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Giannelli M, Guerrini A, Ballestri M, Aluigi A, Zamboni R, Sotgiu G, Posati T. Bioactive Keratin and Fibroin Nanoparticles: An Overview of Their Preparation Strategies. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091406. [PMID: 35564115 PMCID: PMC9104131 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have focused their attention on the preparation of biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers of potential interest in the biomedical field, ranging from drug delivery systems to imaging and diagnosis. In this regard, natural biomolecules—such as proteins—represent an attractive alternative to synthetic polymers or inorganic materials, thanks to their numerous advantages, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. Among the most interesting proteins, keratin extracted from wool and feathers, as well as fibroin extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons, possess all of the abovementioned features required for biomedical applications. In the present review, we therefore aim to give an overview of the most important and efficient methodologies for obtaining drug-loaded keratin and fibroin nanoparticles, and of their potential for biomedical applications.
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Moldovan OL, Rusu A, Tanase C, Vari CE. Glutamate - A multifaceted molecule: Endogenous neurotransmitter, controversial food additive, design compound for anti-cancer drugs. A critical appraisal. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112290. [PMID: 34023459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used flavour enhancers in the food industry is monosodium glutamate (MSG). MSG consumption has been on an upward trend, worrying in terms of potential toxic effects. This review is focused on the long-term toxicity of MSG and the experimental evidence that supports it. The article's primary purpose was to survey recently published data regarding the consumption of MSG within safe limits. The administered doses in animal models are very varied and have given rise to controversy. Also, the paper comprises pathways to lower MSG toxicity and highlight other underexploited biological effects, as anti-cancer potential. The administration of MSG, combined with various compounds, has been shown benefit against toxic effects. Several recent studies have identified a possible mechanism that recommends MSG and some derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. New anti-cancer compounds based on the glutamic acid structure must be studied and further exploited. International regulations require harmonization of safe doses of MSG based on current scientific studies. Replacing MSG with other umami flavour enhancers may be a safer alternative for human health in the future. The biological consequences of MSG consumption or therapeutical administration have not been fully deciphered yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia-Laura Moldovan
- Medicine and Pharmacy Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Aura Rusu
- Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Pharmaceutical Botany Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
| | - Camil-Eugen Vari
- Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142, Târgu Mureș, Romania.
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Efficient Synthesis of Glutamate Peptide-Estradiol Conjugate for Imaging Estrogen Receptor-Positive Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5208964. [PMID: 30356372 PMCID: PMC6176321 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5208964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) pathway-activated system serves the basis of ER+ disease management such as cancers and endometriosis. ER+ patients have better response to endocrine therapy and survive twice as long as negative ER patients. However, tumor resistance resulting from clinical used aromatase inhibitors and antiestrogens is unpredictable. Radiolabeled ER+ ligand could quantify ER+ tissue uptake which helps to stage and restage of the cancer as well as endometriosis. The differential diagnosis of ER+ lesions by using a labeled ligand helps to select the patients for optimal response to endocrine therapy and to discontinue the treatment when resistance occurs. In addition, radiolabeled ER+ ligand serves as basis for image-guided response follow-up. Glutamate receptors are cell surface receptors which are overexpressed in inflammation and infection. Using glutamate peptide as a drug carrier helps to target intracellular genes via glutamate receptor-mediated process. Reports have shown that polyglutamate is a drug carrier that could alter drug solubility and enhance estrogen receptor-ligand binding pocket. However, polyglutamate was a blend of mixed polymer with a wide range of molecular weight. Thus, the structural confirmation and purity of the conjugates were not optimized. To overcome this problem, the efficient synthesis of glutamate peptide-estradiol (GAP-EDL) conjugate was achieved with high purity. EDL was conjugated site-specific at the first glutamate of GAP. The average cell uptake of 68Ga-GAP-EDL was 5-fold higher than the previous reported synthesis. The efficient synthesis of GAP-EDL has greatly enhanced sensitivity and specificity in cell uptake studies. In vivo PET imaging studies indicated that 68Ga-GAP-EDL could image ER (+) tumors in MCF-7 tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, GAP-EDL makes it possible to image ER-enriched endometriosis and cancer.
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Aluigi A, Ballestri M, Guerrini A, Sotgiu G, Ferroni C, Corticelli F, Gariboldi MB, Monti E, Varchi G. Organic solvent-free preparation of keratin nanoparticles as doxorubicin carriers for antitumour activity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:476-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ohya Y, Nonomura K, Ouchi T. In Vivo and in Vitro Antitumor Activity of CM-Chitin Immobilized Doxorubicins by Lysosomal Digestible Tetrapeptide Spacer Groups. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159501000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro antitumor activities of macromolecular prodrugs of doxorubicin (DXR) using 6- O-carboxymethylchitin (CM-chitin) as a carrier polymer were investigated. In order to determine the effect of a spacer group between a drug and a carrier polymer on the antitumor activity, we employed two different spacer groups, a lysosomal digestible tetrapeptide (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly) and a simple hydrophobic pentamethylene to immobilize DXR molecules to CM-chitin. The cytotoxic activity of the conjugates obtained were investigated against four kinds of tumor cell lines, p388D1 lymphocytic leukemia, L1210 leukemia, HLE human hepatoma and Hela utrocervical carcinoma cell in vitra The CM-chitin/Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly/DXR conjugate 1 with lysosomal digestible tetrapeptide spacer groups showed slightly higher in vitro cytotoxic activity against these tumor cells than CM-chitin/C5/DXR conjugate 2 with a simple pentamethylene spacer group. However, the cytotoxic activity of these two conjugates was weaker than that of the free DXR. The survival effects of these conjugates were investigated against p388 lymphocytic leukemia bearing mice in vivo by intraperitoneal (i.p.) implantation and intravenous (i.v.) injection. Although these conjugates did not show very high cytotoxic activities in vitro compared with the free DXR, conjugate 1, with the lysosomal digestible tetrapeptide spacer groups, exhibited survival effects against p388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice i.p./i.v. However, conjugate 2, with the simple pentamethylene spacer group, did not show any survival effects under the same conditions. These conjugates did not display an acute toxicity in the high dose ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ohya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564, Japan
| | - Koji Nonomura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ouchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564, Japan
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Mundra V, Li W, Mahato RI. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery for treating melanoma. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2613-33. [PMID: 26244818 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma originated from melanocytes is the most aggressive type of skin cancer with limited treatment options. New targeted therapeutic options with the discovery of BRAF and MEK inhibitors have shown significant survival benefits. Despite the recent progress, development of chemoresistance and systemic toxicity remains a challenge for treating metastatic melanoma. While the response from the first line of treatment against melanoma using dacarbazine remains only 5-10%, the prolonged use of targeted therapy against mutated oncogene BRAF develops chemoresistance. In this review, we will discuss the nanoparticle-based strategies for encapsulation and conjugation of drugs to the polymer for maximizing their tumor distribution through enhanced permeability and retention effect. We will also highlight photodynamic therapy and design of melanoma-targeted nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Mundra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
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Zhong Z. Professor Jan Feijen: A pioneer in biomedical polymers and controlled drug release. J Control Release 2015; 205:3-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhi X, Wang Y, Li P, Yuan J, Shen J. Preparation of keratin/chlorhexidine complex nanoparticles for long-term and dual stimuli-responsive release. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale polyion complex formation via the electrostatic complexation of a polyelectrolyte and a charged drug is the most convenient method for building a drug delivery system that simultaneously realizes the carrier preparation and drug embedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Zhi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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Polymer–Drug Conjugate in Focal Drug Delivery. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9434-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cheng Y, Yu S, Zhen X, Wang X, Wu W, Jiang X. Alginic acid nanoparticles prepared through counterion complexation method as a drug delivery system. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5325-5332. [PMID: 23020277 DOI: 10.1021/am3012627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a kind of novel alginic acid nanoparticles was successfully prepared by a non-solvent-aided counterion complexation between anionic alginic acid and cationic 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethylamine in aqueous solution followed by cross-linking alginic acid moiety using Ca(2+). It was found that these alginic acid nanoparticles have a spherical morphology with the diameter of about 100 nm, and negatively charged surface with the zeta potential of about -30 mV. Compared to the desintegrity of un-cross-linked nanoparticles, the Ca(2+)-cross-linked nanoparticles maintained their integrity in the aqueous medium with the physiological pH value. Doxorubicin, a model antitumor drug, was successfully loaded into the alginic acid nanoparticles, and their in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities were evaluated. It was found that these negatively charged nanoparticles could be taken up by the cancer cells through an endocytosis mechanism. In vivo near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and biodistribution examinations showed that the alginic acid nanoparticles could be well-accumulated in the tumor site by the enhanced permeability and retention effect. In vivo antitumor examination showed that the drug-loaded nanoparticles have superior efficacy in impeding tumor growth and prolonging the lifetime of H22 tumor-bearing mice than free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Cheng Y, Yu S, Wang J, Qian H, Wu W, Jiang X. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of doxorubicin-loaded alginic-acid-based nanoparticles. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1326-35. [PMID: 22887841 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor activities of DOX-loaded alginic acid/poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (ALG-PDEA) nanoparticles are evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. TEM imaging shows that the ALG-PDEA NPs have a spherical morphology with a size of about 120 nm. CLSM observations reveal that the negatively charged ALG-PDEA NPs can be taken up well by cells. In vivo NIR fluorescence imaging shows that the ALG-PDEA NPs can passively target the tumor area because of the EPR effect in the H22 tumor-bearing mouse. In vivo antitumor efficacy examinations indicate that DOX-loaded ALG-PDEA NPs have significantly superior efficacy in impeding tumor growth compared to free DOX and low toxicity to living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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13
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Paul A, James C, Heenan RK, Schweins R. Drug Mimic Induced Conformational Changes in Model Polymer−Drug Conjugates Characterized by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1978-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1003338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Paul
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom, and Institute Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - C. James
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom, and Institute Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - R. K. Heenan
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom, and Institute Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - R. Schweins
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, ISIS Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom, and Institute Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Kiew LV, Cheong SK, Sidik K, Chung LY. Improved plasma stability and sustained release profile of gemcitabine via polypeptide conjugation. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:212-20. [PMID: 20214970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the stability of the anticancer drug gemcitabine (2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine), it was conjugated to poly-l-glutamic acid (PG-H) via a carbodiimide reaction. The synthesised poly-l-glutamic acid-gemcitabine (PG-G) was purified and characterised by using SDS-PAGE to estimate its molecular weight, HPLC to determine its purity and degree of drug loading, and NMR to elucidate the structure. In vitro aqueous hydrolytic studies showed that the gemcitabine release from the polymeric drug conjugate was pH dependent, and that the conjugation to PG-H improved its stability in human plasma. The release of the bound gemcitabine from PG-G in plasma was mediated by a hydrolytic process. It began with a lag phase, followed by linear release between 12 and 48h, and reached equilibrium at 72h with 51% of the gemcitabine released. In vitro cytotoxicity studies using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human mammary cancer cells, as well as human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), showed that PG-G displayed a lower dose dependent cytotoxic effect with respect to the parent drug gemcitabine. On the other hand, in 4T1 mouse mammary tumour cells, PG-G and gemcitabine showed similar toxicities. Gemcitabine was more than likely released hydrolytically from PG-G and taken up by MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HDF, whereas both released gemcitabine and PG-G were taken up by 4T1 to mediate the observed cytotoxicities. The improved stability and extended sustained release profile may render PG-G a potential anticancer prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik-Voon Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cao N, Feng SS. Doxorubicin conjugated to D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS): conjugation chemistry, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Biomaterials 2008; 29:3856-65. [PMID: 18606445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To develop a polymer-anticancer drug conjugate, D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) was employed as a carrier of doxorubicin (DOX) to enhance its therapeutic effects and reduce its side effects. Doxorubicin was chemically conjugated to TPGS. The molecular structure, drug loading efficiency, drug release kinetics and stability of the conjugate were characterized. The cellular uptake, intracellular distribution, and cytotoxicity were accessed by using MCF-7 breast cancer cells and C6 glioma cells as in vitro cell model. The conjugate showed higher cellular uptake efficiency and broader distribution within the cells. Judged by IC(50), the conjugate was found 31.8, 69.6, 84.1% more effective with MCF-7 cells and 43.9, 87.7, 42.2% more effective with C6 cells than the parent drug after 24, 48, 72 h culture, respectively. The in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were investigated after an i.v. administration at 5 mg DOX/kg body weight in rats. Promisingly, 4.5-fold increase in the half-life and 24-fold increase in the area-under-the-curve (AUC) of DOX were achieved for the TPGS-DOX conjugate compared with the free DOX. The drug level in heart, gastric and intestine was significantly reduced, which is an indication of reduced side effects. Our TPGS-DOX conjugate showed great potential to be a prodrug of higher therapeutic effects and fewer side effects than DOX itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore
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Sinha R, Kim GJ, Nie S, Shin DM. Nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics: bioconjugated nanoparticles for drug delivery. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1909-17. [PMID: 16928810 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology refers to the interactions of cellular and molecular components and engineered materials-typically, clusters of atoms, molecules, and molecular fragments into incredibly small particles-between 1 and 100 nm. Nanometer-sized particles have novel optical, electronic, and structural properties that are not available either in individual molecules or bulk solids. The concept of nanoscale devices has led to the development of biodegradable self-assembled nanoparticles, which are being engineered for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs and imaging contrast agents. Nanoconstructs such as these should serve as customizable, targeted drug delivery vehicles capable of ferrying large doses of chemotherapeutic agents or therapeutic genes into malignant cells while sparing healthy cells. Such "smart" multifunctional nanodevices hold out the possibility of radically changing the practice of oncology, allowing easy detection and then followed by effective targeted therapeutics at the earliest stages of the disease. In this article, we briefly discuss the use of bioconjugated nanoparticles for the delivery and targeting of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sinha
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Room 3090, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Hudecz F, Reményi J, Szabó R, Kóczán G, Mezo G, Kovács P, Gaál D. Drug targeting by macromolecules without recognition unit? J Mol Recognit 2003; 16:288-98. [PMID: 14523942 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
his review will summarize available information on the ability of macromolecular conjugates containing no specific recognition motifs to deliver anthracyclines (daunomycin, adriamycin) or methotrexate to target cells such as tumour cells or macrophages. Conjugates with natural (proteins, DNA, carbohydrates) and synthetic macromolecules (linear and branched chain poly-alpha-amino acids, non-biodegradable DIVEMA, HPMA etc.) will be reviewed. Experimental data from several laboratories indicate that these conjugates are taken up by cells mainly by fluid-phase or adsorptive endocytosis. It is believed that these processes do not involve 'specific receptors'. Two examples of methotrexate and daunomycin conjugates will be discussed to show the effect of the chemical structure of branched chain polypeptides on the uptake and antitumour or antiparasitic (Leishmania donovani infection) efficacy of conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Hudecz
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Wamsley A, Jasti B, Phiasivongsa P, Li X. Synthesis of random terpolymers and determination of reactivity ratios ofN-carboxyanhydrides of leucine, ?-benzyl aspartate, and valine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Chemotherapy has had limited success in the treatment of cancer over the years, due, in part, to the untoward toxicity of the therapeutic agent to normal cells. The design of tailor-made polymer conjugates provides a synthetic approach that can overcome some of the problems. Several synthetic polymer-based anticancer drug conjugates have entered clinical studies. This report reviews the chemistry, physicochemical properties, and therapeutic applications in cancer therapy of polymeric chemotherapeutic agents based on poly(L-glutamic acid). Targeted delivery of anticancer agents using poly(L-glutamic acid) as the drug carrier is also discussed with emphasis on the design of innovative polymeric constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Box 59, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Ohya Y, Oue H, Nagatomi K, Ouchi T. Design of macromolecular prodrug of cisplatin using dextran with branched galactose units as targeting moieties to hepatoma cells. Biomacromolecules 2002; 2:927-33. [PMID: 11710051 DOI: 10.1021/bm010053o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a macromolecular prodrug synthesized by immobilizing cisplatin (CDDP) to dextran (Dex) through six-membered chelate-type coordination bond (DCM-Dex/CDDP conjugate) showed a significantly longer half-life in bloodstream and excellent in vivo tumor growth inhibitory effect against mice bearing Colon 26 cancer cells. In this report, to provide DCM-Dex/CDDP conjugate having targetability to hepatoma cells, we designed a new macromolecular prodrug of CDDP using dextran having branched galactose units (Gal4As, four branched galactose residues), DCM-Dex/Gal4A/CDDP conjugate. Galactose was employed as a homing device, because it is well-known that galactose receptors (asialoglycoprotein receptors) were exposed on the surface of liver parenchymal cells. The antennary (branched) structure of Gal4A was designed based on the fact that a saccharide cluster having a branched structure shows highly effective binding with the saccharide receptors, that is a "cluster effect". The apparent affinity constant per galactose residue against RCA120 lectin for dextran carrying Gal4As was higher than that for dextran carrying monomeric galactose residues. Moreover, the DCM-Dex/Gal4A/CDDP conjugate showed cell-specific cytotoxic activity against HepG2 human hepatoma cells in vitro. The cytotoxic activity of the conjugate was inhibited by the addition of galactose and strongly inhibited by the addition of Gal4A. The results suggest that the DCM-Dex/Gal4A/CDDP conjugate having branched galactose units has a higher affinity to hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan.
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Sugahara S, Okuno S, Yano T, Hamana H, Inoue K. Characteristics of tissue distribution of various polysaccharides as drug carriers: influences of molecular weight and anionic charge on tumor targeting. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:535-43. [PMID: 11379776 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using the Walker 256 model for carcinosarcoma-bearing rats, we intravenously administered 5 polysaccharide carriers with various molecular weights (MWs) and electric charges and tested for their plasma and tissue distribution. Two carriers, carboxymethylated-D-manno-D-glucan (CMMG) and CMdextran (CMDex), showed higher plasma AUC than the other carriers tested, namely, CMchitin (CMCh), N-desulfated N-acetylated heparin (DSH), and hyaluronic acid (HA). This was consistently found to be true over the range of MWs tested. For CMDex, the maximum value of plasma AUC was obtained when the MW exceeded 150 kDa. As for the anionic charge, CMDex (110-180 kDa) with a degree of substitution (DS) of the CM groups ranging from 0.2 to 0.6, showed maximum plasma AUC values. Twenty-four hours after administration, the concentration of CMDex (180-250 kDa; DS: 0.6-1.2) in tumors was more than 3% of dose/g--approximately 10-fold higher than those observed with CMCh, DSH and HA. Doxorubicin (DXR) was bound to these carriers via a peptide spacer, GlyGlyPheGly (GGFG), to give carrier-GGFG-DXR conjugates (DXR content: 4.2-7.0 (w/w)%), and the antitumor effects of these conjugates were tested with Walker 256 carcinosarcoma-bearing rats by monitoring the tumor weights after a single intravenous injection. Compared with free DXR, CMDex-GGFG-DXR and CMMG-GGFG-DXR conjugates significantly suppressed tumor growth, while the CMCh-GGFG-DXR, DSH-GGFG-DXR, and HA-GGFG-DXR conjugates in a similar comparison showed weak tumor growth inhibition. These findings suggest that the antitumor effect of the carrier-DXR conjugates was related to the extent with which the carriers accumulated in the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugahara
- Drug Deliver System Institute, Ltd., Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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Ohya Y, Shirakawa S, Matsumoto M, Ouchi T. Design of poly(ethylene glycol) immobilizing platinum complex through chelate-type coordination bond. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-1581(200008/12)11:8/12<635::aid-pat14>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dubowchik GM, Walker MA. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 83:67-123. [PMID: 10511457 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is a survey of various approaches to targeting cytotoxic anticancer drugs to tumors primarily through biomolecules expressed by cancer cells or associated vasculature and stroma. These include monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates; enzyme prodrug therapies, such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy; and metabolism-based therapies that seek to exploit increased tumor expression of, e.g., proteases, low-density lipoprotein receptors, hormones, and adhesion molecules. Following a discussion of factors that positively and negatively affect drug delivery to solid tumors, we concentrate on a mechanistic understanding of selective drug release or generation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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Soyez H, Schacht E, Jelinkova M, Rihova B. Biological evaluation of mitomycin C bound to a biodegradable polymeric carrier. J Control Release 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(96)01617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chiu HC, Kopecková P, Deshmane SS, Kopecek J. Lysosomal degradability of poly(alpha-amino acids). JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1997; 34:381-92. [PMID: 9086408 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19970305)34:3<381::aid-jbm13>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal degradability of poly(alpha-amino acids) based on poly(L-glutamic acid) and its derivatives/copolymers was evaluated to gain insight into the subcellular fate of the macromolecules as water soluble polymeric drug carriers. The results indicate that both the incorporation of hydrophobic comonomers and modification of the carboxylic groups of glutamic acid side chains with hydroxyalkylamine increase the lysosomal degradability of the copolymers. Decreased lysosomal degradability of L-glutamic acid copolymers containing tripeptides terminated in p-nitroanilide (drug model) in the side chains confirmed that drug conjugation alters the degradation pattern of the polymeric carriers. The percentages of the enzymatic release of p-nitroaniline from its polymeric complex with time is relatively independent of the contents of the tripeptidyl p-nitroanilides attached to the polymeric conjugates. Determination of the degradation products by electrospray mass spectroscopy showed that no fragments less than 10(3) D were generated by lysosomal enzymes, whereas the main degradation products by papain and chymotrypsin were tripeptides and tetrapeptides. The conclusions derived from these data strongly suggest that these macromolecules, if used as lysosomotropic drug carriers, may accumulate in the lysosomes and limit their usefulness in some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chiu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Soyez H, Schacht E, Vanderkerken S. The crucial role of spacer groups in macromolecular prodrug design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(96)00400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ohya Y, Masunaga T, Baba T, Ouchi T. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Dextran-Immobilizing Platinum(II) Complex Through Chelate-Type Coordination Bond. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329608010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hoes C, Ankoné M, Grootoonk J, Feijen J, van der Struik E, van Doornmalen A, Pham D, de Man A, van Ettekoven A, Schlachter I, Boon P, Kaspersen F, Bos E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of immunoconjugates of adriamycin and a human IgM linked by poly[N5-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-glutamine]. J Control Release 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(95)00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ohya Y, Masunaga T, Baba T, Ouchi T. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of dextran carrying cis-dichloro(cyclohexane-trans-l-1,2-diamine)platinum(II) complex. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 1996; 7:1085-96. [PMID: 8880440 DOI: 10.1163/156856296x00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
cis-Dichloro(cyclohexane-trans-l-1,2-diamine)platinum(II) (Dach-Pt(chlorato)), is a platinum complex which is expected to exhibit higher antitumor activity than, and show no cross resistance with, cisplatin. However, its strong side-effects and low water-solubility have also been cited. We report that polymer/antitumor drug conjugates shows reduced side-effects and high antitumor activity. In order to provide a macromolecular prodrug of Dach-Pt having reduced side-effects and high water-solubility, we synthesized polymer conjugates of Dach-Pt and dextran derivatives having carboxylic acid groups, oxidized-dextran (OX-Dex)/Dach-Pt conjugate, and carboxymethyl-dextran(CM-Dex)/Dach-Pt conjugate. The cytotoxic activities of the conjugates were investigated against p388D1 lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. The OX-Dex/Dach-Pt conjugate showed almost the same level of cytotoxic activity as free Dach-Pt(chlorato). Although the cytotoxic activity of free Dach-Pt(chlorato) was decreased by incubation in medium with serum, the OX-Dex/Dach-Pt conjugate kept its cytotoxic activity in higher level after 24 h incubation in medium with serum. These results suggested that the stability of Dach-Pt molecule in the medium was increased and cytotoxic activity of Dach-Pt was not decreased by fixing to OX-Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Osaka, Japan
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