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Sithole MN, Mndlovu H, du Toit LC, Choonara YE. Advances in Stimuli-responsive Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications: A Review Towards Improving Structural Design for 3D Printing. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3187-3205. [PMID: 37779402 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128246888230920060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of polymeric hydrogels render them attractive for the development of 3D printed prototypes for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Significant effort has been made to design hydrogels with desirable attributes that facilitate 3D printability. In addition, there is significant interest in exploring stimuli-responsive hydrogels to support automated 3D printing into more structurally organised prototypes such as customizable bio-scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications. Synthesizing stimuli-responsive hydrogels is dependent on the type of design and modulation of various polymeric materials to open novel opportunities for applications in biomedicine and bio-engineering. In this review, the salient advances made in the design of stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels for 3D printing in tissue engineering are discussed with a specific focus on the different methods of manipulation to develop 3D printed stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogels. Polymeric functionalisation, nano-enabling and crosslinking are amongst the most common manipulative attributes that affect the assembly and structure of 3D printed bio-scaffolds and their stimuli- responsiveness. The review also provides a concise incursion into the various applications of stimuli to enhance the automated production of structurally organized 3D printed medical prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mduduzi Nkosinathi Sithole
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Hillary Mndlovu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lisa C du Toit
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya Essop Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
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2
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Raghuram E, Padmarajan R, Kalpathy SK. Hydrogen bond induced solvent ordering in aqueous poly (sodium p-styrenesulfonate). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Chen SB. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation of Nanoparticle Diffusion in a Crosslinked Polymer Network. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7184-7191. [PMID: 36095171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissipative particle dynamics simulation is conducted to investigate the diffusion of a nanoparticle in a crosslinked polymer network based on a bead-spring model. Focusing on cases where the particle is comparable in size to the network mesh, we find from rigid networks that the excluded-volume and hydrodynamic interaction effects associated with solvent beads lead to lubricity, which assists the particle to slip through an opening into the adjacent cell. For flexible networks, the hopping mechanism for particle escape becomes less pronounced with higher network flexibility due to either a smaller spring constant or slacker strands, each consisting of more beads. This behavior could be explained by the larger cell size fluctuation and its slower relaxation, whereby large enough openings temporarily formed are longer-lived, increasing the chance for particle hopping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Bor Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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4
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Fathi M, Ahmadi N, Forouhar A, Hamzeh Atani S. Natural Hydrogels, the Interesting Carriers for Herbal Extracts. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1885436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Fathi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nadia Ahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Forouhar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saied Hamzeh Atani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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5
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Hossain MK, Minami H, Hoque SM, Rahman MM, Sharafat MK, Begum MF, Islam ME, Ahmad H. Mesoporous electromagnetic composite particles: Electric current responsive release of biologically active molecules and antibacterial properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Sharma M, Deohra A, Reddy KR, Sadhu V. Biocompatible in-situ gelling polymer hydrogels for treating ocular infection. J Microbiol Methods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Oktay S, Alemdar N. Electrically controlled release of 5-fluorouracil from conductive gelatin methacryloyl-based hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salise Oktay
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Marmara University; 34722 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Neslihan Alemdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Marmara University; 34722 Istanbul Turkey
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8
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Abstract
Programmable hydrogels are defined as hydrogels that are able to change their properties and functions periodically, reversibly and/or sequentially on demand. They are different from those responsive hydrogels whose changes are passive or cannot be stopped or reversed once started and vice versa. The purpose of this review is to summarize major progress in developing programmable hydrogels from the viewpoints of principles, functions and biomedical applications. The principles are first introduced in three categories including biological, chemical and physical stimulation. With the stimulation, programmable hydrogels can undergo functional changes in dimension, mechanical support, cell attachment and molecular sequestration, which are introduced in the middle of this review. The last section is focused on the introduction and discussion of four biomedical applications including mechanistic studies in mechanobiology, tissue engineering, cell separation and protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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9
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Ferreira N, Ferreira L, Cardoso V, Boni F, Souza A, Gremião M. Recent advances in smart hydrogels for biomedical applications: From self-assembly to functional approaches. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Li Y, Wang D, Richardson J, Xu BB. Responsive Hydrogels Based Lens Structure with Configurable Focal Length for Intraocular Lens (IOLs) Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201600159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Lab; Faculty of Engineering and Environment; Northumbria University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK
| | - Ding Wang
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Lab; Faculty of Engineering and Environment; Northumbria University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK
| | - Jack Richardson
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Lab; Faculty of Engineering and Environment; Northumbria University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Smart Materials and Surfaces Lab; Faculty of Engineering and Environment; Northumbria University; Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK
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11
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Hishikawa Y, Kakino Y, Tsukamoto H, Tahara K, Onodera R, Takeuchi H. Control of Drug Diffusion Behavior of Xanthan and Locust Bean Gum Gel by Agar Gel. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1450-1457. [PMID: 27725500 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral gel formulations are known as easy to administer drug products for patients who have problems taking drugs including those with conditions such as dysphagia. In addition, there are numerous commercially available oral gel products, most of which are immediate-release formulation that release their pharmaceutical ingredient content by diffusion. This study is focused on developing oral gel formulations that reduce the dosing frequency and dosage compared to the conventional types. This is with the aim of facilitating the use of gel formulations for producing pharmaceutical agents with different dose regimens, thereby enhancing patient convenience. Here, we used naturally derived high-molecular-weight agar (Ag), xanthan gum (Xa), and locust bean gum (Lo) as gel bases to prepare a variety of gel membranes, and evaluated the diffusion coefficient of the model substances. The result revealed that the Ag content in the Xa-Lo combination gel concentration-dependently increased the diffusion coefficient. Moreover, these findings were applied in an attempt to mask the taste of intensely bitter levofloxacin. The results indicated that the Xa-Lo combination gel exhibited a significantly superior masking effect to that of the Ag gel. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using oral gel formulations to modulate the controlled-release functionality of pharmaceutical agents.
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Liu J, Gu T, Shan S, Kang SH, Weaver JC, Bertoldi K. Harnessing Buckling to Design Architected Materials that Exhibit Effective Negative Swelling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6619-24. [PMID: 27184443 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the need to develop materials capable of targeted and extreme volume changes during operation, numerical simulations and experiments are combined to design a new class of soft architected materials that achieve a reduction of projected surface-area coverage during swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Tianyu Gu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sicong Shan
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sung H Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Katia Bertoldi
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Kavli Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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13
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14
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On-demand drug delivery from local depots. J Control Release 2015; 219:8-17. [PMID: 26374941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymeric depots capable of on-demand release of therapeutics promise a substantial improvement in the treatment of many local diseases. These systems have the advantage of controlling local dosing so that payload is released at a time and with a dose chosen by a physician or patient, and the dose can be varied as disease progresses or healing occurs. Macroscale drug depot can be induced to release therapeutics through the action of physical stimuli such as ultrasound, electric and magnetic fields and light as well as through the addition of pharmacological stimuli such as nucleic acids and small molecules. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of polymeric systems engineered for releasing therapeutic molecules through physical and pharmacological stimulation.
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Mukherjee S, Hill MR, Sumerlin BS. Self-healing hydrogels containing reversible oxime crosslinks. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6152-6161. [PMID: 26143752 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00865d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing oxime-functional hydrogels have been developed that undergo a reversible gel-to-sol transition via oxime exchange under acidic conditions. Keto-functional copolymers were prepared by conventional radical polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and diacetone acrylamide (DAA). The resulting water soluble copolymers (P(DMA-stat-DAA)) were chemically crosslinked with difunctional alkoxyamines to obtain hydrogels via oxime formation. Gel-to-sol transitions were induced by the addition of excess monofunctional alkoxyamines to promote competitive oxime exchange under acidic conditions at 25 °C. The hydrogel could autonomously heal after it was damaged due to the dynamic nature of the oxime crosslinks. In addition to their chemo-responsive behavior, the P(DMA-stat-DAA) copolymers exhibit cloud points which vary with the DAA content in the copolymers. This thermo-responsive behavior of the P(DMA-stat-DAA) was utilized to form physical hydrogels above their cloud point. Therefore, these materials can either form dynamic-covalent or physically-crosslinked gels, both of which demonstrate reversible gelation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mukherjee
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA.
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16
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Koetting MC, Peters JT, Steichen SD, Peppas NA. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2015; 93:1-49. [PMID: 27134415 PMCID: PMC4847551 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, hydrogels have emerged as effective materials for an immense variety of applications. The unique network structure of hydrogels enables very high levels of hydrophilicity and biocompatibility, while at the same time exhibiting the soft physical properties associated with living tissue, making them ideal biomaterials. Stimulus-responsive hydrogels have been especially impactful, allowing for unprecedented levels of control over material properties in response to external cues. This enhanced control has enabled groundbreaking advances in healthcare, allowing for more effective treatment of a vast array of diseases and improved approaches for tissue engineering and wound healing. In this extensive review, we identify and discuss the multitude of response modalities that have been developed, including temperature, pH, chemical, light, electro, and shear-sensitive hydrogels. We discuss the theoretical analysis of hydrogel properties and the mechanisms used to create these responses, highlighting both the pioneering and most recent work in all of these fields. Finally, we review the many current and proposed applications of these hydrogels in medicine and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Koetting
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan T. Peters
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Stephanie D. Steichen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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17
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Chen M, Li YF, Besenbacher F. Electrospun nanofibers-mediated on-demand drug release. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1721-32. [PMID: 24891134 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A living system has a complex and accurate regulation system with intelligent sensor-processor-effector components to enable the release of vital bioactive substances on demand at a specific site and time. Stimuli-responsive polymers mimic biological systems in a crude way where an external stimulus results in a change in conformation, solubility, or alternation of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, and consequently release of a bioactive substance. Electrospinning is a straightforward and robust method to produce nanofibers with the potential to incorporate drugs in a simple, rapid, and reproducible process. This feature article emphasizes an emerging area using an electrospinning technique to generate biomimetic nanofibers as drug delivery devices that are responsive to different stimuli, such as temperature, pH, light, and electric/magnetic field for controlled release of therapeutic substances. Although at its infancy, the mimicry of these stimuli-responsive nanofibers to the function of the living systems includes both the fibrous structural feature and bio-regulation function as an on demand drug release depot. The electrospun nanofibers with extracellular matrix morphology intrinsically guide cellular drug uptake, which will be highly desired to translate the promise of drug delivery for the clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center; Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Yan-Fang Li
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center; Aarhus University; DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark
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18
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Servant A, Leon V, Jasim D, Methven L, Limousin P, Fernandez-Pacheco EV, Prato M, Kostarelos K. Graphene-based electroresponsive scaffolds as polymeric implants for on-demand drug delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1334-43. [PMID: 24799416 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive biomaterials have attracted significant attention in the field of polymeric implants designed as active scaffolds for on-demand drug delivery. Conventional porous scaffolds suffer from drawbacks such as molecular diffusion and material degradation, allowing in most cases only a zero-order drug release profile. The possibility of using external stimulation to trigger drug release is particularly enticing. In this paper, the fabrication of previously unreported graphene hydrogel hybrid electro-active scaffolds capable of controlled small molecule release is presented. Pristine ball-milled graphene sheets are incorporated into a three dimensional macroporous hydrogel matrix to obtain hybrid gels with enhanced mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. These electroactive scaffolds demonstrate controlled drug release in a pulsatile fashion upon the ON/OFF application of low electrical voltages, at low graphene concentrations (0.2 mg mL(-1) ) and by maintaining their structural integrity. Moreover, the in vivo performance of these electroactive scaffolds to release drug molecules without any "resistive heating" is demonstrated. In this study, an illustration of how the heat dissipating properties of graphene can provide significant and previously unreported advantages in the design of electroresponsive hydrogels, able to maintain optimal functionality by overcoming adverse effects due to unwanted heating, is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Servant
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
- Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences and National Graphene Institute; University of Manchester; M19 9PT UK
| | - Veronica Leon
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Castilla La-Mancha; Ciudad Real 13071 Spain
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; University of Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Dhifaf Jasim
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
- Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences and National Graphene Institute; University of Manchester; M19 9PT UK
| | - Laura Methven
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
- Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences and National Graphene Institute; University of Manchester; M19 9PT UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- UCL Institute of Neurology; University College London; Queen Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | | | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; University of Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London WC1N 1AX UK
- Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences and National Graphene Institute; University of Manchester; M19 9PT UK
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Kennedy S, Bencherif S, Norton D, Weinstock L, Mehta M, Mooney D. Rapid and extensive collapse from electrically responsive macroporous hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:500-7. [PMID: 24030924 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrically responsive hydrogels are created with interconnected macropores, which greatly enhance their ability to rapidly undergo volumetric collapse when subjected to moderate electric fields. When optimized, these electrogels are easily integrated into arrays capable of rapid configurational and chromatic optical modulations, and when loaded with drugs, are able to coordinate the delivery profile of multiple drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Kennedy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Sidi Bencherif
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Daniel Norton
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Laura Weinstock
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Manav Mehta
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Charité Medical School; Berlin 030 45050 Germany
| | - David Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Mishra S, De A, Mozumdar S. Synthesis of thermoresponsive polymers for drug delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1141:77-101. [PMID: 24567132 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0363-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for synthesizing thermosensitive copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (VP), cross-linked with N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) has been described in this chapter. The copolymers have been formed at different concentrations of NIPAM and VP and at two different temperatures (70 °C and 30 °C). The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the samples has been measured, and the size of the particles formed with the highest concentration of NIPAM and lowest concentration of VP (MG1 and NG1) has been measured at three different temperatures of 25 °C, 35 °C, and 37 °C. Both MG1 and NG1 showed the lowest size at 37 °C. The MG1 and NG1 samples were further characterized using TEM and SEM. The MG1 particles were subsequently used for protein drug delivery, using BSA as a model. The release profile showed the best fit with the zero-order model. Finally, cytotoxicity studies of the synthesized MG1 and NG1 particles were carried out, using in vitro MTT assay, so as to determine the overall biocompatibility of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Lim HL, Hwang Y, Kar M, Varghese S. Smart hydrogels as functional biomimetic systems. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:603-618. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the principles underlying stimuli-responsive behavior of hydrogels and how these properties contribute to their biomimetic functions and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han L. Lim
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla, USA
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla, USA
| | - Mrityunjoy Kar
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of California
- La Jolla, USA
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22
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Natural and synthetic biomaterials for controlled drug delivery. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:60-8. [PMID: 24197492 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of delivery systems have been developed and many products based on the drug delivery technology are commercially available. The development of controlled-release technologies accelerated new dosage form design by altering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles of given drugs, resulting in improved efficacy and safety. Various natural or synthetic polymers have been applied to make matrix, reservoir or implant forms due to the characteristics of polymers, especially ease of control for modifications of biocompatibility, biodegradation, porosity, charge, mechanical strength and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. Hydrogel is a hydrophilic, polymeric network capable of imbibing large amount of water and biological fluids. This review article introduces various applications of natural and synthetic polymer-based hydrogels from pharmaceutical, biomedical and bioengineering points of view.
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23
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Kearney CJ, Mooney DJ. Macroscale delivery systems for molecular and cellular payloads. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:1004-17. [PMID: 24150418 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Macroscale drug delivery (MDD) devices are engineered to exert spatiotemporal control over the presentation of a wide range of bioactive agents, including small molecules, proteins and cells. In contrast to systemically delivered drugs, MDD systems act as a depot of drug localized to the treatment site, which can increase drug effectiveness while reducing side effects and confer protection to labile drugs. In this Review, we highlight the key advantages of MDD systems, describe their mechanisms of spatiotemporal control and provide guidelines for the selection of carrier materials. We also discuss the combination of MDD technologies with classic medical devices to create multifunctional MDD devices that improve integration with host tissue, and the use of MDD technology in tissue-engineering strategies to direct cell behaviour. As our ever-expanding knowledge of human biology and disease provides new therapeutic targets that require precise control over their application, the importance of MDD devices in medicine is expected to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal J Kearney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA, and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Khanlari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt. Ottawa ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation; University of Ottawa; 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt. Ottawa ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Servant A, Bussy C, Al-Jamal K, Kostarelos K. Design, engineering and structural integrity of electro-responsive carbon nanotube- based hydrogels for pulsatile drug release. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:4593-4600. [PMID: 32261202 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triggerable drug delivery from polymeric implants offers the possibility to generate remote-controlled drug release profiles that may overcome the deficiencies of conventional administration routes (intravenous injections and oral administration) including the toxicity due to overdose and systemic administration. An electro-responsive delivery system was engineered to deliver drug molecules in a pulsatile manner, controlled by the on/off application of electric voltage. Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (pMWNTs) were incorporated into a polymethacrylic acid (PMAA)-based hydrogel matrix by in situ radical polymerisation. The effect of pMWNTs and cross-linker concentration on the electrical and mechanical properties of the hydrogel hybrids was thoroughly investigated. The incorporation of pMWNTs into the polymeric network improved the electrical properties of the hydrogel hybrids and drug release from the gels was significantly enhanced at high pMWNT concentrations, reaching 70% of the loaded dose after two short electrical stimulations. The presence of pMWNTs within the hydrogel matrix affected however the mechanical properties of the hydrogel by decreasing the pore size and therefore the swelling/de-swelling of the gels. The damage to the hybrid gel surfaces after electrical stimulation and the loss of the pulsatile release profile at high cross-linker concentrations suggested that the mechanism of drug release involved a compressing effect and intensified the stress on the polymeric network as a result of the electrical properties of pMWNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Servant
- Nanomedicine Lab, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, UK.
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Multistimuli-responsive hydrogels of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) containing graphene. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-2978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Servant A, Methven L, Williams RP, Kostarelos K. Electroresponsive polymer-carbon nanotube hydrogel hybrids for pulsatile drug delivery in vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184678 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug release triggered by an external non-invasive stimulus is of great interest for the development of new drug delivery systems. The preparation of an electroresponsive multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(methylacrylic acid) (MWNT/PMAA)-based hybrid material is reported. The hydrogel hybrids achieve a controlled drug release upon the ON/OFF application of an electric field, giving rise to in vitro and in vivo pulsatile release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Servant
- Nanomedicine Lab, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Laura Methven
- Nanomedicine Lab, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Rhodri P. Williams
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29–39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Spizzirri UG, Hampel S, Cirillo G, Nicoletta FP, Hassan A, Vittorio O, Picci N, Iemma F. Spherical gelatin/CNTs hybrid microgels as electro-responsive drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Deok Kong S, Sartor M, Jack Hu CM, Zhang W, Zhang L, Jin S. Magnetic field activated lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for stimuli-responsive drug release. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:5447-52. [PMID: 23149252 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanoparticles (SRNPs) offer the potential of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and minimizing the side-effects of chemotherapeutics by controllably releasing the encapsulated drug at the target site. Currently controlled drug release through external activation remains a major challenge during the delivery of therapeutic agents. Here we report a lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle system containing magnetic beads for stimuli-responsive drug release using a remote radio frequency (RF) magnetic field. These hybrid nanoparticles show long-term stability in terms of particle size and polydispersity index in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Controllable loading of camptothecin (CPT) and Fe(3)O(4) in the hybrid nanoparticles was demonstrated. RF-controlled drug release from these nanoparticles was observed. In addition, cellular uptake of the SRNPs into MT2 mouse breast cancer cells was examined. Using CPT as a model anticancer drug the nanoparticles showed a significant reduction in MT2 mouse breast cancer cell growth in vitro in the presence of a remote RF field. The ease of preparation, stability, and controllable drug release are the strengths of the platform and provide the opportunity to improve cancer chemotherapy.
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Techawanitchai P, Idota N, Uto K, Ebara M, Aoyagi T. A smart hydrogel-based time bomb triggers drug release mediated by pH-jump reaction. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:064202. [PMID: 27877529 PMCID: PMC5099762 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a timed explosive drug release from smart pH-responsive hydrogels by utilizing a phototriggered spatial pH-jump reaction. A photoinitiated proton-releasing reaction of o-nitrobenzaldehyde (o-NBA) was integrated into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide) (P(NIPAAm-co-CIPAAm)) hydrogels. o-NBA-hydrogels demonstrated the rapid release of protons upon UV irradiation, allowing the pH inside the gel to decrease to below the pKa value of P(NIPAAm-co-CIPAAm). The generated protons diffused gradually toward the non-illuminated area, and the diffusion kinetics could be controlled by adjusting the UV irradiation time and intensity. After irradiation, we observed the enhanced release of entrapped L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) from the gels, which was driven by the dissociation of DOPA from CIPAAm. Local UV irradiation also triggered the release of DOPA from the non-illuminated area in the gel via the diffusion of protons. Conventional systems can activate only the illuminated region, and their response is discontinuous when the light is turned off. The ability of the proposed pH-jump system to permit gradual activation via proton diffusion may be beneficial for the design of predictive and programmable devices for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapatsorn Techawanitchai
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naokazu Idota
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Koichiro Uto
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takao Aoyagi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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Suzuki S, Asoh TA, Kikuchi A. Design of core-shell gel beads for time-programmed protein release. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1345-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Samchenko Y, Ulberg Z, Korotych O. Multipurpose smart hydrogel systems. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 168:247-62. [PMID: 21782148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper represents the review of the last investigations in the field of smart polymeric hydrogels and our contribution to this matter. New hydrogel systems and nanocomposites based on acrylic monomers (acrylamide, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, N-isopropylacrylamide etc.) with incorporated nanosized colloidal silver, hydroxyapatite and carbon nanotubes with a new set of properties have been obtained and examined. These systems can sharply change their characteristics when minor external physical (electric and magnetic fields, temperature etc.) or chemical (pH, ionic strength) stimuli are applied. Such stimulus-responsive polymeric systems are very promising from the standpoint of different medical applications, especially for the development of intelligent drug delivery systems. On the base of designed hydrogel iontophoretic transdermal therapeutic systems, endoprosthesis for the replacement of bone tissue and hydrogel burns coatings with immobilized mesenchymal cells were obtained and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Samchenko
- Ovcharenko Institute of Biocolloid Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Bhushan B, Pan Y. Role of electric field on surface wetting of polystyrene surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9425-9429. [PMID: 21678990 DOI: 10.1021/la201636g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of surface charge in fluid flow in micro/nanofluidics systems as well as the role of electric field to create switchable hydrophobic surfaces is of interest. In this work, the contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) of a droplet of deionized (DI) water were measured with applied direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electric fields. The droplet was deposited on a polystyrene (PS) surface, commonly used in various nanotechnology applications, coated on a doped silicon (Si) wafer. With the DC field, CA decreased with an increase in voltage. Because of the presence of a silicon oxide layer and a space charge layer, the change of the CA was found to be lower than with a metal substrate. The CAH had no obvious change with a DC field. An AC field with a positive value was applied to the droplet to study its effect on CA and CAH. At low frequency (lower than 10 Hz), the droplet was visibly oscillating. The CA was found to increase when the frequency of the applied AC field increased from 1 Hz to 10 kHz. On the other hand, the CA decreased with an increasing peak-peak voltage at or lower than 10 kHz. The CAH in the AC field was found to be lower than in the DC field and had a similar trend to static CA with increasing frequency. A model is presented to explain the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB²), The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1142, USA.
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Kong SD, Zhang W, Lee JH, Brammer K, Lal R, Karin M, Jin S. Magnetically vectored nanocapsules for tumor penetration and remotely switchable on-demand drug release. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:5088-92. [PMID: 21038917 DOI: 10.1021/nl1033733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsules containing intentionally trapped magnetic nanoparticles and defined anticancer drugs have been prepared to provide a powerful magnetic vector under moderate gradient magnetic fields. These nanocapsules can penetrate into the interior of tumors and allow a controlled on-off switchable release of the drug cargo via remote RF field. This smart drug delivery system is compact as all the components can be self-contained in 80-150 nm capsules. In vitro as well as in vivo results indicate that these nanocapsules can be enriched near the mouse breast tumor and are effective in reducing tumor cell growth.
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Curcio M, Gianfranco Spizzirri U, Iemma F, Puoci F, Cirillo G, Parisi OI, Picci N. Grafted thermo-responsive gelatin microspheres as delivery systems in triggered drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:48-55. [PMID: 20580821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel class of microspheric hydrogels was synthesized by grafting of N-isopropyacrylamide (NIPAAm) with gelatin. The possibility of inserting commercial gelatin in a crosslinked structure bearing thermo-sensitive moieties, by radical process, represents an interesting innovation that significantly improves the device performance, opening new applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. This synthetic approach allows a modification of the polymeric network composition, producing hydrogels with suitable physico-chemical properties and a transition temperature higher than NIPAAm homopolymers. The incorporation of monomers into the network was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, and the composition of the polymerization feed was found to strictly influence the network density and the shape of hydrogels. Thermal analyses showed negative thermo-responsive behaviour with shrinking/swelling transition values in the temperature range 34.6-34.8 degrees C, according to the amount of the hydrophilic portions in the network. In order to test the preformed materials as drug carriers, diclofenac sodium salt was loaded into the spherical microparticles. After the determination of the drug entrapment percent, drug release profiles in media at different temperature were analysed. By using semi-empirical equations, the release mechanism was extensively studied and the diffusional contribution was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Curcio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC FIELD SENSITIVE POLY(ACRYLIC ACID-<I>co</I>-METHYLACRYLATE) GELS. ACTA POLYM SIN 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2007.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhou H, Chen SB. Brownian dynamics simulation of tracer diffusion in a cross-linked network. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 79:021801. [PMID: 19391766 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.021801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Brownian dynamics simulation is employed to study the self-diffusion of tracer particles in a cross-linked gel network based on a coarse-grained bead-spring lattice model. Several effects are investigated including the network porosity, flexibility, degree of cross linking, and electrostatic interaction. For uncharged systems, the tracer long-time diffusivity is found to decrease with deceasing porosity and flexibility, but with increasing degree of cross linking. For charged systems, the diffusion is further hindered by the electrostatic interaction, regardless of whether the tracer particle and the network are oppositely or similarly charged. However, there exists a difference in the hindrance mechanism between the two cases. For the former, a substantial decrease in the diffusivity can occur at high network porosities due to electrostatic entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Zhou
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
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Jin X, Kang H, Huang Y, Liu H, Hu Y. Synthesis and properties of electrically-sensitive poly(acrylic acid-co-acetoacetoxy ethyl methacrylate) gels. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Nave FM, Luo YZ, Coleman MR. Impact of Mobile Phase Parameters on Transport Properties of Metal Affinity Hydrogel Membranes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390802414700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Luo R, Li H, Birgersson E, Lam KY. Modeling of electric-stimulus-responsive hydrogels immersed in different bathing solutions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 85:248-57. [PMID: 17688273 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
By reformulation of the fixed charge density and consideration of finite deformation, a previous model simulating the pH-sensitive hydrogels is refined in this paper for extension to simulating the electric-sensitive hydrogels, which is termed the refined multi-effect-coupling electric-stimulus (rMECe) model. The rMECe model is based on the assumptions: (a) the hydrogel is isotropic and macroscopically homogeneous, (b) all the three phases are incompressible, including the polymeric solid matrix, interstitial water and mobile ions, (c) the effect of electro-osmosis is neglected, (d) bath solution is ideal so that the variation of the activity coefficients with ionic strength can be negligible, i.e., its effect on the concentration profiles is negligible, (e) the smart hydrogel is immersed in an unstirred solution in vibration-free experimental device; the bulk flow of fluid or hydrodynamic velocity can thus be eliminated and subsequently the convective flux is neglected, and (f) the pore of the present hydrogel is narrow enough so that the diffusion dominates the transmission of flux. The model consists of nonlinear coupled partial differential governing equations with the coupling effects of chemo-electro-mechanical multi-energy domains and the fixed charge density with the effect of externally applied electric-field. By comparing the simulating results with experimental data extracted from literature, a very good agreement is achieved and thus this validates the computing accuracy and stability of model. The present rMECe model shows the capability of efficiently predicting the ionic transport and the performance of the hydrogels when they are immersed in a bath solution subject to externally applied electric voltage. The model is used for quantitative analysis of the electric-sensitive hydrogels and for discussion of the influences of several physical parameters on the response of the hydrogels, including the externally applied electric voltage, the initially fixed charge density, and the ionic strength and valence of surrounding solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmo Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore
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Bayramgil NP. Synthesis and characterization of new methacrylate-type hydrogels containing 2-tert-butylamino ethyl groups for sorption purposes. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Iddon P, Armes S. Synthesis of stimulus-responsive block copolymer gelators by atom transfer radical polymerisation. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sen AK, Roy S, Juvekar VA. Effect of structure on solution and interfacial properties of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS). POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li Y, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Controlled release of heparin from polypyrrole-poly(vinyl alcohol) assembly by electrical stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 73:171-81. [PMID: 15759258 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A surface modification technique was developed for the covalent immobilization of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-heparin hydrogel onto electrically conductive polypyrrole (PPY) film with the objective of achieving controlled release of heparin. First, aldehyde groups were introduced onto PPY film through poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate graft copolymerization and subsequent oxidation in acetic anhydride and dimethyl sulfoxide mixture. Then, the prepared PVA-heparin hydrogel was cast onto the PPY film and covalently immobilized to the film through the reaction between the aldehyde groups on the PPY film and the hydroxyl groups of PVA. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the surface-modified film after each stage. The strong attachment of the PVA-heparin layer on the PPY film was confirmed by peel test and scanning electron microscopy. The release behavior of heparin from the substrate with and without electrical stimulation was studied and the experimental results showed that the heparin release rate from the prepared substrate using an electric current of 3.5 mA is twofold higher than that without current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260
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Agnihotri SA, Kulkarni RV, Mallikarjuna NN, Kulkarni PV, Aminabhavi TM. Electrically modulated transport of diclofenac salts through hydrogels of sodium alginate, carbopol, and their blend polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Precise control over the release of drug from devices implanted in the body, such as quantity, timing, is highly desirable in order to optimise drug therapy. In this paper, the research on electrically-responsive drug delivery is reviewed. Electrically-controllable drug release from polyelectrolyte hydrogels has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo (in rats). Pulsatile drug release profiles, in response to alternating application and removal of the electric field have been achieved. Responsive drug release from hydrogels results from the electro-induced changes in the gels, which may deswell, swell or erode in response to an electric field. The mechanisms of drug release include ejection of the drug from the gel as the fluid phase synereses out, drug diffusion along a concentration gradient, electrophoresis of charged drugs towards an oppositely charged electrode and liberation of the entrapped drug as the gel complex erodes. Electrically-responsive drug release is influenced by a number of factors such as the nature of the drug and of the gel, the experimental set-up, magnitude of the electric field etc. In this paper, electrically-responsive hydrogels, response of gels to an electric field and electrically-stimulated drug release are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudaxshina Murdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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