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Zhu W, Wei T, Xu Y, Jin Q, Chao Y, Lu J, Xu J, Zhu J, Yan X, Chen M, Chen Q, Liu Z. Non-invasive transdermal delivery of biomacromolecules with fluorocarbon-modified chitosan for melanoma immunotherapy and viral vaccines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:820. [PMID: 38280876 PMCID: PMC10821906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery has been regarded as an alternative to oral delivery and subcutaneous injection. However, needleless transdermal delivery of biomacromolecules remains a challenge. Herein, a transdermal delivery platform based on biocompatible fluorocarbon modified chitosan (FCS) is developed to achieve highly efficient non-invasive delivery of biomacromolecules including antibodies and antigens. The formed nanocomplexes exhibits effective transdermal penetration ability via both intercellular and transappendageal routes. Non-invasive transdermal delivery of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies induces stronger immune responses for melanoma in female mice and reduces systemic toxicity compared to intravenous injection. Moreover, transdermal delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in female mice results in comparable humoral immunity as well as improved cellular immunity and immune memory compared to that achieved with subcutaneous vaccine injection. Additionally, FCS-based protein delivery systems demonstrate transdermal ability for rabbit and porcine skins. Thus, FCS-based transdermal delivery systems may provide a compelling opportunity to overcome the skin barrier for efficient transdermal delivery of bio-therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Suzhou InnoBM Pharmaceutics Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, China
| | - Yuchun Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qiutong Jin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Suzhou InnoBM Pharmaceutics Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, China
| | - Yu Chao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Suzhou InnoBM Pharmaceutics Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiafei Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoying Yan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Muchao Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Suzhou InnoBM Pharmaceutics Co. Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215213, China.
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Durán-Lobato M, López-Estévez AM, Cordeiro AS, Dacoba TG, Crecente-Campo J, Torres D, Alonso MJ. Nanotechnologies for the delivery of biologicals: Historical perspective and current landscape. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113899. [PMID: 34314784 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological macromolecule-based therapeutics irrupted in the pharmaceutical scene generating a great hope due to their outstanding specificity and potency. However, given their susceptibility to degradation and limited capacity to overcome biological barriers new delivery technologies had to be developed for them to reach their targets. This review aims at analyzing the historical seminal advances that shaped the development of the protein/peptide delivery field, along with the emerging technologies on the lead of the current landscape. Particularly, focus is made on technologies with a potential for transmucosal systemic delivery of protein/peptide drugs, followed by approaches for the delivery of antigens as new vaccination strategies, and formulations of biological drugs in oncology, with special emphasis on mAbs. Finally, a discussion of the key challenges the field is facing, along with an overview of prospective advances are provided.
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Verma ML, Dhanya B, Sukriti, Rani V, Thakur M, Jeslin J, Kushwaha R. Carbohydrate and protein based biopolymeric nanoparticles: Current status and biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:390-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sah AK, Dewangan M, Suresh PK. Potential of chitosan-based carrier for periodontal drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 178:185-198. [PMID: 30856588 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are chronic infectious diseases and are a major oral health burden. With the progress in the understanding of etiology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases coupled with the understanding of the polymicrobial synergy in the dysbiotic oral microbial flora, several new therapeutic targets have been identified. The strategies to curb bacterial growth and production of factors that gradually destroy the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth have been the cornerstone for inhibiting periodontitis. Systemic administration of antibiotics for the treatment of periodontitis have shown several drawbacks including: inadequate antibiotic concentration at the site of the periodontal pocket, a rapid decline of the plasma antibiotic concentration to sub-therapeutic levels, the development of microbial resistance due to sub-therapeutic drug levels and peak-plasma antibiotic concentrations which may be associated with various side effects. These obvious disadvantages have evoked an interest in the development of localized drug delivery systems that can provide an effective concentration of antibiotic at the periodontal site for the duration of the treatment with minimal side effects. A targeted sustained release device which could be inserted in the periodontal pocket and prolong the therapeutic levels at the site of action at a much lower dose is the need of the hour. Chitosan, a deacetylated derivative of chitin has attracted considerable attention owing to its special properties including antimicrobial efficacy, biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. It also has the propensity to act as hydrating agent and display tissue healing and osteoinducting effect. The aim of this review is to shine a spotlight on the chitosan based devices developed for drug delivery application in the effective treatment of various periodontal disorders. The chitosan based carriers like fibers, films, sponge, microparticles, nanoparticles, gels that have been designed for sustained release of drug into the periodontal pocket are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K Sah
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, 23-Park Road, Indore, 452003, MP, India
| | - Mahendra Dewangan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Technology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, CG, India
| | - Preeti K Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Technology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, CG, India.
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5
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Leonida M, Belbekhouche S, Adams F, Bijja UK, Choudhary DA, Kumar I. Enzyme nanovehicles: Histaminase and catalase delivered in nanoparticulate chitosan. Int J Pharm 2019; 557:145-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hijazi M, Krumm C, Cinar S, Arns L, Alachraf W, Hiller W, Schrader W, Winter R, Tiller JC. Entropically driven Polymeric Enzyme Inhibitors by End‐Group directed Conjugation. Chemistry 2018; 24:4523-4527. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montasser Hijazi
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christian Krumm
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Suelyman Cinar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Loana Arns
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Wasim Alachraf
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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Khattab A, Zaki N. Optimization and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Ranitidine HCl Microspheres by Using Factorial Design with Improved Bioavailability and Mucosal Integrity in Ulcer Model. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:957-973. [PMID: 28271373 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our investigation was to develop and optimize the drug entrapment efficiency and bioadhesion properties of mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres containing ranitidine HCl prepared by an ionotropic gelation method as a gastroretentive delivery system; thus, we improved their protective and therapeutic gastric effects in an ulcer model. A 3 × 22 full factorial design was adopted to study the effect of three different factors, i.e., the type of polymer at three levels (chitosan, chitosan/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and chitosan/methylcellulose), the type of solvent at two levels (acetic acid and lactic acid), and the type of chitosan at two levels (low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW)). The studied responses were particle size, swelling index, drug entrapment efficiency, bioadhesion (as determined by wash-off and rinsing tests), and T 80% of drug release. Studies of the in vivo mucoadhesion and in vivo protective and healing effects of the optimized formula against gastric ulcers were carried out using albino rats (with induced gastric ulceration) and were compared to the effects of free ranitidine powder. A pharmacokinetic study in rabbits showed a significant, 2.1-fold increase in theAUC0-24of the ranitidine microspheres compared to free ranitidine after oral administration. The optimized formula showed higher drug entrapment efficiency and mucoadhesion properties and had more protective and healing effects on induced gastric ulcers in rats than ranitidine powder. In conclusion, the prolonged gastrointestinal residence time and the stability of the mucoadhesive microspheres of ranitidine as well as the synergistic healing effect of chitosan could contribute to increasing the potential of its anti-gastric ulcer activity.
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Bayat A, Sadeghi AM, Avadi MR, Amini M, Rafiee-Tehrani M, Shafiee A, Majlesi R, Junginger HE. Synthesis of N, N-dimethyl N-ethyl Chitosan as a Carrier for Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911506068679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
N, N-dimethyl N-ethyl chitosan (DMEC), a quanternized derivative of chitosan was synthesized based on a modified two-step method via a 22 factorial design to optimize the preparative conditions. The degree of deacetylation of the starting chitosan was determined by FTIR and NMR methods and was 95%. In the first step of the synthesis, mono-ethyl chitosan was prepared by introducing an ethyl group onto the amine group of chitosan via a Schiff base and in the next step methyl iodide was added to produce DMEC which was water soluble in a pH range of 4-8. The DMEC polymers with different degrees of quaternization were obtained and fully characterized using FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods. Based on 1H-NMR calculations, the degree of quaternization was 52% by optimizing the two-step process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bayat
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Cosar Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, Iran
| | - A. M.M. Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. R. Avadi
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Amini
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Rafiee-Tehrani
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Shafiee
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | | | - H. E. Junginger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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10
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Bera K, Mazumder B, Khanam J. Study of the Mucoadhesive Potential of Carbopol Polymer in the Preparation of Microbeads Containing the Antidiabetic Drug Glipizide. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:743-56. [PMID: 26335417 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed at exploitation of the mucoadhesive potential of carbopol 934P polymer in developing microbeads of glipizide (GLP) for its effectivity in controlling blood sugar in diabetic patients. Various batches of GLP beads were prepared by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique using the release-retarding polymer carbopol and subjected to a systematic evaluation such as physical characterization, ex vivo mucoadhesion, hydration and erosion test, and in vitro drug release; and instrumental and in vivo studies were performed with the best formulation. The highest yield and loading efficiency were observed as 94 and ∼90%, respectively. The mean particle size of the microbeads ranged from 832 to 742 μm. The oval shape of the microbeads with slight roughness was apparent in the SEM micrograph. The release period was extended till 18 h. In vitro release of the drug from the beads followed the diffusion and erosion mechanism. In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), there is a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels in Wistar rat and guinea pig in comparison with that using the marketed product. Results indicated that process parameters-drug-polymer ratio, concentration of the surfactant, and stirring speed-controlled the various characteristics of the microparticles. The mucoadhesivity test ensured strong adherence of the beads to the mucosal membrane in pH 1.2 for a prolonged period. Owing to the mucoadhesivity of carbopol 934P, prolonged release of GLP and reduction of fasting sugar in the animal model were observed to a satisfactory level, and thus, management of diabetes in a better manner is expected with this new formulation.
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Sukhodub LF, Sukhodub LB, Chorna IV. Chitosan-apatite composites: synthesis and properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. B. Sukhodub
- Mechnikov Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, NAMS of Ukraine
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Mahmood A, Bonengel S, Laffleur F, Ijaz M, Leonaviciute G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. An in-vitro exploration of permeation enhancement by novel polysulfonate thiomers. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:304-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Gaikwad VL, Bhatia MS. Polymers influencing transportability profile of drug. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 21:327-35. [PMID: 24227951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug release from various polymers is generally governed by the type of polymer/s incorporated in the formulation and mechanism of drug release from polymer/s. A single polymer may show one or more mechanisms of drug release out of which one mechanism is majorly followed for drug release. Some of the common mechanisms of drug release from polymers were, diffusion, swelling, matrix release, leaching of drug, etc. Mechanism or rate of drug release from a polymer or a combination of polymers can be predicted by using different computational methods or models. These models were capable of predicting drug release from its dosage form in advance without actual formulation and testing of drug release from dosage form. Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) is an important tool used in the prediction of various physicochemical properties of actives as well as inactives. Since last several decades QSPR has been applied in new drug development for reducing the total number of drugs to be synthesized, as it involves a selection of the most desirable compound of interest. This technique was also applied in predicting in vivo performance of drug/s for various parameters. QSPR serves as a predictive tool to correlate structural descriptors of molecules with biological as well as physicochemical properties. Several researchers have contributed at different extents in this area to modify various properties of pharmaceuticals. The present review is focused on a study of different polymers that influence the transportability profiles of drugs along with the application of QSPR either to study different properties of polymers that regulate drug release or in predicting drug transportability from different polymer systems used in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod L Gaikwad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, P.E. Society's Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi, Pune-411044, Maharashtra State, India
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Kharia AA, Singhai AK. Effective parameters for formulation of gastro adhesive nanoparticles: screening by design-of-experiments approach. J Microencapsul 2014; 31:399-405. [PMID: 24697180 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.863398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was selection of most influential variable for the preparation of gastro adhesive nanoparticles of acyclovir. Effect of formulation and processing variables on various response variables were studied by a Taguchi standard orthogonal array L8 design. Independent variables studied were the amount of gelatin, amount of glutaraldehyde, amount of Pluronic F-68, acetone addition rate, pH, stirring time and stirring speed. The size of all nanoparticulate formulations prepared as per the experimental design (Taguchi screening design) varied between 165 and 1610 nm, PDI between 0.360 and 1.00, Q6 between 7.31-34.93%, T60% between 19.2-37.6 h, entrapment efficiency between 15.70 and 83.12%, loading efficiency between 39.72 and 80.49% and mucoadhesive strength between 3.959-11.02 g. Pareto ranking analyses showed that the two most important factors affecting the selected responses were amount of gelatin and amount of Pluronic F-68 (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Anand Kharia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Oriental College of Pharmacy , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh , India
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Advanced progress of microencapsulation technologies: In vivo and in vitro models for studying oral and transdermal drug deliveries. J Control Release 2014; 178:25-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Screening of Most Effective Variables for Development of Gastroretentive Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles by Taguchi Design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/348095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the selection of the most influential variable for the preparation of gastroretentive mucoadhesive nanoparticles of acyclovir. Nanoparticles were prepared by one-step desolvation method; effect of formulation and processing variables on various response variables were studied by a Taguchi standard orthogonal array L8 design. Independent variables studied were the amount of gelatin, amount of glutaraldehyde, amount of Pluronic F-68, acetone addition rate, pH, stirring time, and stirring speed. The dependent variables studied were the particle size, polydispersity index, amount of drug released in 6 h, time required to release 60% of drug, entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency, and mucoadhesiveness. The size of all nanoparticulate formulations prepared as per the experimental design (Taguchi screening design) varied between 165 and 1610 nm, PDI between 0.360 and 1.00, bioadhesiveness between 3.959 and 11.02 g, cumulative percent drug release in 24 h between 40.74 and 72.48, entrapment efficiency between 15.70 and 83.12, and loading efficiency between 39.72 and 80.49. Pareto ranking analyses showed that the two most important factors affecting the selected responses were amount of gelatin and amount of Pluronic F-68 (P<0.05).
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Zhu Z, Zhai Y, Zhang N, Leng D, Ding P. The development of polycarbophil as a bioadhesive material in pharmacy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Angadi SC, Manjeshwar LS, Aminabhavi TM. Coated Interpenetrating Blend Microparticles of Chitosan and Guar Gum for Controlled Release of Isoniazid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302581m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha C. Angadi
- Department
of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad
580 003, India
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20
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Wang X, Gu Y, Ren T, Tian B, Zhang Y, Meng L, Tang X. Increased absorption of mangiferin in the gastrointestinal tract and its mechanism of action by absorption enhancers in rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1408-13. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.704043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Meng L, Zhang Y, Ai R, Qi N, He H, Xu H, Tang X. Thiolated Eudragit nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery: preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:341-50. [PMID: 22766443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study thiolated Eudragit L100 (Eul) based polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) were employed to develop an oral insulin delivery system. Sulfydryl modification was achieved by grafting cysteine to the carboxylic acid group of Eudragit L100, which displayed maximum conjugate level of 390.3±13.4 μmol thiol groups per gram. Eudragit L100-cysteine (Eul-cys) and Eul nanoparticles were prepared by the precipitation method, in which reversible swelling of pH-sensitive material was used for insulin loading and release. Nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their particle size, morphology, loading efficiency (LE%) and in vitro insulin release behavior. The NPs had an average size of 324.2±39.0 nm and 308.8±35.7 nm, maximal LE% of 92.2±1.7% and 96.4±0.5% for Eul-cys and Eul, respectively. The release profile of NPs in vitro showed pH-dependent behavior. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis proved that the secondary structure of the insulin released from NPs was unchanged compared with native insulin. The mucoadhesion study in vitro showed that Eul-cys NPs produced a 3-fold and 2.8-fold increase in rat jejunum and ileum compared with unmodified polymer NPs, respectively, which was due to the immobilization of thiol groups on Eudragit L100. Oral administration of insulin-loaded Eul-cys NPs produced a higher and prolonged hypoglycemic action, and the corresponding relative bioavailability of insulin was found to be 7.33±0.33%, an increase of 2.8-fold compared with Eul NPs (2.65±0.63%). This delivery system is a promising novel tool to improve the absorption of protein and peptide drugs in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Dünnhaupt S, Barthelmes J, Iqbal J, Perera G, Thurner CC, Friedl H, Bernkop-Schnürch A. In vivo evaluation of an oral drug delivery system for peptides based on S-protected thiolated chitosan. J Control Release 2012; 160:477-85. [PMID: 22542699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the development and evaluation in vitro as well as in vivo of an oral delivery system based on a novel type of thiolated chitosan, so-called S-protected thiolated chitosan, for the peptide drug antide. The sulfhydryl ligand thioglycolic acid (TGA) was covalently attached to chitosan (CS) in the first step of modification. In the second step, these thiol groups of thiolated chitosan were protected by disulfide bond formation with the thiolated aromatic residue 6-mercaptonicotinamide (6-MNA). Absorptive transport studies of antide were evaluated ex vivo using rat intestinal mucosa. Matrix tablets of each polymer sample were prepared and their effect on the absorption of antide evaluated in vivo in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, tablets were examined in terms of their disintegration, swelling and drug release behavior. The resulting S-protected thiomer (TGA-MNA) exhibited 840μmol of covalently linked 6-MNA per gram thiomer. Based on the implementation of this hydrophobic ligand on the thiolated backbone, the disintegration behavior was reduced greatly and a controlled release of the peptide could be achieved. Furthermore, permeation studies with TGA-MNA on rat intestine revealed a 4.5-fold enhanced absorptive transport of the peptide in comparison to antide in solution. Additional in vivo studies confirmed the potential of this novel conjugate. Oral administration of antide in solution led to only very small detectable quantities in plasma with an absolute and relative bioavailability (BA) of 0.003 and 0.03%, only. In contrast, with antide incorporated in TGA-MNA matrix tablets an absolute and relative BA of 1.4 and 10.9% could be reached, resulting in a 421-fold increased area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) compared to the antide solution. According to these results, S-protected thiolated chitosan as oral drug delivery system might be a valuable tool for improving the bioavailability of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dünnhaupt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzenz-University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Vllasaliu D, Shubber S, Garnett M, Alexander C, Eaton M, Stolnik S. Evaluation of calcium depletion as a strategy for enhancement of mucosal absorption of macromolecules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Feracci H, Gutierrez BS, Hempel W, Gil IS. Organic Nanoparticles. NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY - INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES VS ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415769-9.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Song KH, Eddington ND. The influence of AT1002 on the nasal absorption of molecular weight markers and therapeutic agents when co-administered with bioadhesive polymers and an AT1002 antagonist, AT1001. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:30-9. [PMID: 22150669 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of the tight junction permeation enhancer, AT1002, on the nasal absorption of molecular weight markers and low bioavailable therapeutic agents co-administered with bioadhesive polymers or zonulin antagonist. METHODS The bioadhesive polymers, carrageenan and Na-CMC, were prepared with AT1002 to examine the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002 on the nasal absorption of inulin, calcitonin and saquinavir after nasal administration to Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood samples were collected over a 6-hour period from a jugular cannula. In addition, we determined whether AT1002 exerts a permeation-enhancing effect via activation of PAR-2 specific binding to a putative receptor of zonulin. To examine this zonulin antagonist, AT1001, was administered 30 min prior to dosing with an AT1002/inulin solution and blood samples were collected over a 6-hour period. KEY FINDINGS The bioadhesive polymers did not directly increase the absorption of inulin, calcitonin and saquinavir, but promoted the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002 when delivered nasally, thereby significantly increasing the absorption of each drug. Pre-treatment with AT1001 antagonized the zonulin receptor and significantly minimized the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002. CONCLUSION These findings will assist in understanding the permeation-enhancing capability of and the receptor binding of AT1002. Further, combining AT1002 with carrageenan supports the development of the mucosal delivery of therapeutic agents that have low bioavailability even with bioadhesive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon-Hyoung Song
- Pharmacokinetics-Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Dash M, Chiellini F, Ottenbrite R, Chiellini E. Chitosan—A versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1932] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Many strategies have been proposed to explore the possibility of exploiting gastroretention for drug delivery. Such systems would be useful for local delivery, for drugs that are poorly soluble at higher pH or primarily absorbed from the proximal small intestine. Generally, the requirements of such strategies are that the vehicle maintains controlled drug release and exhibits prolonged residence time in the stomach. Despite widespread reporting of technologies, many have an inherent drawback of variability in transit times. Microparticulate systems, capable of distributing widely through the gastrointestinal tract, can potentially minimise this variation. While being retained in the stomach, the drug content is released slowly at a desired rate, resulting in reduced fluctuations in drug levels. This review summarises the promising role of microencapsulation in this field, exploring both floating and mucoadhesive microparticles and their application in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori, highlighting the clinical potential of eradication of this widespread infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Adebisi
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
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Angadi SC, Manjeshwar LS, Aminabhavi TM. Stearic Acid-Coated Chitosan-Based Interpenetrating Polymer Network Microspheres: Controlled Release Characteristics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie102479m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha C. Angadi
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
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Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD. In vitro Evaluation of Acyclovir/Chitosan Floating Systems. MATERIALS 2010; 3:5195-5211. [PMID: 28883376 PMCID: PMC5445812 DOI: 10.3390/ma3125195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) floating lyophilized formulations (L) for gastric drug delivery of acyclovir (ACV) have been developed. The freeze-dried formulations were obtained from acidic aqueous suspensions prepared with different ACV/CS ratios. No changes in ACV crystallinity were observed during X-ray diffraction powder studies as a consequence of the manufacturing process. Considering that fed and fasted states modified the intragastric pH, swelling and in vitro dissolution studies were carried out in different acidic media (0.1 M HCl and progressive pH medium) in order to understand the influence of these physiological states on ACV/CS formulations. Swelling behavior of the floating lyophilized formulations was dependent on CS and ACV proportions within L and on medium nature due to pH dependent CS solubility. Furthermore, no interactions between ACV and CS were detected in solid state according to the X-ray studies. In vitro dissolution of ACV from L was influenced by the swelling behavior. However, it is feasible to optimize the ACV/CS ratios to achieve a desired formulation that releases the total quantity of ACV at a specific time. Moreover, floatability was assessed by buoyancy tests. The results demonstrated that the freeze-drying process achieved effective floating systems capable of remaining within the stomach while the total amount of ACV is released from L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - María D Veiga
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
- Unidad de Biotransformaciones Industriales, Parque Científico de Madrid PTM, 28760-Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.
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Sundar S, Kundu J, Kundu SC. Biopolymeric nanoparticles. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2010; 11:014104. [PMID: 27877319 PMCID: PMC5090546 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/11/1/014104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review on nanoparticles highlights the various biopolymers (proteins and polysaccharides) which have recently revolutionized the world of biocompatible and degradable natural biological materials. The methods of their fabrication, including emulsification, desolvation, coacervation and electrospray drying are described. The characterization of different parameters for a given nanoparticle, such as particle size, surface charge, morphology, stability, structure, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, drug loading and drug release, is outlined together with the relevant measurement techniques. Applications in the fields of medicine and biotechnology are discussed along with a promising future scope.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joydip Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Abstract
The uptake of drugs is often limited by the short contact time between the formulation and the absorption membrane and by a fast washout. Using mucoadhesive polymers, however, the residence time of the dosage form on the mucosa can be significantly increased. In this chapter the composition of the mucus, the different mucoadhesion theories and binding types between mucus and mucoadhesives, mucoadhesion tests and factors influencing mucoadhesion are introduced. Various mucoadhesive polymers are also described and an overview of various mucoadhesive delivery systems is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hombach
- University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Zhou HY, Chen XG, Kong M, Liu CS. Preparation of chitosan-based thermosensitive hydrogels for drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Coucke D, Schotsaert M, Libert C, Pringels E, Vervaet C, Foreman P, Saelens X, Remon J. Spray-dried powders of starch and crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) as carriers for nasal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:1279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou HY, Chen XG, Liu CS, Meng XH, Liu CG, He J, Yu LJ. Cellulose Acetate/Chitosan Multimicrospheres Preparation and Ranitidine Hydrochloride Release In Vitro. Drug Deliv 2008; 13:261-7. [PMID: 16766467 DOI: 10.1080/10717540500313083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A noval cellulose acetate/chitosan multimicrospheres (CACM) was prepared by the method of w/o/w emulsion. The concentration of cellulose acetate (CA) and the ratio of CA/chitosan (CS) had influence on the CACM size, and appearance. Ranitidine hydrochloride loading, and releasing efficiency in vitro were investigated. The optimal condition for preparation of the microspheres was CA concentration at 2% and the ratio of CA/CS at 3/1. The microspheres size was 200-350 microm. The appearance of microspheres was spherical, porous, and nonaggregated. The highest loading efficiency was 21%. The ranitidine release from the CACM was 40% during 48 hr in buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, PR, China
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Zhou HY, Chen XG, Liu CS, Meng XH, Yu LJ, Liu XY, Liu N. Chitosan/Cellulose Acetate Microspheres Preparation and Ranitidine Release In Vitro. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 10:219-25. [PMID: 15926670 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-54421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
New microspheres containing hydrophilic core and hydrophobic coating as a controlled-release system with no toxic reagents were proposed. Water in oil in water (W/O/W) emulsion and solvent evaporation methods were used to make chitosan/ cellulose acetate (CCA) microspheres sized 200 - 400 microm. Ranitidine hydrochloride, as a model drug, was investigated for its release properties in vitro. The loading efficiency and release rate of ranitidine were affected by chitosan concentration and molecular weight. Higher loadings were obtained at lower concentrations in the interval of 1% to 2%. With chitosan at a 2% concentration microspheres could be obtained with more spherical appearance, smaller size, and higher ranitidine loading efficiency microspheres than at other concentrations. Among the different molecular weight chitosan (47, 145, 308, 499, and 1130 KD) microspheres, the high molecular weight chitosan (1130 KD) microspheres had relatively high loading efficiency (10%). Molecular weight and concentration of chitosan as well as the size of microspheres affected the release of ranitidine. Microspheres smaller than 280 microm released the drug faster than did the bigger by about 10%. The optimal condition for the preparation of the microspheres was chitosan concentration 2%, molecular weight 1130 KD. The ranitidine release from the microspheres was 30% during 48 h in phosphate-buffer saline medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Zhou
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China
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Silva CM, Veiga F, Ribeiro AJ, Zerrouk N, Arnaud P. Effect of Chitosan-Coated Alginate Microspheres on the Permeability of Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:1079-88. [PMID: 17012120 DOI: 10.1080/03639040600735020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alginate microspheres were prepared by emulsification/internal gelation and coated with chitosan. The ability of chitosan-coated alginate microspheres to increase the paracellular transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers was evaluated in comparison to uncoated microspheres and chitosan solutions. Transport studies were performed by using a permeability marker, Lucifer Yellow (LY), and by measuring the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) variations. Furthermore, the occurrence of cytotoxic effects was assessed by evaluating neutral red uptake in viable cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from damaged cells. A 3-fold increase on LY permeability was obtained for coated microspheres when compared to chitosan solutions. TEER variations were in agreement with permeability results. Chitosan solutions exhibited a dose-dependent toxicity, but coated microspheres did not decrease the viability of cells. Chitosan-coated alginate microspheres have potential to be used as carriers of poorly absorbable hydrophilic drugs to the intestinal epithelia and possibly increase their oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Ta HT, Dass CR, Dunstan DE. Injectable chitosan hydrogels for localised cancer therapy. J Control Release 2008; 126:205-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
Oral administration of anticancer agents is preferred by patients for its convenience and potential for use in outpatient and palliative setting. In addition, oral administration facilitates a prolonged exposure to the cytotoxic agents. Enhancement of bioavailability of emerging cytotoxic agents is a pre-requisite for successful development of oral modes of cancer treatment. Over the last decade, our studies have focused specifically on the utilization of large (MW>10(5)) and non-degradable polymers in oral chemotherapy. A family of block-graft copolymers of the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) Pluronic(R) polyethers and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) bound by carbon-carbon bonds emerged, wherein both polymeric components are generally recognized as safe. Animal studies with Pluronic-PAA copolymers demonstrated that these molecules are excreted when administered orally and do not absorb into the systemic circulation. The Pluronic-PAA copolymers are surface-active and self-assemble, at physiological pH, into intra- and intermolecular micelles with hydrophobic cores of dehydrated PPO and multilayered coronas of hydrophilic PEO and partially ionized PAA segments. These micelles efficiently solubilize hydrophobic drugs such as paclitaxel and steroids and protect molecules such as camptothecins from the hydrolytic reactions. High surface activity of the Pluronic-PAA copolymers in water results in interactions with cell membranes and suppression of the membrane pumps such as P-glycoprotein. The ionizable carboxyls in the micellar corona facilitate mucoadhesion that enhances the residence time of the micelles and solubilized drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Large payloads of the Pluronic-PAA micelles with weakly basic and water-soluble drugs such as doxorubicin and its analogs, mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide are achieved through electrostatic interactions with the micellar corona. Mechanical and physical properties of the Pluronic-PAA powders, blends, and micelles allow for formulation procedures where an active is simply dispersed into an aqueous Pluronic-PAA micellar formulation followed by optional lyophilization and processing into a ready dosage form. We review a number of in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrating that that the oral administration of the cytotoxics formulated with the Pluronic-PAA copolymer micelles results in enhanced drug bioavailability.
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Werle M. Natural and synthetic polymers as inhibitors of drug efflux pumps. Pharm Res 2007; 25:500-11. [PMID: 17896100 PMCID: PMC2265773 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of efflux pumps is an emerging approach in cancer therapy and drug delivery. Since it has been discovered that polymeric pharmaceutical excipients such as Tweens® or Pluronics® can inhibit efflux pumps, various other polymers have been investigated regarding their potential efflux pump inhibitory activity. Among them are polysaccharides, polyethylene glycols and derivatives, amphiphilic block copolymers, dendrimers and thiolated polymers. In the current review article, natural and synthetic polymers that are capable of inhibiting efflux pumps as well as their application in cancer therapy and drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Werle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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42
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Zhou HY, Chen XG, Liu CS, Meng XH, Liu CG, Yu LJ. Release characteristics of three model drugs from chitosan/cellulose acetate multimicrospheres. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider YJ, Préat V. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: a mechanistic approach. J Control Release 2006; 116:1-27. [PMID: 17050027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptides and proteins remain poorly bioavailable upon oral administration. One of the most promising strategies to improve their oral delivery relies on their association with colloidal carriers, e.g. polymeric nanoparticles, stable in gastrointestinal tract, protective for encapsulated substances and able to modulate physicochemical characteristics, drug release and biological behavior. The mechanisms of transport of these nanoparticles across intestinal mucosa are reviewed. In particular, the influence of size and surface properties on their non-specific uptake or their targeted uptake by enterocytes and/or M cells is discussed. Enhancement of their uptake by appropriate cells, i.e. M cells by (i) modeling surface properties to optimize access to and transport by M cells (ii) identifying surface markers specific to human M cell allowing targeting to M cells and nanoparticles transcytosis is illustrated. Encouraging results upon in vivo testing are reported but low bioavailability and lack of control on absorbed dose slow down products development. Vaccines are certainly the most promising applications for orally delivered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne des Rieux
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité de Pharmacie Galénique, Avenue E. Mounier, 73-20, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Majithiya RJ, Ghosh PK, Umrethia ML, Murthy RSR. Thermoreversible-mucoadhesive gel for nasal delivery of sumatriptan. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006; 7:67. [PMID: 17025248 PMCID: PMC2750509 DOI: 10.1208/pt070367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to develop intranasal delivery systems of sumatriptan using thermoreversible polymer Pluronic F127 (PF127) and mucoadhesive polymer Carbopol 934P (C934P). Formulations were modulated so as to have gelation temperature below 34 degrees C to ensure gelation at physiological temperature after intranasal administration. Gelation temperature was determined by physical appearance as well as by rheological measurement. The gelation temperatures of the formulations decreased by addition of increasing concentrations of Carbopol (ie, from 29 degrees C for 18% PF127 to 23.9 degrees C for 18% PF127, 0.5% Carbopol). The mucoadhesive force in terms of detachment stress, determined using sheep nasal mucosal membrane, increased with increasing concentration of Carbopol. The results of in vitro drug permeation studies across sheep nasal mucosa indicate that effective permeation coefficient could be significantly increased by using in situ gelling formulation with Carbopol concentration 0.3% or greater. Finally, histopathological examination did not detect any damage during in vitro permeation studies. In conclusion, the PF127 gel formulation of sumatriptan with in situ gelling and mucoadhesive properties with increased permeation rate is promising for prolonging nasal residence time and thereby nasal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Majithiya
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Center of Relevance and Excellence in New Drug Delivery Systems, Pharmacy Department, G. H. Patel Building, Donor's Plaza, Fatehgunj, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390002, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
MUC1 gene encodes a transmembrane mucin glycoprotein that is overexpressed in human breast cancer and colon cancer. The objective of this study was to develop an in situ gel delivery system containing paclitaxel (PTX) and mucoadhesives for sustained and targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. The delivery system consisted of chitosan and glyceryl monooleate (GMO) in 0.33M citric acid containing PTX. The in vitro release of PTX from the gel was performed in presence and absence of Tween 80 at drug loads of 0.18%, 0.30%, and 0.54% (wt/wt), in Sorensen's phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C. Different mucin-producing cell lines (Calu-3>Caco-2) were selected for PTX transport studies. Transport of PTX from solution and gel delivery system was performed in side by side diffusion chambers from apical to basal (A-B) and basal to apical (B-A) directions. In vitro release studies revealed that within 4 hours, only 7.61% +/- 0.19%, 12.0% +/- 0.98%, 31.7% +/- 0.40% of PTX were released from 0.18%, 0.30%, and 0.54% drug-loaded gel formulation, respectively, in absence of Tween 80. However, in presence of surfactant (0.05% wt/vol) in the dissolution medium, percentages of PTX released were 28.1% +/- 4.35%, 44.2% +/- 6.35%, and 97.1% +/- 1.22%, respectively. Paclitaxel has shown a polarized transport in all the cell monolayers with B-A transport 2 to 4 times higher than in the A-B direction. The highest mucin-producing cell line (Calu-3) has shown the lowest percentage of PTX transport from gels as compared with Caco-2 cells. Transport of PTX from mucoadhesive gels was shown to be influenced by the mucin-producing capability of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Jauhari
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE
| | - Alekha K. Dash
- School of Pharmacy & Health Professions, Creighton University Medical Center, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE
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Li L, Mathias NR, Heran CL, Moench P, Wall DA, Smith RL. Carbopol-mediated paracellular transport enhancement in Calu-3 cell layers. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:326-35. [PMID: 16374869 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of Carbopol polymers with mucus producing Calu-3 human bronchial epithelial cells was evaluated to test for potential paracellular transport enhancement. Using desmopressin (1-deamino-8-arginine-vasopressin, DDAVP) as the model peptide, apical treatment with Carbopol polymer gel formulations resulted in molecular size-dependent permeability enhancement with a concomitant drop in the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Permeability enhancement of DDAVP was dependent on the formulation vehicle composition and polymer concentration, was noncytotoxic, and completely reversible. Carbopol 971P displayed the greatest permeability enhancement across Calu-3 cells compared to other more viscous Carbopol polymers 934P and 974P, and other mucoadhesive cellulosic polymers. The greatest enhancement was observed when C971P formulation was prepared in water at a concentration of 0.25% w/v. Enhancement was confirmed in rabbit dosed with intranasal fluorescent dextran 4400. The C(max) and absorption rate each increased by 48% in C971P formulations compared to control, while the relative exposure increased 30%. In conclusion, Carbopol polymers are potentially useful excipients to enhance intranasal peptide absorption. We hypothesize that the permeation enhancement is related to the chelation of extracellular or tight-junctional Ca(2+) by charged polymer carboxylate groups that leads to temporary disruption of tight-junctions, thereby facilitating paracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianli Li
- Exploratory Biopharmaceutics and Stability Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.
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Silva CM, Ribeiro AJ, Figueiredo M, Ferreira D, Veiga F. Microencapsulation of hemoglobin in chitosan-coated alginate microspheres prepared by emulsification/internal gelation. AAPS JOURNAL 2006; 7:E903-13. [PMID: 16594643 PMCID: PMC2750960 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-coated alginate microspheres prepared by emulsification/internal gelation were chosen as carriers for a model protein, hemoglobin (Hb), owing to nontoxicity of the polymers and mild conditions of the method. The influence of process variables related to the emulsification step and microsphere recovering and formulation variables, such as alginate gelation and chitosan coating, on the size distribution and encapsulation efficiency was studied. The effect of microsphere coating as well its drying procedure on the Hb release profile was also evaluated. Chitosan coating was applied by either a continuous microencapsulation procedure or a 2-stage coating process. Microspheres with a mean diameter of less than 30 microm and an encapsulation efficiency above 90% were obtained. Calcium alginate cross-linking was optimized by using an acid/CaCO(3) molar ratio of 2.5, and microsphere-recovery with acetate buffer led to higher encapsulation efficiency. Hb release in gastric fluid was minimal for air-dried microspheres. Coating effect revealed a total release of 27% for 2-stage coated wet microspheres, while other formulations showed an Hb release above 50%. Lyophilized microspheres behaved similar to wet microspheres, although a higher total protein release was obtained with 2-stage coating. At pH 6.8, uncoated microspheres dissolved in less than 1 hour; however, Hb release from air-dried microspheres was incomplete. Chitosan coating decreased the release rate of Hb, but an incomplete release was obtained. The 2-stage coated microspheres showed no burst effect, whereas the 1-stage coated microspheres permitted a higher protein release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M. Silva
- />Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Ribeiro
- />Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, North Health Sciences Superior Institute, Gandra, Paredes, Portugal
| | - Margarida Figueiredo
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Domingos Ferreira
- />Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- />Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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van der Merwe SM, Verhoef JC, Verheijden JHM, Kotzé AF, Junginger HE. Trimethylated chitosan as polymeric absorption enhancer for improved peroral delivery of peptide drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 58:225-35. [PMID: 15296951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption enhancing effects of chitosan and its derivatives have been intensively studied in recent years. It has been shown that these compounds are potent absorption enhancers. Chitosan is only soluble in acidic environments and is therefore incapable of enhancing absorption in the small intestine, the main absorption area in the gastrointestinal tract. Special emphasis has been placed on the absorption enhancing properties of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), a partially quaternised derivative of chitosan, due to its solubility in neutral and basic environments. TMC is prepared by the reductive methylation of chitosan. The degree of quaternisation can be altered by increasing the number of reaction steps or by increasing the reaction time. Although the molecular weight of the polymer increases with addition of the methyl groups, a net decrease in the molecular weight is observed due to a decrease in the chain length of the polymer. TMC, like chitosan, possesses mucoadhesive properties. In vitro studies performed on Caco-2 cell monolayers showed a pronounced reduction in the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). TMC is also able to increase the permeation of hydrophilic compounds such as [14C]-mannitol and [14C] polyethylene glycol 4000 ([14C] PEG 4000, MW4000) across the cell monolayers. It was also shown that the degree of quaternisation of the polymer plays an important role on its absorption enhancing properties, especially in neutral environments where chitosan is ineffective as an absorption enhancer. The reduction in TEER is an indication of the opening of the tight junctions located between epithelial cells. Opening of the tight junctions will result in enhancement of absorption via the paracellular route. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed transport of large hydrophilic compounds via the paracellular route as well as the mechanism of action of the polymer in which redistribution of the cytoskeletal F-actin is provoked, which leads to the opening of the tight junctions. Various in vivo studies in different animal models confirmed the ability of TMC to increase the absorption of the peptide drugs buserelin and octreotide after intraduodenal or -jejunal administration. However, TMC has always been administered as a solution in these studies. The impracticality of administering a solution, as well as the fact that most peptides are unstable in the presence of water, have led to the need for a solid oral dosage form with which TMC can be administered together with peptide drugs. Recent studies have focused on the development and in vivo evaluation of solid oral dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van der Merwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Cho SM, Choi HK. Preparation of mucoadhesive chitosan-poly(acrylic acid) microspheres by interpolymer complexation and solvent evaporation method II. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:612-8. [PMID: 15974451 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A mucoadhesive microsphere was prepared by an interpolymer complexation and solvent evaporation method, using chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), to prolong the gastric residence time of the delivery system. The Fourier transform infrared results showed that microspheres were formed by an electrostatic interaction between the carboxyl groups of the PAA and the amine groups of the chitosan. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the enrofloxacin in the chitosan-PAA microsphere was molecularly dispersed in an amorphous state. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface and the quantity of mucin attached to the microspheres indicated that chitosan-PAA microspheres had a higher affinity for mucin than those of chitosan alone. The swelling and dissolution of the chitosan-PAA microspheres were found to be dependent on the pH of the medium. The rate of enrofloxacin released from the chitosan-PAA microspheres was slower at higher pH; therefore, based on their mucoadhesive properties and morphology, the chitosan-PAA microspheres can be used as a mucoadhesive oral drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Preparation of Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Poly(acrylic acid) Microspheres by Interpolymer Complexation and Solvent Evaporation Method I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.4333/kps.2005.35.2.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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