixed micelles, made of POx and phosphatidylcholine, were manufactured using thin film and high pressure homogenizer process. The mixed micelles were optimized to produce nanosized vesicles of about 20 nm with a spherical shape and stable over 28 days. The natural lipophilic antioxidant, quercetin, was successfully encapsulated (encapsulation efficiency 94 ± 4% and drug loading 3.6 ± 0.2%) in the mixed micelles with no morphological variation. Once loaded in the formulation, the quercetin impact on cell viability of NIH3T3 was decreased while its antioxidant activity remained unchanged. This work highlights the capacity of amphiphilic POx to create, in association with phospholipids, stable nanoformulations which show promise for topical delivery of antioxidant and ensure skin protection against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simon
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - M Vincent
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - S Le Saux
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - V Lapinte
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - N Marcotte
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - M Morille
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - C Dorandeu
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - J M Devoisselle
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bégu
- ICGM, Montpellier University, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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18
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Lübtow MM, Nelke LC, Seifert J, Kühnemundt J, Sahay G, Dandekar G, Nietzer SL, Luxenhofer R. Drug induced micellization into ultra-high capacity and stable curcumin nanoformulations: Physico-chemical characterization and evaluation in 2D and 3D in vitro models. J Control Release 2019; 303:162-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Kerscher B, Trötschler TM, Pásztói B, Gröer S, Szabó Á, Iván B, Mülhaupt R. Thermoresponsive Polymer Ionic Liquids and Nanostructured Hydrogels Based upon Amphiphilic Polyisobutylene-b-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kerscher
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Trötschler
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Balázs Pásztói
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- George Hevesy PhD School of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saskia Gröer
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ákos Szabó
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Iván
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Blöhbaum J, Paulus I, Pöppler AC, Tessmar J, Groll J. Influence of charged groups on the cross-linking efficiency and release of guest molecules from thiol-ene cross-linked poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1782-1794. [PMID: 32254920 PMCID: PMC6592217 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02575d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the preparation of hydrogels using highly functionalized poly(oxazoline) based polymeric precursors and cross-linking via UV mediated radical thiol-ene chemistry. Random copolymers were synthesized based on the combination of the more hydrophilic 2-methyl-2-oxazoline or the less hydrophilic monomer 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline with 2-(3-butenyl)-2-oxazoline. These copolymers were functionalized via a post-polymerization technique with thiol or cysteine functionality at the side chain. Hence, hydrogels were obtained, for which the thermo-responsive behavior, network density and correlated properties such as swelling and mechanics, as well as the possibility of electrostatic interaction, can be tuned. Cell culture tests demonstrated good cytocompatibility of the synthesized copolymers and hydrogels. A study with two low molecular weight substances, methylene blue and fluorescein sodium, was performed to investigate how the thermo-responsive behavior or the positive charge incorporated by cysteine could influence the interaction with the compounds. It was found that the interaction with the hydrogel network was strongly influenced by the chemical properties of the dye. A hydrophilic and positively charged hydrogel network was shown to be a promising candidate for the uptake and prolonged release of negatively charged low molecular weight substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blöhbaum
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)
, University of Würzburg
,
Pleicherwall 2
, 97070 Würzburg
, Germany
.
| | - Ilona Paulus
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)
, University of Würzburg
,
Pleicherwall 2
, 97070 Würzburg
, Germany
.
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
, University of Würzburg
, Am Hubland
,
97074 Würzburg
, Germany
| | - Jörg Tessmar
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)
, University of Würzburg
,
Pleicherwall 2
, 97070 Würzburg
, Germany
.
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)
, University of Würzburg
,
Pleicherwall 2
, 97070 Würzburg
, Germany
.
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21
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Lorson T, Lübtow MM, Wegener E, Haider MS, Borova S, Nahm D, Jordan R, Sokolski-Papkov M, Kabanov AV, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s based biomaterials: A comprehensive and critical update. Biomaterials 2018; 178:204-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Dargaville TR, Park J, Hoogenboom R. Poly(2‐oxazoline) Hydrogels: State‐of‐the‐Art and Emerging Applications. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800070. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim R. Dargaville
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Jong‐Ryul Park
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 S4 B‐9000 Ghent Belgium
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23
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Hijazi M, Krumm C, Cinar S, Arns L, Alachraf W, Hiller W, Schrader W, Winter R, Tiller JC. Entropically driven Polymeric Enzyme Inhibitors by End‐Group directed Conjugation. Chemistry 2018; 24:4523-4527. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montasser Hijazi
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christian Krumm
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Suelyman Cinar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Loana Arns
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Wasim Alachraf
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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24
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Grube M, Leiske MN, Schubert US, Nischang I. POx as an Alternative to PEG? A Hydrodynamic and Light Scattering Study. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Grube
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Meike N. Leiske
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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25
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Raveendran R, Mullen KM, Wellard RM, Sharma CP, Hoogenboom R, Dargaville TR. Poly(2-oxazoline) block copolymer nanoparticles for curcumin loading and delivery to cancer cells. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Šrámková P, Zahoranová A, Kroneková Z, Šišková A, Kronek J. Poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels by photoinduced thiol-ene “click” reaction using different dithiol crosslinkers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Kaberov LI, Verbraeken B, Hruby M, Riabtseva A, Kovacik L, Kereïche S, Brus J, Stepanek P, Hoogenboom R, Filippov SK. Novel triphilic block copolymers based on poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)–block–poly(2-octyl-2-oxazoline) with different terminal perfluoroalkyl fragments: Synthesis and self-assembly behaviour. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Leiske MN, Trützschler AK, Armoneit S, Sungur P, Hoeppener S, Lehmann M, Traeger A, Schubert US. Mission ImPOxable – or the unknown utilization of non-toxic poly(2-oxazoline)s as cryoprotectants and surfactants at the same time. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9102-9113. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02443f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles are produced using hydrophilic poly(2-oxazoline)s (P(Ox)s) as particle stabilizers during preparation, purification and lyophilization as an all-in-one system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike N. Leiske
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Anne-Kristin Trützschler
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | | | - Pelin Sungur
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | | | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
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29
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wyffels L, Verbrugghen T, Monnery BD, Glassner M, Stroobants S, Hoogenboom R, Staelens S. μPET imaging of the pharmacokinetic behavior of medium and high molar mass 89 Zr-labeled poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) in comparison to poly(ethylene glycol). J Control Release 2016; 235:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Goddard P, Williamson I, Brown J, Hutchinson LE, Nicholls J, Petrak K. Soluble Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery—Part 4: Tissue Autoradiography, and Whole-Body Tissue Distribution in Mice, of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)Methacrylamide Copolymers Following Intravenous Administration. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159100600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of water-soluble, non-biodegradable co polymers prepared from N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]acrylamide (HPEA) is described, and their poten tial for use as carriers in drug delivery is discussed. Copolymers with weight- average molecular weights (Mw) of 4, 18, 75, and 90 x 103 Daltons, of low poly dispersity ( ≅Mw/Mn ≤ 1.40), were radiolabelled with 125I and administered intravenously to mice. The biodistribution of the radioiodinated copolymers was determined at 10 min, 0.5, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h. All the copoly mers exhibited a molecular weight related clearance from the blood compart ment. Over the time course of our experiments the copolymers were found to access and be retained within different tissues of the body, in particular the skin and muscle, their rate of access and retention being governed by their molecular size (indicated here by molecular weight). No fractionation of molec ular weight occurred in vivo, as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatog raphy of extracted radioiodinated material from the mice. Comparatively little poly(HPMA/HPEA) was found associated with the liver and spleen, (organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system). Autoradiography of animal tissue sug gested that the copolymers appeared to be located in vivo in the muscle, dermis, at the interface of fat deposits (but not over the fat), hair follicles, and epider mis. The copolymers appeared not to be located intracellularly. For drug- delivery applications it is unlikely that these nonbiodegradable polymers will be of clinical use in chronic situations unless it can be categorically demon strated that the polymers are able to be completely removed from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goddard
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit Research Centre CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Ian Williamson
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit Research Centre CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Janet Brown
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit Research Centre CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Lusie E. Hutchinson
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit Research Centre CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Julia Nicholls
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit Research Centre CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Karel Petrak
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit Research Centre CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
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31
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Bayley D, Sancho MR, Brown J, Brookman L, Petrak K, Goddard P, Steward A. Soluble Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery - Part 6: Preparation and Biodistribution of N5-Hydroxyethyl-L-Glutamine-co-L-Glutamic Acid Copolymers in Rats. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159300800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to examine the biodistribution of poly( N5-hydroxyethyl-L-glutamine- co-L-glutamic acid) [poly(HEG- co-GA)] after intravenous administration to rats. Poly(γ-methyl-L-glutamate- co-γ-benzyl-L- glutamate) was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of the amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) derivatives. Sequential removal of the copolymer benzyl groups followed by reaction of the methyl ester groups with 2-amino ethanol gave poly(HEG- co-GA). Three samples of poly(HEG-co-GA) were pre pared with nominal HEG:GA compositions of 50:50, 95:5 and 90:10 mole %, and with weight average molecular weights ( Mw) of 37,000, 50,000 and 110,000 respectively. Following reaction with N-2[4-hydroxyphenyl]ethylamine (tyra mine), the copolymers were radioiodinated with 125 I and administered intra venously to male Wistar rats. 125 I-copolymer tissue distribution was assessed after 10, 15, 30 and 120 min and 8 h. It was found that the copolymer was removed rapidly from the blood compartment and excreted from the body via the kidneys. Only very low amounts of radioactivity were found in the liver and in other organs of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Degradation of the co polymer in vitro, as assessed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), in plasma and urine over the time scale of the biodistribution experiment ap peared to be minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Bayley
- Department of Drug Preformulation and Delivery CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Rose Sancho
- Department of Drug Preformulation and Delivery CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Janet Brown
- Department of Drug Preformulation and Delivery CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Brookman
- Department of Drug Preformulation and Delivery CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Karel Petrak
- Department of Drug Preformulation and Delivery CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Peter Goddard
- Department of Drug Preformulation and Delivery CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Alan Steward
- Department of Drug Preformulation and Delivery CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
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32
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Ambler LE, Brookman L, Brown J, Goddard P, Petrak K. Soluble Polymeric Carriers for Drug Delivery: Part 5: Solution Properties and Biodistribution Behaviour of N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)Methacrylamide-co-N-(2-[4-Hydroxyphenyl]Ethyl) Acrylamide Copolymer Substituted with Cholesterol. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159200700301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A copolymer of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and N-(2-[4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl)acrylamide (HPEA) was derivatized with 2-4 mole% of N-(2-[(cholest-5-en-3-yl(3β)oxycarbonyl)oxypropyl]methacrylamide residues (cholesteryl residues). The effect of polymer modification on some of its solution properties, and on its behaviour in vivo in experimental animals, has been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusie E. Ambler
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Brookman
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Janet Brown
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Peter Goddard
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
| | - Karel Petrak
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Unit CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals Wimblehurst Road Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 4AB United Kingdom
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33
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Chen CH, Niko Y, Konishi GI. Amphiphilic gels of solvatochromic fluorescent poly(2-oxazoline)s containing D–π–A pyrenes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report amphiphilic, fluorescent, solvatochromic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (POZO-py) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOZO-py), which contain D–π–A pyrene dye units in their side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Gen-ichi Konishi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
- PRESTO
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34
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Zahoranová A, Kroneková Z, Zahoran M, Chorvát D, Janigová I, Kronek J. Poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels crosslinked with aliphatic bis(2-oxazoline)s: Properties, cytotoxicity, and cell cultivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zahoranová
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kroneková
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Zahoran
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics; Comenius University; Mlynská Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Dušan Chorvát
- International Laser Center; Ilkovičova 3, 841 04 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ivica Janigová
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
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35
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Ramiasa MN, Cavallaro AA, Mierczynska A, Christo SN, Gleadle JM, Hayball JD, Vasilev K. Plasma polymerised polyoxazoline thin films for biomedical applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4279-82. [PMID: 25673366 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00260e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline)s are emerging revolutionary biomaterials, exhibiting comparable and even superior properties to well-established counterparts. Overcoming current tedious wet synthesis methods, we report solvent-free and substrate independent, plasma polymerised nanoscale biocompatible polyoxazoline coatings capable of controlling protein and cell adhesion, and significantly reducing biofilm build up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Ramiasa
- Mawson Institute, UniSA, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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36
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Macgregor-Ramiasa MN, Cavallaro AA, Vasilev K. Properties and reactivity of polyoxazoline plasma polymer films. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6327-6337. [PMID: 32262751 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00901d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyoxazolines arise as a promising new class of polymers for biomedical applications, but creating oxzoline-based coatings via conventional methods is challenging. Herein, nanoscale polyoxazoline coatings were generated via a single step plasma deposition process. The effects of plasma deposition conditions on the film stability, structure and chemical group density were investigated. Detailed examination of the physical and chemical properties of plasma deposited polyoxazoline via XPS, FTIR, contact angle and ellipsometry unravels the complex functionality of the films. Partial retention of the oxazoline ring facilitates a covalent reaction with the carboxylic acid groups present on nanoparticles and biomolecules. Surface bound proteins effectively retain their bioactivity, therefore a vast range of potential applications unlocks for plasma deposited polyoxazoline coatings in the field of biosensing, medical arrays and diagnosis.
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Wolf T, Steinbach T, Wurm FR. A Library of Well-Defined and Water-Soluble Poly(alkyl phosphonate)s with Adjustable Hydrolysis. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolf
- Max Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Steinbach
- Max Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck-Institut
für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Tait A, Fisher AL, Hartland T, Smart D, Glynne-Jones P, Hill M, Swindle EJ, Grossel M, Davies DE. Biocompatibility of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) brush surfaces for adherent lung cell lines. Biomaterials 2015; 61:26-32. [PMID: 25993014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of synthetic surfaces that are highly reproducible and biocompatible for in vitro cell culture offers potential for development of improved models for studies of cellular physiology and pathology. They may also be useful in tissue engineering by removal of the need for biologically-derived components such as extracellular matrix proteins. We synthesised four types of 2-alkyl-2-oxazoline polymers ranging from the hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) to the hydrophobic poly(2-n-butyl-2-oxazoline). The polymers were terminated using amine-functionalised glass coverslips, enabling the synthetic procedure to be reproducible and scaleable. The polymer-coated glass slides were tested for biocompatibility using human epithelial (16HBE14o-) and fibroblastic (MRC5) cell lines. Differences in adhesion and motility of the two cell types was observed, with the poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) polymer equally supporting the growth of both cell types, whereas poly(2-n-butyl-2-oxazoline) showed selectivity for fibroblast growth. In summary, 2-alkyl-2-oxazoline polymers may be a useful tool for building in vitro model cell culture models with preferential adhesion of specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tait
- Brooke Laboratories, Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Adam L Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom Hartland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Smart
- Brooke Laboratories, Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter Glynne-Jones
- Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martyn Hill
- Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emily J Swindle
- Brooke Laboratories, Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martin Grossel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Donna E Davies
- Brooke Laboratories, Clinical and Experimental Sciences and the Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Schmitz M, Kuhlmann M, Reimann O, Hackenberger CR, Groll J. Side-chain cysteine-functionalized poly(2-oxazoline)s for multiple peptide conjugation by native chemical ligation. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1088-94. [PMID: 25728550 PMCID: PMC4428813 DOI: 10.1021/bm501697t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We prepared statistical copolymers composed of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOx) in combination with 2-butenyl-2-oxazoline (BuOx) or 2-decenyl-2-oxazoline (DecOx) as a basis for polymer analogous introduction of 1,2-aminothiol moieties at the side chain. MeOx provides hydrophilicity as well as cyto- and hemocompatibility, whereas the alkene groups of BuOx and DecOx serve for functionalization with a thiofunctional thiazolidine by UV-mediated thiol-ene reaction. After deprotection the cysteine content in functionalized poly(2-oxazoline) (POx) is quantified by NMR and a modified trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid assay. The luminescent cell viability assay shows no negative influence of cysteine-functionalized POx (cys-POx) concerning cell viability and cell number. cys-POx was used for multiple chemically orthogonal couplings with thioester-terminated peptides through native chemical ligation (NCL), which was performed and confirmed by NMR and MALDI-ToF measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schmitz
- Department
of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kuhlmann
- Department
of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reimann
- Department
Chemical Biology II, Leibniz-Institut für
Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian
P. R. Hackenberger
- Department
Chemical Biology II, Leibniz-Institut für
Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt
Universität zu Berlin, Department
Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Straße
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department
of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Hayashi T, Takasu A. Design of Electrophoretic and Biocompatible Poly(2-oxazoline)s Initiated by Perfluoroalkanesulfoneimides and Electrophoretic Deposition with Bioactive Glass. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1259-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terunari Hayashi
- Department
of Frontier Materials,
Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department
of Frontier Materials,
Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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42
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Hochleitner G, Hümmer JF, Luxenhofer R, Groll J. High definition fibrous poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) scaffolds through melt electrospinning writing. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Bühler J, Gietzen S, Reuter A, Kappel C, Fischer K, Decker S, Schäffel D, Koynov K, Bros M, Tubbe I, Grabbe S, Schmidt M. Selective Uptake of Cylindrical Poly(2-Oxazoline) Brush-AntiDEC205 Antibody-OVA Antigen Conjugates into DEC-Positive Dendritic Cells and Subsequent T-Cell Activation. Chemistry 2014; 20:12405-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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de la Rosa VR. Poly(2-oxazoline)s as materials for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1211-1225. [PMID: 23975334 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The conjunction of polymers and medicine enables the development of new materials that display novel features, opening new ways to administrate drugs, design implants and biosensors, to deliver pharmaceuticals impacting cancer treatment, regenerative medicine or gene therapy. Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) constitute a polymer class with exceptional properties for their use in a plethora of different biomedical applications and are proposed as a versatile platform for the development of new medicine. Herein, a global vision of POx as a platform for novel biomaterials is offered, by highlighting the recent advances and breakthroughs in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000, Ghent, Belgium,
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Zhu Z, Li X. Silicone hydrogels based on a novel amphiphilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(dimethyl siloxane) copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhe Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
| | - Xinsong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211189 P.R. China
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48
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Bauer M, Schroeder S, Tauhardt L, Kempe K, Schubert US, Fischer D. In vitrohemocompatibility and cytotoxicity study of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) for biomedical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Guillerm B, Monge S, Lapinte V, Robin JJ. Well-defined poly(oxazoline)-b-poly(acrylate) amphiphilic copolymers: From synthesis by polymer-polymer coupling to self-organization in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Luxenhofer R, Han Y, Schulz A, Tong J, He Z, Kabanov AV, Jordan R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s as polymer therapeutics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1613-31. [PMID: 22865555 PMCID: PMC3608391 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline)s (POx) are currently discussed as an upcoming polymer platform for biomaterials design and especially for polymer therapeutics. POx meet specific requirements needed for the development of next-generation polymer therapeutics such as biocompatibility, high modulation of solubility, variation of size, architecture as well as chemical functionality. Although in the early 1990s first and promising POx-based systems were presented, the field lay dormant for almost two decades. Only very recently, POx-based polymer therapeutics came back into the focus of very intensive research. In this review, we give an overview on the chemistry and physicochemical properties of POx and summarize the research of POx-protein conjugates, POx-drug conjugates, POx-based polyplexes and POx micelles for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luxenhofer
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yingchao Han
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, U.S.A
| | - Anita Schulz
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jing Tong
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, U.S.A
| | - Zhijian He
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, U.S.A
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, U.S.A
| | - Rainer Jordan
- Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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