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Arwani RT, Tan SCL, Sundarapandi A, Goh WP, Liu Y, Leong FY, Yang W, Zheng XT, Yu Y, Jiang C, Ang YC, Kong L, Teo SL, Chen P, Su X, Li H, Liu Z, Chen X, Yang L, Liu Y. Stretchable ionic-electronic bilayer hydrogel electronics enable in situ detection of solid-state epidermal biomarkers. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01918-9. [PMID: 38867019 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Continuous and in situ detection of biomarkers in biofluids (for example, sweat) can provide critical health data but is limited by biofluid accessibility. Here we report a sensor design that enables in situ detection of solid-state biomarkers ubiquitously present on human skin. We deploy an ionic-electronic bilayer hydrogel to facilitate the sequential dissolution, diffusion and electrochemical reaction of solid-state analytes. We demonstrate continuous monitoring of water-soluble analytes (for example, solid lactate) and water-insoluble analytes (for example, solid cholesterol) with ultralow detection limits of 0.51 and 0.26 nmol cm-2, respectively. Additionally, the bilayer hydrogel electrochemical interface reduces motion artefacts by a factor of three compared with conventional liquid-sensing electrochemical interfaces. In a clinical study, solid-state epidermal biomarkers measured by our stretchable wearable sensors showed a high correlation with biomarkers in human blood and dynamically correlated with physiological activities. These results present routes to universal platforms for biomarker monitoring without the need for biofluid acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Theresia Arwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sherwin Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Archana Sundarapandi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin Liu
- Institute of High-Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fong Yew Leong
- Institute of High-Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changyun Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan Ching Ang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew Lang Teo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hongying Li
- Institute of High-Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High-Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Andrade JFM, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Gratieri T. Iontophoresis for the cutaneous delivery of nanoentraped drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37119173 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2209719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is an attractive route for drug delivery. However, the stratum corneum is a critical limiting barrier for drug permeation. Nanoentrapment is a way to enhance cutaneous drug delivery, by diverse mechanisms, with a notable trend of nanoparticles accumulating into the hair follicles when topically applied. Iontophoresis is yet another way of increasing drug transport by applying a mild electrical field that preferentially passes through the hair follicles, for being the pathway of lower resistance. So, iontophoresis application to nanocarriers could further increase actives accumulation into the hair follicles, impacting cutaneous drug delivery. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors aimed to discuss the main factors impacting iontophoretic skin transport when combining nanocarriers with iontophoresis. We further provide an overview of the conditions in which this combination has been studied, the characteristics of nanosystems employed, and hypothesize why the association has succeeded or failed to enhance drug permeation. EXPERT OPINION Nanocarriers and iontophoresis association can be promising to enhance cutaneous drug delivery. For better results, the electroosmotic contribution to the iontophoretic transport, mainly of negatively charged nanocarriers, charge density, formulation pH, and skin models should be considered. Moreover, the transfollicular pathway should be considered, especially when designing the nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanaraian F M Andrade
- School of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- School of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- School of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- School of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Dasht Bozorg B, Bhattaccharjee SA, Somayaji MR, Banga AK. Topical and transdermal delivery with diseased human skin: passive and iontophoretic delivery of hydrocortisone into psoriatic and eczematous skin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:197-212. [PMID: 33432519 PMCID: PMC9351627 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (eczema) are both common immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases associated with changes in skin's stratum corneum lipid structure and barrier functionality. The present study aimed to investigate healthy, eczematous, and psoriatic excised human tissue for the effect of non-infectious skin diseases on skin characteristics (surface color, pH, transepidermal water loss, electrical resistance, and histology), as well as on permeation and retention profile of hydrocortisone. Further, differences in percutaneous absorption on application of iontophoresis on healthy and diseased skin were also investigated. Measurements of transepidermal water loss and electrical resistance showed a significant difference in psoriasis skin samples indicating a damaged barrier function. In vitro permeation studies on full-thickness human skin using vertical diffusion cells further confirmed these results as the drug amount retained in the psoriatic tissue was significantly higher when compared with the other groups. Despite no significant difference, the presence of the drug in the receptor chamber in both diseased groups can be concerning as it suggests the increased possibility of systemic absorption and adverse reactions associated with it in the use of topical corticosteroids. Application of anodal iontophoresis resulted in greater distribution of hydrocortisone into deeper layers of skin and the receptor chamber, in comparison to passive permeation. However, no significant differences were observed due to the healthy or diseased condition of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Dasht Bozorg
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 30341, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sonalika A Bhattaccharjee
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 30341, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ajay K Banga
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 30341, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Xu X, Zhang H, Yan Y, Wang J, Guo L. Effects of electrical stimulation on skin surface. ACTA MECHANICA SINICA = LI XUE XUE BAO 2021; 37:1843-1871. [PMID: 33584001 PMCID: PMC7866966 DOI: 10.1007/s10409-020-01026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Skin is the largest organ in the body, and directly contact with the external environment. Articles on the role of micro-current and skin have emerged in recent years. The function of micro-current is various, including introducing various drugs into the skin locally or throughout the body, stimulating skin wounds healing through various currents, suppressing pain caused by various diseases, and promoting blood circulation for postoperative muscle rehabilitation, etc. This article reviews these efforts. Compared with various physical and chemical medical therapies, micro-current stimulation provides a relatively safe, non-invasive therapy with few side effects, giving modern medicine a more suitable treatment option. At the same time, the cost of the electrical stimulation generating device is relatively low, which makes it have wider space to and more clinical application value. The current micro-current stimulation technology has become more and more mature, but there are still many problems in its research. The design of the experiment and the selection of the current parameters not standardized and rigorous. Now, clear regulations are needed to regulate this field. Micro-current skin therapy has become a robust, reliable, and well-structured system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Yan Yan
- Cosmetic Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176 China
| | - Jianru Wang
- Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an, 710100 China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
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Yang H, Kang G, Jang M, Um DJ, Shin J, Kim H, Hong J, Jung H, Ahn H, Gong S, Lee C, Jung UW, Jung H. Development of Lidocaine-Loaded Dissolving Microneedle for Rapid and Efficient Local Anesthesia. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111067. [PMID: 33182374 PMCID: PMC7695299 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic agent used in the form of injection and topical cream. However, these formulation types have limitations of being either painful or slow-acting, thereby hindering effective and complete clinical performance of lidocaine. Dissolving microneedles (DMNs) are used to overcome these limitations owing to their fast onset time and minimally invasive administration methods. Using hyaluronic acid and lidocaine to produce the drug solution, a lidocaine HCl encapsulated DMN (Li-DMN) was fabricated by centrifugal lithography. The drug delivery rate and local anesthetic quality of Li-DMNs were evaluated using the pig cadaver insertion test and Von Frey behavior test. Results showed that Li-DMNs could deliver sufficient lidocaine for anesthesia that is required to be utilized for clinical level. Results from the von Frey test showed that the anesthetic effect of Li-DMNs was observed within 10 min after administration, thus confirming fast onset time. A toxicity test for appropriate clinical application standard was conducted with a microbial limit test and an animal skin irritation test, showing absence of skin irritation and irritation-related microorganisms. Overall, Li-DMN is a possible alternative drug delivery method for local anesthesia, meeting the requirements for clinical conditions and overcoming the drawbacks of other conventional lidocaine administration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisuk Yang
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Geonwoo Kang
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.J.U.); (J.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Mingyu Jang
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.J.U.); (J.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Daniel Junmin Um
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.J.U.); (J.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Jiwoo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.J.U.); (J.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Hyeonjun Kim
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Jintae Hong
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Hyunji Jung
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Hyemyoung Ahn
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Seongdae Gong
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Chisong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.J.U.); (J.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Ui-Won Jung
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (U.-W.J.); (H.J.)
| | - Hyungil Jung
- JUVIC Inc., No. 208, Digital-ro 272, Guro-gu, Seoul 08389, Korea; (H.Y.); (G.K.); (M.J.); (H.K.); (J.H.); (H.J.); (H.A.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Building 123, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.J.U.); (J.S.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (U.-W.J.); (H.J.)
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Solomons CD, Shanmugasundaram V. Transcranial direct current stimulation: A review of electrode characteristics and materials. Med Eng Phys 2020; 85:63-74. [PMID: 33081965 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electrode characteristics are crucial in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) since electrode design and placement determine the cortical area being modulated, current density and spatial resolution of stimulation. Early research on tDCS sought to determine optimal parameters for stimulation by specifying maximum current, duration and sizes of electrodes. Further research focused on determining efficient ways to deliver stimulation to targeted regions on the cortex with minimal discomfort to the user by altering electrode size, placement, shape and material. This review aims to give an insight on the main characteristics of electrodes used in tDCS and on the variability found in electrode parameters and placements from tDCS to high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) applications and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Solomons
- School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
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Tailor-made electrically-responsive poly(acrylamide)-graft-pullulan copolymer based transdermal drug delivery systems: Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Iontophoresis enhances voriconazole antifungal potency and corneal penetration. Int J Pharm 2019; 576:118991. [PMID: 31884059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to enhance corneal penetration of voriconazole (VOR) could improve the treatment of fungal keratitis. Here, we evaluated the use of iontophoresis for ocular VOR delivery from either: (i) a cyclodextrin inclusion complex (CD VOR), (ii) a liposome (LP VOR), and (iii) a chitosan-coated liposome (LP VOR CS). LP VOR CS presented mean diameter of 139.2 ± 1.3 nm and zeta potential equal to + 3.3 ± 1.5 mV compared to 134.6 ± 1.7 and -8.2 ± 3.0 mV of LP VOR, which, together with mucin mucoadhesion study, confirmed chitosan-coating. Both drug and liposomal formulations were stable under the influence of an applied electric current. Interestingly, in vitro studies in Candida glabrata culture indicated a decrease in VOR MIC values following iontophoresis (from 0.28 to 0.14 µg/mL). Iontophoresis enhanced drug penetration into the cornea. After 10 min of a 2 mA/cm2 applied current, corneal retained amounts were 45.4 ± 11.2, 30.4 ± 2.1 and 30.6 ± 2.9 µg/cm2 for, respectively, CD VOR, LP VOR, and LP VOR CS. In conclusion, iontophoresis increases drug potency and enhances drug penetration into the cornea, showing potential to be used as "an emergency burst delivery approach".
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Kubota K, Miyamoto T, Inoue T, Fukayama H. Alternating Current Iontophoresis for Control of Postoperative Pain. Anesth Prog 2019; 65:106-110. [PMID: 29952652 DOI: 10.2344/anpr-64-04-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of early postoperative pain entails the use of various medications including acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, tramadol, and opioids. However, these medications should be carefully administered in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease because some medications may trigger adverse reactions after maxillofacial surgeries. The goal of postoperative pain control in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is to eliminate pain without complications. Local anesthesia is an efficient tool for the control of postoperative pain after maxillofacial surgeries. We utilized a transdermal drug delivery system, iontophoresis by alternating current, in order to develop an alternative technique for administering local anesthetic to control postoperative pain in 2 patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. A visual analogue scale was used to objectively measure the severity of pain. A 55-year-old woman who underwent mandibular wisdom tooth extraction and an 18-year-old woman who underwent sagittal split ramus osteotomy of the mandible both complained of pain multiple times. After application of iontophoresis, the visual analogue scale score was reduced to zero and postoperative pain could be controlled. There were no adverse events such as bronchospasm or skin irritation after the application of iontophoresis by alternating current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Kubota
- Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyamoto
- Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takutoshi Inoue
- Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukayama
- Section of Anesthesiology and Clinical Physiology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Haberbosch L, Datta A, Thomas C, Jooß A, Köhn A, Rönnefarth M, Scholz M, Brandt SA, Schmidt S. Safety Aspects, Tolerability and Modeling of Retinofugal Alternating Current Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:783. [PMID: 31440126 PMCID: PMC6692662 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While alternating current stimulation (ACS) is gaining relevance as a tool in research and approaching clinical applications, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. A review by Schutter and colleagues argues for a retinal origin of transcranial ACS' neuromodulatory effects. Interestingly, there is an alternative application form of ACS specifically targeting α-oscillations in the visual cortex via periorbital electrodes (retinofugal alternating current stimulation, rACS). To further compare these two methods and investigate retinal effects of ACS, we first aim to establish the safety and tolerability of rACS. OBJECTIVE The goal of our research was to evaluate the safety of rACS via finite-element modeling, theoretical safety limits and subjective report. METHODS 20 healthy subjects were stimulated with rACS as well as photic stimulation and reported adverse events following stimulation. We analyzed stimulation parameters at electrode level as well as distributed metric estimates from an ultra-high spatial resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived finite element human head model and compared them to existing safety limits. RESULTS Topographical modeling revealed the highest current densities in the anterior visual pathway, particularly retina and optic nerve. Stimulation parameters and finite element modeling estimates of rACS were found to be well below existing safety limits. No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION Our findings are in line with existing safety guidelines for retinal and neural damage and establish the tolerability and feasibility of rACS. In comparison to tACS, retinofugal stimulation of the visual cortex provides an anatomically circumscribed model to systematically study the mechanisms of action of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Haberbosch
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abhishek Datta
- Research and Development, Soterix Medical, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chris Thomas
- Research and Development, Soterix Medical, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Jooß
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arvid Köhn
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Rönnefarth
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- Neural Information Processing Group, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Brandt
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sein Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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Cordery SF, Husbands SM, Bailey CP, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Simultaneous Transdermal Delivery of Buprenorphine Hydrochloride and Naltrexone Hydrochloride by Iontophoresis. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2808-2816. [PMID: 31070927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The opioids buprenorphine hydrochloride (BUP) and naltrexone hydrochloride (NTX) show promise as a combination treatment for addiction, but no means of delivering the two compounds in one medicine currently exist. In this paper, we report sufficient input rates of both these drugs from one iontophoretic transdermal drug delivery system. Experiments were performed using dermatomed pig skin mounted in glass side-bi-side cells. BUP and NTX were iontophoretically delivered together from the anode using direct constant current from Ag/AgCl electrodes. The transdermal drug fluxes and the masses of drugs in both the stratum corneum and the underlying epidermis/dermis were measured. The apparent electroosmotic flow was quantified using a neutral marker (acetaminophen). The effects of donor composition (drug concentration/molar fraction and pH), current density and profile, and the choice of receptor solution were assessed. Iontophoresis dramatically increased the flux of both drugs compared to passive control values. Target fluxes (calculated from literature clearance values and required therapeutic plasma concentrations) were greatly exceeded for NTX and were met for BUP. The latter accumulated in the skin and suppressed electroosmotic flow, inhibiting both its own flux and that of NTX. NTX, in turn, negatively influenced the flux of BUP via co-ion competition. Lowering current density by increasing the delivery area resulted in increased electroosmotic flow but did not significantly affect current-normalized drug fluxes. Delivering the drugs from both electrodes and reversing the polarity for every 2 h did not increase the flux of either compound. In summary, during iontophoresis, BUP and NTX inhibited each other's flux by two distinct mechanisms. While the more complex behavior of BUP complicates the optimization of this drug combination, iontophoresis nevertheless appears to be a feasible approach for the controlled codelivery of NTX and BUP through the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Cordery
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | - Stephen M Husbands
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
| | | | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , U.K
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Manjunatha RG, Prasad R, Sharma S, Narayan R, Koul V. Iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride through ex-vivo human skin. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 31:191-199. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1589640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopa G. Manjunatha
- Energy Institute, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New-Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Prasad
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New-Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - R.P. Narayan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New-Delhi, India
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Djabri A, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Potential of iontophoresis as a drug delivery method for midazolam in pediatrics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 128:137-143. [PMID: 30503379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the neonatal and premature pediatric populations is very challenging. This research assessed the potential of delivering midazolam by transdermal iontophoresis as an alternative strategy in pediatric therapy. In vitro experiments used intact and tape-stripped porcine skin as models for the skin barrier function of full-term and premature newborns, respectively. Midazolam transdermal transport was significantly enhanced by applying higher currents, increasing the formulation pH, and optimizing the drug's mole fraction in the vehicle. When the skin barrier was decreased to half of its baseline competence, the passive permeation of midazolam increased by approximately 60-fold; and complete stratum corneum removal led to an additional 20-fold enhancement in permeation. Iontophoresis retained control of the drug transport trough partially compromised skin. However, a very high passive contribution undermined the iontophoretic control when the barrier was fully compromised. Overall, midazolam delivery could be rate-controlled by iontophoresis in most circumstances, and therapeutically useful fluxes could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Djabri
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down BA2 7AY, UK.
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14
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Selected Medicines Used in Iontophoresis. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040204. [PMID: 30366360 PMCID: PMC6320882 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iontophoresis is a non-invasive method of systemic and local drug delivery using an electric field. Iontophoresis enables diffusion of the selected drug via skin, mucosa, enamel, dentin, and other tissues. The amount of delivered therapeutic molecules is about 10⁻2000 times greater than conventional forms of delivery. Among other fields, this method is used in dentistry, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, and dermatology. According to related literature, the most important drugs studied or administered by iontophoresis are: Local anesthetics, opioids, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibacterial drugs, antifungal drugs, antiviral drugs, anticancer drugs, fluorides, and vitamins. The present review covers current available data regarding the selected medicines used in iontophoresis. Furthermore, indications and conditions of iontophoresis application are reviewed.
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Gomez CCS, Marson FAL, Servidoni MF, Ribeiro AF, Ribeiro MÂGO, Gama VAL, Costa ET, Ribeiro JD, Vieira Junior FU. Evaluation of continuous constant current and continuous pulsed current in sweat induction for cystic fibrosis diagnosis. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:153. [PMID: 30217179 PMCID: PMC6137935 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sweat test (ST) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). However, little is known about sweat induction using different types of currents and waves. In this context, our objective was to develop a device to induce sweat and compare the use of continuous constant current (CCC) and continuous pulsed current (CPC) in individuals with CF and healthy controls. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study with experimental intervention. The variables of gender, ethnicity, age, and body mass index (BMI) were considered. The method of Gibson and Cooke was used, and the following markers were evaluated: sweat weight, electrical impedance, sufficient sweat amount, and CF diagnosis. Triangular (TPC) or sinusoidal (SPC) pulsed current was applied to the right arm, and CCC was applied to the left arm. Results The study analyzed 260 individuals, 141/213 (54.2%) were female participants, 135/260 (51.9%) were Caucasians. The distribution of individuals by concentration of chloride at the ST was: (CF) 26/260 (10%); (borderlines) 109/260 (41.9%); (healthy) 97/260 (37.3%); (insufficient weight in sweat) 28/260 (10.8%). No association was observed between the sufficient sweat amount to perform the ST when we compared the currents. However, the SPC showed a higher amount of sweat weight. Using Bland and Altman plot considering the agreement between the sweat chloride values achieved from CPC [SPC and TPC] and CCC, there was no proportional bias and mean values are unrelated and only explain less than 8% of the variation. Moreover, TPC presented higher electrical impedance when compared with SPC and CCC. SPC presented lower electrical impedance and higher sweat weight than CCC. Male participants presented lower electrical impedance and higher sweat weight with CCC and TPC, and higher sweat weight with SPC. Conclusions The evaluated currents are safe and able to induce and produce sweat in sufficient quantities for the ST. SPC presented lower electrical impedance when compared with other currents. The use of SPC is recommended to induce sweat in patients with sweat problems. Finally, ethnicity, gender, age and BMI did not influence sweat induction at the ST, and no side effect was observed in our study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12890-018-0696-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cristina Souza Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil. .,Center for Research in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Augusto Lima Marson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil. .,Center for Research in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil. .,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fátima Servidoni
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.,Center for Research in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.,Gastrocentro - Endoscopy Unit, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-872, Brazil
| | - Antônio Fernando Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.,Center for Research in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Maria Ângela Gonçalves Oliveira Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.,Center for Research in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Veruska Acioli Lopes Gama
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-881, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Sao Paulo, Campus Campinas, km 143.5, Campinas, São Paulo, 13069-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tavares Costa
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-881, Brazil
| | - José Dirceu Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.,Center for Research in Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Francisco Ubaldo Vieira Junior
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-881, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Sao Paulo, Campus Campinas, km 143.5, Campinas, São Paulo, 13069-901, Brazil
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Griffen BD. Proposed mechanism of action of tap water iontophoresis for treatment of hyperhidrosis. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1486783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Gratieri T, Santer V, Kalia YN. Basic principles and current status of transcorneal and transscleral iontophoresis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:1091-1102. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2017.1266334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taís Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Verena Santer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
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Giri TK, Chakrabarty S, Ghosh B. Transdermal reverse iontophoresis: A novel technique for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Control Release 2016; 246:30-38. [PMID: 27956143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Application of transdermal reverse iontophoresis for diagnostic purpose is a relatively new concept but its short span of research is full of ups and downs. In early nineties, when the idea was floated, it received a dubious welcome by the scientific community. Yet to the disbelief of many, 2001 saw the launching of GlucoWatch® G2 Biographer, the first device that could measure the blood sugar level noninvasively. Unfortunately, the device failed to match the expectation and was withdrawn in 2007. However, the concept stayed on. Research on reverse iontophoresis has diversified in many fields. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the prospect of reverse iontophoresis as a noninvasive tool in therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical chemistry. This review provides an overview about the recent developments in reverse iontophoresis in the field of therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Giri
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasis Chakrabarty
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Bijaya Ghosh
- NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India.
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Jackson MP, Rahman A, Lafon B, Kronberg G, Ling D, Parra LC, Bikson M. Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: Methods and mechanisms. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3425-3454. [PMID: 27693941 PMCID: PMC5083183 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize the contribution of animal research using direct current stimulation (DCS) to our understanding of the physiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We comprehensively address experimental methodology in animal studies, broadly classified as: (1) transcranial stimulation; (2) direct cortical stimulation in vivo and (3) in vitro models. In each case advantages and disadvantages for translational research are discussed including dose translation and the overarching "quasi-uniform" assumption, which underpins translational relevance in all animal models of tDCS. Terminology such as anode, cathode, inward current, outward current, current density, electric field, and uniform are defined. Though we put key animal experiments spanning decades in perspective, our goal is not simply an exhaustive cataloging of relevant animal studies, but rather to put them in context of ongoing efforts to improve tDCS. Cellular targets, including excitatory neuronal somas, dendrites, axons, interneurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells are considered. We emphasize neurons are always depolarized and hyperpolarized such that effects of DCS on neuronal excitability can only be evaluated within subcellular regions of the neuron. Findings from animal studies on the effects of DCS on plasticity (LTP/LTD) and network oscillations are reviewed extensively. Any endogenous phenomena dependent on membrane potential changes are, in theory, susceptible to modulation by DCS. The relevance of morphological changes (galvanotropy) to tDCS is also considered, as we suggest microscopic migration of axon terminals or dendritic spines may be relevant during tDCS. A majority of clinical studies using tDCS employ a simplistic dose strategy where excitability is singularly increased or decreased under the anode and cathode, respectively. We discuss how this strategy, itself based on classic animal studies, cannot account for the complexity of normal and pathological brain function, and how recent studies have already indicated more sophisticated approaches are necessary. One tDCS theory regarding "functional targeting" suggests the specificity of tDCS effects are possible by modulating ongoing function (plasticity). Use of animal models of disease are summarized including pain, movement disorders, stroke, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Asif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Belen Lafon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Kronberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Doris Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Background: The application of therapeutic agents to the skin addresses three general objectives: (a) the treatment of a variety of dermatologic diseases; (b) the “targeted” delivery of drugs to deeper subcutaneous tissues, with a concomitant reduction in systemic exposure; and (c) socalled transdermal administration to elicit a systemic pharmacologic effect. Objective: Recently, significant progress towards all three goals has been recorded and the level of research and development activity remains high. We aim to discuss these advances from mechanistic and clinical standpoints. Results: For the topical treatment of skin disease, novel vehicles (e.g., stabilized, supersaturated systems and liposomal formulations) have led to dramatic improvements in local drug bioavailability. Transdermal delivery of drugs for systemic effect, though limited in terms of the number of compounds, is perhaps the most commercially successful (in terms of the number of products) of the controlled release technologies. Considerable activity continues to enhance drug delivery (and hence to extend the range of drugs for which transdermal delivery can be used). Existing patches use formulations that contain solvents and adjuvants capable of reducing the barrier function of the skin. Much effort is directed at iontophoresis (electrically enhanced transport), particularly for small peptides that are difficult to administer by other routes. “Reverse iontophoresis” may allow the extraction of glucose (without skin puncture) so that continuous, noninvasive monitoring of blood sugar in diabetics approaches realization. Conclusion: In the not too distant future, the skin may also play a role not only in drug delivery, but also with respect to measurements in clinical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Merino
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement, “Pharmapeptides,” Campus Universitaire, Parc d'Affaires International, Archamps, France
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnologia Farmaceutica. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia. Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ingo Alberti
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement, “Pharmapeptides,” Campus Universitaire, Parc d'Affaires International, Archamps, France
- Faculté des Sciences — Section Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement, “Pharmapeptides,” Campus Universitaire, Parc d'Affaires International, Archamps, France
- Faculté des Sciences — Section Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Richard H. Guy
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement, “Pharmapeptides,” Campus Universitaire, Parc d'Affaires International, Archamps, France
- Faculté des Sciences — Section Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
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Overcoming hurdles in iontophoretic drug delivery: is skin the only barrier? Ther Deliv 2014; 5:493-6. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Jaberzadeh S, Bastani A, Zoghi M. Anodal transcranial pulsed current stimulation: A novel technique to enhance corticospinal excitability. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 125:344-51. [PMID: 24074626 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the effects of anodal-transcranial pulsed current stimulation (a-tPCS) with conventional anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) on corticospinal excitability (CSE) in healthy individuals. METHODS CSE of the dominant primary motor cortex of the resting right extensor carpi radialis muscle was assessed before, immediately, 10, 20 and 30min after application of four experimental conditions: (1) a-tDCS, (2) a-tPCS with short inter-pulse interval (a-tPCSSIPI, 50ms), (3) a-tPCS with long inter-pulse interval (a-tPCSLIPI., 650ms) and (4) sham a-tPCS. The total charges were kept constant in all experimental conditions except sham condition. The outcome measure in this study was motor evoked potentials. RESULTS Only a-tDCS and a-tPCSSIPI (P<0.05) induced significant increases in CSE, lasted for at least 30min. Post-hoc tests indicated that this increase was larger in a-tPCSSIPI (P<0.05). There were no significant changes following application of a-tPCSLIPI and sham a-tPCS. All participants tolerated the applied currents in all experimental conditions very well. CONCLUSIONS Compared to a-tDCS, a-tPCSSIPI is a better technique for enhancement of CSE. There were no sham effects for application of a-tPCS. However, unlike a-tDCS which modifies neuronal excitability by tonic depolarization of the resting membrane potential, a-tPCS modifies neuronal excitability by a combination of tonic and phasic effects. SIGNIFICANCE a-tPCS could be considered as a promising neuromodulatory tool in basic neuroscience and as a therapeutic technique in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andisheh Bastani
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Bikson M, Reato D, Rahman A. Cellular and Network Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. TRANSCRANIAL BRAIN STIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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The effect of alternating current iontophoresis on rats with the chronic constriction injury to the infraorbital nerve. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:405292. [PMID: 22675357 PMCID: PMC3366247 DOI: 10.1155/2012/405292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of AC iontophoresis on rats with the chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the infraorbital nerve by animal experiments. CCI model rats were divided into four groups, namely, rats that received general anesthesia for 60 min except AC IOP (CCI: n = 5), AC IOP with 0.9% physiological saline for 60 min (CCI + saline AC IOP: n = 5), AC IOP with 4% lidocaine hydrochloride for 60 min (CCI + lidocaine AC IOP: n = 5), and attachment of two electrodes soaked with 4% lidocaine hydrochloride to the facial skin for 60 min (CCI + attach lidocaine: n = 5). In the CCI + lidocaine AC IOP group, an elevated withdrawal threshold was observed after AC IOP, and the duration of efficacy was longer compared with that in the CCI + saline AC IOP and CCI + attached lidocaine groups. A significant decrease in the number of Fos-like immunoreactive (LI) cells was observed in the CCI + lidocaine AC IOP group compared with that in the CCI group. These findings suggest that the effect of CCI + lidocaine AC IOP group may be caused by active permeation of lidocaine into the facial skin and electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nucleus.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Topical drug delivery to treat nail diseases such as onychomycosis and psoriasis is receiving increasing attention. Topical nail delivery is challenged by the complicated structure of the nail and the low permeability of most drugs across the nail plate. Considerable effort has been directed at developing methods to promote drug permeation across the nail plate. Iontophoresis efficiently enhances molecular transport across the skin and the eye and is now being tested for its potential in ungual delivery. AREAS COVERED This review covers the basic mechanisms of transport (electro-osmosis and -migration) and their relative contribution to nail iontophoresis as well as the key factors governing nail permselectivity and ionic transport numbers. Methodological issues concerning research in this area are summarized. The data available in vivo on nail iontophoresis of terbinafine specifically are reviewed in separate sections. EXPERT OPINION Our understanding of nail iontophoresis has improved considerably since 2007; most decisively, the feasibility of nail iontophoresis in vivo has been clearly demonstrated. Future work is required to establish the adequate implementation of the technique so that its clinical efficacy to treat onychomycosis and nail psoriasis can be unequivocally determined.
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Dubey S, Perozzo R, Scapozza L, Kalia YN. Noninvasive Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of Biologically Active Human Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1322-31. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dubey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R. Perozzo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L. Scapozza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y. N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Gratieri T, Kalaria D, Kalia YN. Non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of peptides and proteins across the skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:645-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.566265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Kajimoto K, Yamamoto M, Watanabe M, Kigasawa K, Kanamura K, Harashima H, Kogure K. Noninvasive and persistent transfollicular drug delivery system using a combination of liposomes and iontophoresis. Int J Pharm 2011; 403:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hao J, Smith KA, Li SK. Time-dependent electrical properties of human nail upon hydration in vivo. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:107-18. [PMID: 19462425 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of hydration and solution ion concentration on the electrical properties of human nail in vivo and compare these in vivo results with those in vitro. In vivo electrical resistance measurements on the nail were conducted with a three-electrode system in phosphate buffered saline of 0.01-0.6 M. The effect of electric current on nail resistance and possible adverse effects were studied under 1.5- and 9-V iontophoresis in vivo. The electrical resistance of the nail plate was measured in vitro in side-by-side diffusion cells under the same conditions and compared with those in vivo. The in vivo electrical resistance decreased significantly upon 2-h nail hydration and then slowly decreased to a constant value, showing the same pattern as that in vitro. No significant effect of the applied voltage upon the nail electrical resistance was observed. Higher current densities caused moderate sensation and slight changes in nail appearance after iontophoresis. The observed decrease in nail resistance demonstrates the significance of nail hydration in transungual iontophoresis. The in vitro and in vivo correlation suggests that the in vitro nail plate can be a model in the research and development of transungual iontophoretic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Hao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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Jampilek J, Brychtova K. Azone analogues: classification, design, and transdermal penetration principles. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:907-47. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1-3 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
- Zentiva k.s., U kabelovny 130; 102 37 Prague 10 Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Brychtova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1-3 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
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Minhas P, Bansal V, Patel J, Ho JS, Diaz J, Datta A, Bikson M. Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 190:188-97. [PMID: 20488204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous electrical stimulation is applied in a range of biomedical applications including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). tDCS is a non-invasive procedure where a weak direct current (<2 mA) is applied across the scalp to modulate brain function. High-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) is a technique used to increase the spatial focality of tDCS by passing current across the scalp using <12 mm diameter electrodes. The purpose of this study was to design and optimize "high-definition" electrode-gel parameters for electrode durability, skin safety and subjective pain. Anode and cathode electrode potential, temperature, pH and subjective sensation over time were assessed during application of 2 mA direct current, for up to 22 min on agar gel or subject forearms. A selection of five types of solid-conductors (Ag pellet, Ag/AgCl pellet, rubber pellet, Ag/AgCl ring and Ag/AgCl disc) and seven conductive gels (Signa, Spectra, Tensive, Redux, BioGel, Lectron and CCNY-4) were investigated. The Ag/AgCl ring in combination with CCNY-4 gel resulted in the most favorable outcomes. Under anode stimulations, electrode potential and temperature rises were generally observed in all electrode-gel combinations except for Ag/AgCl ring and disc electrodes. pH remained constant for all solid-conductors except for both Ag and rubber pellet electrodes with Signa and CCNY-4 gels. Sensation ratings were independent of stimulation polarity. Ag/AgCl ring electrodes were found to be the most comfortable followed by Ag, rubber and Ag/AgCl pellet electrodes across all gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preet Minhas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York of CUNY, NY 10031, USA
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Sylvestre JP, Bouissou C, Guy R, Delgado-Charro M. Extraction and quantification of amino acids in human stratum corneum in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:458-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro the iontophoretic delivery of Timolol across human dermatomed skin in order to determine whether therapeutic doses of this drug can be delivered. Anodal iontophoresis of Timolol was performed by manipulating the donor vehicle and the current density. It was observed that by reducing simultaneously the competitive ions (NaCl) from 8 to 4 g/l and the pH from 7.4 to 4.7, the iontophoretic flux was significantly increased by a factor of 1.5 (669+/-81 microg/cm h). In order to simulate the situation in a transdermal patch, the iontophoretic delivery of Timolol was also studied after adding an artificial porous membrane placed between the Timolol formulation and the human dermatomed skin. No significant difference was observed in the steady state flux across the skin when an artificial membrane was added. Furthermore, a linear relationship was found between current density and steady state flux. These results indicate that the iontophoretic delivery of Timolol can be accurately controlled by the applied current. Assuming a one to one in vitro/in vivo correlation the Timolol transport in vitro results in therapeutic plasma concentrations in humans with very low current densities limiting possible skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Fatouros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, P.O. Box RA 9502 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study was designed to evaluate the effects of competing ions and electroosmosis on the transdermal iontophoresis of dexamethasone phosphate (Dex-Phos) and to identify the optimal conditions for its delivery. METHODS The experiments were performed using pig skin, in side-by-side diffusion cells (0.78 cm(2)), passing a constant current of 0.3 mA via Ag-AgCl electrodes. Dex-Phos transport was quantified for donor solutions (anodal and cathodal) containing different drug concentrations, with and without background electrolyte. Electrotransport of co-ion, citrate, and counterions Na(+) and K(+) also was quantified. The contribution of electroosmosis was evaluated by measuring the transport of the neutral marker (mannitol). RESULTS Electromigration was the dominant mechanism of drug iontophoresis, and reduction in electroosmotic flow directed against the cathodic delivery of Dex-Phos did not improve drug delivery. The Dex-Phos flux from the cathode was found to be optimal (transport number of approximately 0.012) when background electrolyte was excluded from the formulation. In this case, transport of the drug is limited principally by the competition with counterions (mainly Na(+) with a transport number of approximately 0.8) and the mobility of the drug in the membrane. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Dex-Phos must be delivered from the cathode and formulated rationally, excluding mobile co-anions, to achieve optimal iontophoretic delivery.
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Prausnitz MR, Seddick DS, Kon AA, Bose VG, Frankenburg S, Klaus SN, Langer R, Weaver JC. Methods forin VivoTissue Electroporation Using Surface Electrodes. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549309022766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Goebel A, Neubert RHH. Dermal Peptide Delivery Using Colloidal Carrier Systems. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 21:3-9. [PMID: 17912018 DOI: 10.1159/000109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The advancement in synthetic and molecular biology techniques over the past years has resulted in the application of peptides or peptide-like drugs becoming a growing field in therapeutics. Because of the unfavorable chemical properties of peptides, it poses a challenge to find an optimized way of drug administration. The transdermal route has attracted interest as a promising way to advance the delivery of these drugs. The objective of this review is to summarize the level of research of microemulsions as colloidal carrier for dermal peptide drug delivery. The presented studies resulted in enhanced drug delivery or superior penetration profiles of peptides incorporated in microemulsions in comparison to conventional vehicles. Due to their benefits like high solubilization capacity, enhanced drug delivery, noninvasive administration or easy preparation, microemulsions offer a suitable vehicle for dermal and transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Goebel
- Faculty of Biosciences/Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Dundas JE, Thickbroom GW, Mastaglia FL. Perception of comfort during transcranial DC stimulation: effect of NaCl solution concentration applied to sponge electrodes. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1166-70. [PMID: 17329167 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between perception of comfort and electrolyte concentration and applied voltage during transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). METHODS NaCl solutions (15, 140 and 220 mM NaCl) or deionised water were used as electrolytes to dampen tDCS sponge electrodes. Subjects (14, 7 M, 20-60 years of age) rated comfort on an 11-point scale during 2 min of tDCS (1 mA). RESULTS Overall participants rated tDCS as comfortable. Perception of comfort was negatively correlated with NaCl concentration (Spearman's rho=-0.88; p<0.05), and a logarithmic relationship was found between applied voltage and ionic strength of electrolytes (Pearson's r=-0.635; p<0.01). There was no relationship between applied voltage and perception of comfort. CONCLUSIONS The application of NaCl solutions between 15 and 140 mM to sponge electrodes is more likely to be perceived as comfortable during tDCS. SIGNIFICANCE The reporting of solution concentration and ratings of perception would be useful adjuncts to tDCS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dundas
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Dass CR, Choong PFM. Biophysical delivery of peptides: applicability for cancer therapy. Peptides 2006; 27:3479-88. [PMID: 16996648 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a current trend towards evaluation of molecular agents for treatment of a variety of ailments, including cancer. One class of such biomolecules is proteins, and their shortened versions, peptides. Use of peptidic entities has been hindered by poor bioavailability in vivo and the high cost involved in mass-producing these macromolecular drugs. The need for localized delivery is being met with the development of various biophysical means, which include devices and aids, mainly transdermal and invasive implants. In addition, various cell-based delivery modalities, which include the use of spore-forming bacteria and stem cells, are being explored. This review discusses these methods in turn, and examines ways by which these can be enhanced for peptide delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, P.O. Box 2900, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
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Haga H, Shibaji T, Umino M. Lidocaine transport through living rat skin using alternating current. Med Biol Eng Comput 2006; 43:622-9. [PMID: 16411635 DOI: 10.1007/bf02351036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine whether lidocaine could be transported through living rat skin using alternating current and to determine whether lidocaine transport depends on voltage. The drug delivery cell was originally constructed for the application of an electric field. Hairless rats were anaesthetised using sevoflurane, and a tracheotomy was performed. The drug delivery cell, with lidocaine solution in the donor cell, was placed on the abdominal skin. Samples were collected from the subcutaneous tissue using a microdialysis probe inserted into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue, and the lidocaine concentrations in the samples were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The lidocaine concentration in the rat skin increased in time, and voltage-dependency was approximately linear. The lidocaine concentration after the application of 20 V for 21 min was about ten-fold higher than that observed after 21 min of passive diffusion. Lidocaine was successfully transported through living rat skin in a voltage- and time-dependent manner. This drug delivery cell may contribute to local anaesthesia and pain management of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haga
- Section of Anesthesiology & Clinical Physiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abla N, Naik A, Guy RH, Kalia YN. Topical Iontophoresis of Valaciclovir Hydrochloride Improves Cutaneous Aciclovir Delivery. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1842-9. [PMID: 16850271 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the topical iontophoresis of valaciclovir (VCV) as a means to improve cutaneous aciclovir (ACV) delivery. METHODS ACV and VCV electrotransport experiments were conducted using excised porcine skin in vitro. RESULTS While the charged nature of the prodrug, VCV, enabled it to be more efficiently iontophoresed into the skin than the parent molecule, ACV, only the latter was detectable in the receptor chamber, suggesting that VCV was enzymatically cleaved into the active metabolite during skin transit. Iontophoresis of VCV was significantly more efficient than that of ACV; the cumulative permeation of ACV after 1, 2 and 3 h of VCV iontophoresis at 0.5 mA cm(-2) and using an aqueous 2 mM (approximately 0.06%) formulation was 20+/-10, 104+/-47 and 194+/- 82 microg cm( -2), respectively (cf. non-quantifiable levels, 0.1 and 1.0+/-0.7 microg cm(-2) after ACV iontophoresis). CONCLUSIONS These delivery rates provide ample room to reduce either current density or the duration of current application. Preliminary in vitro data serve to emphasize the potential of VCV iontophoresis to improve the topical therapy of cutaneous herpes simplex infections and merit further investigation to demonstrate clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abla
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Fatouros DG, Groenink HWM, de Graaff AM, van Aelst AC, Koerten HK, Bouwstra JA. Visualization studies of human skin in vitro/in vivo under the influence of an electrical field. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 29:160-70. [PMID: 16920338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the local changes in the ultrastructure of human skin after iontophoresis, using cryo-scanning, transmission and freeze fracture electron microscopy in human skin in vitro and in vivo. Human dermatomed skin was subjected to passive diffusion for 6 hours followed by nine hours of iontophoresis at 0.5 mA/cm2. The skin was processed and examined using both cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, iontophoresis patches were applied to healthy volunteers for 3.5h with 0.5h of passive delivery followed by 3h of iontophoresis at a current density of 0.25 mA/cm2. Subsequently, a series of tape stripping were performed, which were visualized by freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy (FFTEM). In vitro, the cryo-scanning electron microscopy study revealed that electric current induced changes in the water distribution in the stratum corneum. Transmission electron microscopy showed no local changes in the ultrastructure of the stratum corneum; however, layers of detached corneocytes were frequently observed especially at the anodal site. In vivo, there was no evidence of perturbation of the stratum corneum lipid organization; however, changes in the fracture were noticed deeper in the stratum corneum at the anodal side, indicating a weakening of the desmosomal structure. The in vitro/in vivo studies suggest that iontophoresis results in the formation of intercellular water pools (in vitro observation) and a weakening of the desmosomal structure (in vivo observation) only in the upper part of the stratum corneum. However, no changes in the lipid organization were observed in vitro and in vivo at the current densities of 0.5 and 0.25 mA/cm2, respectively. Therefore, even at relatively high current densities, no drastic changes in the ultrastructure of the stratum corneum are observed. As far as structural changes in stratum corneum are concerned iontophoresis is therefore a safe method at the experimental conditions we used.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Fatouros
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Batheja P, Priya B, Thakur R, Rashmi T, Michniak B, Bozena M. Transdermal iontophoresis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:127-38. [PMID: 16370945 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Iontophoresis is a technique used to enhance the transdermal delivery of compounds through the skin via the application of a small electric current. By the process of electromigration and electro-osmosis, iontophoresis increases the permeation of charged and neutral compounds, and offers the option for programmed drug delivery. Interest in this field of research has led to the successful delivery of both low (lidocaine) and high molecular drugs, such as peptides (e.g., luteinising hormone releasing hormone, nafarelin and insulin). Combinations of iontophoresis with chemical enhancers, electroporation and sonophoresis have been tested in order to further increase transdermal drug permeation and decrease possible side effects. In addition, rapid progress in the fields of microelectronics, nanotechnology and miniaturisation of devices is leading the way to more sophisticated iontophoretic devices, allowing improved designs with better control of drug delivery. Recent successful designing of the fentanyl E-TRANS iontophoretic system have provided encouraging results. This review will discuss basic concepts, principles and applications of this delivery technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Batheja
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Patriciu A, Yoshida K, Struijk JJ, DeMonte TP, Joy MLG, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. Current Density Imaging and Electrically Induced Skin Burns Under Surface Electrodes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2005; 52:2024-31. [PMID: 16366226 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2005.857677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The origin of electrical burns under gel-type surface electrodes is a controversial topic that is not well understood. To investigate the phenomenon, we have developed an excised porcine skin-gel model, and used low-frequency current density imaging (LFCDI) to determine the current density (CD) distribution through the skin before and after burns were induced by application of electrical current (200 Hz, 70% duty cycle, 20-35 mA monophasic square waveform applied to the electrodes for 30-135 min). The regions of increased CD correlate well with the gross morphological changes (burns) observed. The measurement is sensitive enough to show regions of high current densities in the pre-burn skin, that correlate with areas were burn welts were produced, thus predicting areas where burns are likely to occur. Statistics performed on 28 skin patches revealed a charge dependency of the burn areas and a relatively uniform distribution. The results do not support a thermal origin of the burns but rather electro-chemical mechanisms. We found a statistically significant difference between burn area coverage during anodic and cathodic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Patriciu
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Li GL, Van Steeg TJ, Putter H, Van Der Spek J, Pavel S, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA. Cutaneous side-effects of transdermal iontophoresis with and without surfactant pretreatment: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:404-12. [PMID: 16086757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iontophoresis, a method that facilitates drug transport across skin by an external electrical field, offers the possibility for long-term transdermal delivery of compounds in a well-controlled manner. In general, the literature supports the contention that iontophoresis is a safe procedure. However, there are important medical issues concerning the epidermal and dermal effects of iontophoresis that have not been extensively investigated. Specific and strictly controlled studies on the dermal effect of iontophoresis are scarce. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the cutaneous side-effects of transdermal iontophoresis application in healthy human volunteers. METHODS This was a single-blinded, randomized and parallel design study. In one group (n=12) subjects were treated nonocclusively with a surfactant formulation followed by iontophoresis (3-h application at a current density of 250 microA cm(-2)). In another group (n=12) iontophoresis alone was performed. No drug was included in these studies. The corresponding passive treatments served as controls. Noninvasive methods including sensation record, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin colour and the visual scoring were used to assess cutaneous effects. RESULTS Tingling and itching were commonly experienced in the first 30 min of the current application. Iontophoresis in combination with the pretreatment induced significant increases in TEWL values and in skin redness, and resulted in slight to mild erythema and oedema compared with the control. Compared with the iontophoresis alone, the presence of surfactant pretreatment caused slightly more skin irritation (erythema and oedema) but did not further disturb the skin barrier function. CONCLUSIONS The transdermal iontophoresis challenges the skin barrier function and induces transient mild skin irritation, but does not cause any permanent damage to the skin when applied for 3 h at a current density of 0.25 mA cm(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Li GL, de Vries JJ, van Steeg TJ, van den Bussche H, Maas HJ, Reeuwijk HJEM, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA, van Laar T. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of apomorphine in patients improved by surfactant formulation pretreatment. J Control Release 2005; 101:199-208. [PMID: 15588905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of R-apomorphine, a potent dopamine agonist, in combination with surfactant pretreatment in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Iontophoresis patches were applied in 16 patients for 3.5 h, with 0.5 h of passive delivery followed by 3 h of current application at a current density of 250 microA/cm2. Eight of these patients were treated with a surfactant formulation prior to iontophoresis. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic effects, systemic and local side effects of R-apomorphine were assessed. The plasma concentration vs. time profiles upon iontophoresis of R-apomorphine were described successfully by a novel pharmacokinetic model. The model suggests that only 1.9% of the dose that has been released from the patch accumulated in the skin. The patients treated with the surfactant formulations showed a statistically significant increase of bioavailability (from 10.6+/-0.8% to 13.2+/-1.4%) and of the steady state input rate (from 75.3+/-6.6 to 98.3+/-12.1 nmol/cm2 h) compared to the control patients (iontophoresis without absorption enhancers). In five out of eight patients in the study group and in three out of eight patients in the control group, clinical improvement was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Leboulanger B, Aubry JM, Bondolfi G, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Lithium Monitoring by Reverse Iontophoresis in Vivo. Clin Chem 2004; 50:2091-100. [PMID: 15192031 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.034249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: We investigated reverse transdermal iontophoresis as an alternative, noninvasive method for lithium monitoring in vivo. The objectives of such an approach would be to facilitate compliance with treatment and to improve the quality of life for bipolar patients.
Methods: We studied 23 bipolar or schizo-affective patients. Over a 2-h period, we extracted lithium and other cations across intact skin by application of an electric current (0.8 mA) and quantified the concentrations by ion chromatography. A blood sample provided comparative reference values for the drug and other electrolytes.
Results: Lithium, sodium, potassium, and calcium were efficiently extracted by iontophoresis. Lithium extraction fluxes were proportional to the corresponding serum concentrations, whereas sodium, potassium, and calcium extraction fluxes were relatively constant, consistent with their stable concentrations in blood. Normalization of the lithium extraction flux with that of sodium, which acted as an “internal standard”, permitted calibration of the monitoring procedure without the need for a blood measurement. This conclusion was tested retrospectively by dividing the patients into two groups. The reverse iontophoretic extraction data from the first subset (a) established the proportionality between lithium iontophoresis (or the relative electrotransport of lithium and sodium) and (b) predicted lithium blood concentrations in the second subset of patients. The predictive ability was very good, with the internal standard concept providing substantial benefit.
Conclusions: Reverse iontophoresis appears to offer a novel and accurate method for lithium monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Leboulanger
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Luzardo-Alvarez A, Delgado-Charro MB, Blanco-Méndez J. In vivo iontophoretic administration of ropinirole hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2004; 92:2441-8. [PMID: 14603489 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the possibility of achieving therapeutic levels of the anti-Parkinsonian drug, ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl), by transdermal iontophoretic delivery. An in vivo study was performed in hairless rats during which RH(+) was delivered at one current intensity (0.58 mA identical with 0.12 mA/cm(2)) and at three different drug concentrations (25, 125, and 250 mM). In vivo RH(+) flux and transport number were deduced from the steady-state plasma concentration values. Plasma concentration profiles and RH(+) transport numbers were independent of the drug donor concentration. The average iontophoretic input rate was about 3 micromol/h. Postiontophoresis transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was monitored and biopsies were histologically examined to identify any effects of iontophoresis on the skin. TEWL was elevated only at the anodal sites. TEWL recovery was faster for the "no-drug" control anodal sites, which suggests a combined effect of the drug and current on the skin. In conclusion, (1). the in vivo iontophoretic transport of RH(+) is independent of the drug donor concentration, and (2). iontophoresis can deliver therapeutic amounts of RH(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asteria Luzardo-Alvarez
- Departmento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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