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Bartlett BA, Feng Y, Fromen CA, Ford Versypt AN. Computational fluid dynamics modeling of aerosol particle transport through lung airway mucosa. Comput Chem Eng 2023; 179:108458. [PMID: 37946856 PMCID: PMC10634618 DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of aerosols to the lung can treat various lung diseases. However, the conducting airways are coated by a protective mucus layer with complex properties that make this form of delivery difficult. Mucus is a non-Newtonian fluid and is cleared from the lungs over time by ciliated cells. Further, its gel-like structure hinders the diffusion of particles through it. Any aerosolized treatment of lung diseases must penetrate the mucosal barrier. Using computational fluid dynamics, a model of the airway mucus and periciliary layer was constructed to simulate the transport of impacted aerosol particles. The model predicts the dosage fraction of particles of a certain size that penetrate the mucus and reach the underlying tissue, as well as the distance downstream of the dosage site where tissue concentration is maximized. Reactions that may occur in the mucus are also considered, with simulated data for the interaction of a model virus and an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A. Bartlett
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Catherine A. Fromen
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Ashlee N. Ford Versypt
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Trapani A, Cometa S, De Giglio E, Corbo F, Cassano R, Di Gioia ML, Trombino S, Hossain MN, Di Gioia S, Trapani G, Conese M. Novel Nanoparticles Based on N, O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Dopamine Amide Conjugate for Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010147. [PMID: 35057043 PMCID: PMC8780454 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A widely investigated approach to bypass the blood brain barrier is represented by the intranasal delivery of therapeutic agents exploiting the olfactory or trigeminal connections nose-brain. As for Parkinson’s disease (PD), characterized by dopaminergic midbrain neurons degeneration, currently there is no disease modifying therapy. Although several bio-nanomaterials have been evaluated for encapsulation of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) or dopaminergic drugs in order to restore the DA content in parkinsonian patients, the premature leakage of the therapeutic agent limits this approach. To tackle this drawback, we undertook a study where the active was linked to the polymeric backbone by a covalent bond. Thus, novel nanoparticles (NPs) based on N,O-Carboxymethylchitosan-DA amide conjugate (N,O-CMCS-DA) were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method and characterized from a technological view point, cytotoxicity and uptake by Olfactory Ensheating Cells (OECs). Thermogravimetric analysis showed high chemical stability of N,O-CMCS-DA NPs and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy evidenced the presence of amide linkages on the NPs surface. MTT test indicated their cytocompatibility with OECs, while cytofluorimetry and fluorescent microscopy revealed the internalization of labelled N,O-CMCS-DA NPs by OECs, that was increased by the presence of mucin. Altogether, these findings seem promising for further development of N,O-CMCS-DA NPs for nose-to-brain delivery application in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-5442114
| | | | - Elvira De Giglio
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Roberta Cassano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (R.C.); (M.L.D.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Maria Luisa Di Gioia
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (R.C.); (M.L.D.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Sonia Trombino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (R.C.); (M.L.D.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Md Niamat Hossain
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.N.H.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.N.H.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Trapani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (G.T.)
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.N.H.); (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
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Dhanani J, Fraser JF, Chan HK, Rello J, Cohen J, Roberts JA. Fundamentals of aerosol therapy in critical care. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:269. [PMID: 27716346 PMCID: PMC5054555 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Drug dosing in critically ill patients is challenging due to the altered drug pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics associated with systemic therapies. For many drug therapies, there is potential to use the respiratory system as an alternative route for drug delivery. Aerosol drug delivery can provide many advantages over conventional therapy. Given that respiratory diseases are the commonest causes of critical illness, use of aerosol therapy to provide high local drug concentrations with minimal systemic side effects makes this route an attractive option. To date, limited evidence has restricted its wider application. The efficacy of aerosol drug therapy depends on drug-related factors (particle size, molecular weight), device factors, patient-related factors (airway anatomy, inhalation patterns) and mechanical ventilation-related factors (humidification, airway). This review identifies the relevant factors which require attention for optimization of aerosol drug delivery that can achieve better drug concentrations at the target sites and potentially improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Dhanani
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Level 3, Ned Hanlon Building, Herston, 4029, QLD, Australia.
| | - John F Fraser
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Critical Care Research Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordi Rello
- Critical Care Department, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeremy Cohen
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Level 3, Ned Hanlon Building, Herston, 4029, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Level 3, Ned Hanlon Building, Herston, 4029, QLD, Australia.,Pharmacy Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Schenck DM, Fiegel J. Tensiometric and Phase Domain Behavior of Lung Surfactant on Mucus-like Viscoelastic Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5917-5928. [PMID: 26894883 PMCID: PMC5226205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lung surfactant has been observed at all surfaces of the airway lining fluids and is an important contributor to normal lung function. In the conducting airways, the surfactant film lies atop a viscoelastic mucus gel. In this work, we report on the characterization of the tensiometric and phase domain behavior of lung surfactant at the air-liquid interface of mucus-like viscoelastic gels. Poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels were formulated to serve as a model mucus with bulk rheological properties that matched those of tracheobronchial mucus secretions. Infasurf (Calfactant), a commercially available pulmonary surfactant derived from calf lung extract, was spread onto the hydrogel surface. The surface tension lowering ability and relaxation of Infasurf films on the hydrogels was quantified and compared to Infasurf behavior on an aqueous subphase. Infasurf phase domains during surface compression were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and phase shifting interferometry. We observed that increasing the bulk viscoelastic properties of the model mucus hydrogels reduced the ability of Infasurf films to lower surface tension and inhibited film relaxation. A shift in the formation of Infasurf condensed phase domains from smaller, more spherical domains to large, agglomerated, multilayer structures was observed with increasing viscoelastic properties of the subphase. These studies demonstrate that the surface behavior of lung surfactant on viscoelastic surfaces, such as those found in the conducting airways, differs significantly from aqueous, surfactant-laden systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Schenck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Fiegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Ruge CA, Bohr A, Beck-Broichsitter M, Nicolas V, Tsapis N, Fattal E. Disintegration of nano-embedded microparticles after deposition on mucus: A mechanistic study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 139:219-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ozsoy Y, Güngör S. Nasal route: an alternative approach for antiemetic drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 8:1439-53. [PMID: 22004793 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.607437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiemetic drugs are used in the treatment of nausea and emesis. Development of novel delivery systems for antiemetic drugs, as an alternative to conventional preparations, is important in terms of good patient compliance and improving bioavailability. The nasal route offers unique superiorities, such as fast and high drug absorption, and high patient compliance. Therefore, a considerable amount of research has been carried out on the development of nasal delivery systems for antiemetic drugs. AREAS COVERED This review deals with the importance of nasal delivery of antiemetic drugs and the studies performed on this subject. The first part of this review summarizes the properties of the nasal route, its advantages and limitations, parameters affecting drug absorption through nasal mucosa, nasal passage pathways and general approaches to improve nasal transport. The second part reviews the studies conducted on the development of nasal delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION Due to its superiorities, the nasal route could be considered as an attractive alternative to oral and parenteral routes. To overcome the barrier properties of the nasal epithelium and to enhance transport of antiemetic drugs, several approaches, including permeation enhancers, in situ gel formulations and micro- and nanoparticulate systems, have been evaluated. The results obtained are promising and indicate that nasal formulations of some antiemetic drugs may enter the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildiz Ozsoy
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Henning A, Schneider M, Nafee N, Muijs L, Rytting E, Wang X, Kissel T, Grafahrend D, Klee D, Lehr CM. Influence of particle size and material properties on mucociliary clearance from the airways. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23:233-41. [PMID: 20500091 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2009.0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MC), designed by evolution to eliminate inhaled and possibly noxious material from the airways, considerably limits the benefit of inhalation therapy. Although the principles of MC seem to be understood, there are still many open questions on mucociliary particle clearance. In this study a trachea-based in vitro model was used to investigate the effect of particle size, zeta-potential, and mucoadhesive particle properties on mucociliary particle clearance. As different sized particles (50-6000 nm) were tested at equal mass concentrations, size related factors, namely particle number and particle surface area, varied by several orders of magnitude between the experiments. Surprisingly, particle clearance for 50 nm up to 6000 nm-sized polystyrene particles did not differ significantly (p < 0.05): 50 nm (2.9 +/- 0.6 mm/min); 100 nm (3.8 +/- 0.9 mm/min); 1000 nm (3.8 +/- 0.8 mm/min); 6000 nm (3.2 +/- 0.6 mm/min). In clear contrast, particles prepared from different PLGA-based copolymers (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) showed a significant effect on particle transport. PEG-PLGA particles (polyethylene glycol) showed the fastest and normal transport rates (5.9 +/- 1.7 mm/min) compared to the ICRP's (International Commission of Radiological Protection) standard value for average tracheal transport rates (5.5 mm/min). Mucoadhesive chitosan-PLGA particles were transported at the slowest rate (0.7 +/- 0.3 mm/min) of all particles tested. Overall, particle size and zeta-potential seem to be relatively uncritical, whereas material properties and the related particle surface chemistry significantly influence mucociliary particle clearance. Considering these findings in future drug formulation seems to be a promising strategy to improve inhalation therapy by prolonged particle/drug residence time within the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Henning
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sanders N, Rudolph C, Braeckmans K, De Smedt SC, Demeester J. Extracellular barriers in respiratory gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:115-27. [PMID: 19146894 PMCID: PMC7103358 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory gene therapy has been considered for the treatment of a broad range of pulmonary disorders. However, respiratory secretions form an important barrier towards the pulmonary delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. In this review we will start with a brief description of the biophysical properties of respiratory mucus and alveolar fluid. This must allow the reader to gain insights into the mechanisms by which respiratory secretions may impede the gene transfer efficiency of nucleic acid containing nanoparticles (NANs). Subsequently, we will summarize the efforts that have been done to understand the barrier properties of respiratory mucus and alveolar fluid towards the respiratory delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. Finally, new and current strategies that can overcome the inhibitory effects of respiratory secretions are discussed.
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Henning A, Schneider M, Bur M, Blank F, Gehr P, Lehr CM. Embryonic chicken trachea as a new in vitro model for the investigation of mucociliary particle clearance in the airways. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:521-7. [PMID: 18431652 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance (MC) is an important defense mechanism of the respiratory system to eliminate inhaled and possibly noxious particles from the lung. Although the principal mechanics of MC seem to be relatively clear there are still open questions regarding the long-term clearance of particles. Therefore, we have developed a new set-up based on embryonic chicken trachea (ECT) to investigate mucociliary particle clearance in more detail. ECT was placed in an incubation chamber after carbon particles were applied and tracked using optical microscopy. The aim of the study was to validate this model by investigating the impact of temperature, humidity and drugs on particle transport rates. Particles were transported reproducibly along the trachea and clearance velocity (2.39 +/- 0.25) mm/min was found to be in accordance to data reported in literature. Variation in temperature resulted in significantly reduced MC: (0.40 +/- 0.12) mm/min (20 degrees C); (0.42 +/- 0.10) mm/min (45 degrees C). Decreasing humidity (99-60%) had no significant effect on MC, whereas reduction to 20% humidity showed a significant influence on particle clearance. The use of different cilio- and muco-active drugs (propranolol, terbutalin, N-acetylcysteine) resulted in altered MC according to the pharmacological effect of the substances: a concentration dependent decrease of MC was found for Propranolol. From our results we conclude that this model can be employed to investigate MC of particles in more detail. Hence, the model may help to understand and identify decisive physico-chemical parameters for MC and to answer open questions regarding the long-term clearance phenomenon.
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Abstract
The nasal mucociliary clearance system transports the mucus layer that covers the nasal epithelium towards the nasopharynx by ciliary beating. Its function is to protect the respiratory system from damage by inhaled substances. Impairment of nasal mucociliary clearance can result in diseases of the upper airways. Therefore, it is important to study the effects of drugs and drug excipients on nasal mucociliary clearance. A large number of methods are used to assess mucociliary clearance. These methods study the effects of drug and excipients on the mucociliary system in vitro or in vivo in animals and humans. In some cases, the results of different in vitro and in vivo measurements do not correlate well. In vitro methods, especially ciliary beat frequency measurements, have been demonstrated to be valuable tools for toxicity screening. However, in vivo studies are essential to confirm the safety of nasal drug formulations. Nasal mucociliary clearance also has implications for nasal drug absorption. Drugs are cleared rapidly from the nasal cavity after intranasal administration, resulting in fast systemic drug absorption. Several approaches are discussed to increase the residence time of drug formulations in the nasal cavity, resulting in improved nasal drug absorption. However, more experimental evidence is needed to support the conclusion that this improved absorption is caused by a longer residence time of the nasal drug formulation.
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Do interactions with phospholipids contribute to the prolonged retention of polypeptides within the lung? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-409x(95)00101-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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