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Mduluza-Jokonya TL, Naicker T, Kasambala M, Jokonya L, Vengesai A, Midzi H, Choto E, Musonza K, Rusankaniko S, Sibanda E, Mutapi F, Mduluza T. Clinical morbidity associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in pre-school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1110-1121. [PMID: 32502300 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate Schistosoma haematobium morbidity in infected pre-school age children and establish their disease burden. METHODOLOGY Pre-school age children (1-5 years) who were lifelong residents of the study area and had no other infections were included in the study. Participants underwent a physical examination with clinicians blinded to their infection status. Diagnosis of S. haematobium was by urine filtration. RESULTS The prevalence of S. haematobium was 35.1% (146/416). The clinical features observed in patients with Schistosoma haematobium were as follows: wheezes (morbidity attributable factor (AF = 93.9%), haematuria (AF = 92.6%), ascites (AF = 91.5%), atopy (AF = 76.9%), inguinal lymphadenopathy (AF = 68.4%), stunting (AF = 38.2), malnutrition (MUAC)(AF = 20%) and weight for height scales (AF = 5%). Schistosoma. haematobium infected children were at greater odds ratio of presenting with inguinal lymphadenopathy (AOR)=99.2(95% CI 24.2 to 854.5), wheezes in the chest (AOR = 35.4 95% CI 15.3 to 94.2), Distended abdomen with ascites (AOR = 23.9 95% CI 11.4 to 54), haematuria (AOR = 12.6 95% CI 11.6 to 14.1), atopy history (AOR = 5.6 95% CI 1.85 to 20.2), malnutrition (AOR = 2.3 95% CI 1.4 to 3.2) and stunting (AOR = 1.9 95% CI 1.1 to2.7). CONCLUSION The study is novel as it demonstrates for the first time clinical morbidity markers associated with S. haematobium infection in pre-school age children. Furthermore the study adds scientific evidence to the call for inclusion of pre-school age children in schistosomiasis control programmes. These morbidity markers highlight the need for early diagnosis and screening for S. haematobium in pre-school age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariro L Mduluza-Jokonya
- Optics & Imaging, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics & Imaging, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maritha Kasambala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Luxwell Jokonya
- Optics & Imaging, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Surgery, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Arthur Vengesai
- Optics & Imaging, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Surgery, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Herald Midzi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Emilia Choto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kimpton Musonza
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Lamberton PHL, Faust CL, Webster JP. Praziquantel decreases fecundity in Schistosoma mansoni adult worms that survive treatment: evidence from a laboratory life-history trade-offs selection study. Infect Dis Poverty 2017. [PMID: 28622767 PMCID: PMC5472905 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration of praziquantel is the World Health Organization’s endorsed control strategy for schistosomiasis. A decade of annual treatments across sub-Saharan Africa has resulted in significant reductions of infection prevalence and intensity levels, although ‘hotspots’ remain. Repeated drug treatments place strong selective pressures on parasites, which may affect life-history traits that impact transmission dynamics. Understanding drug treatment responses and the evolution of such traits can help inform on how to minimise the risk of drug resistance developing, maximise sustainable control programme success, and improve diagnostic protocols. Methods We performed a four-generation Schistosoma mansoni praziquantel selection experiment in mice and snails. We used three S. mansoni lines: a praziquantel-resistant isolate (R), a praziquantel-susceptible isolate (S), and a co-infected line (RS), under three treatment regimens: untreated, 25 mg/kg praziquantel, or 50 mg/kg praziquantel. Life-history traits, including parasite adult-worm establishment, survival, reproduction (fecundity), and associated morbidity, were recorded in mice across all four generations. Predictor variables were tested in a series of generalized linear mixed effects models to determine which factors had a significant influence on parasite life-history traits in definitive hosts under different selection regimes. Results Praziquantel pressure significantly reduced adult-worm burdens across all generations and isolates, including within R-lines. However, previous drug treatment resulted in an increase in adult-worm establishment with increasing generation from P1 to F3. The highest worm numbers were in the co-infected RS line. Praziquantel treatment decreased adult-worm burden, but had a larger negative impact on the mean daily number of miracidia, a proxy for fecundity, across all three parasite isolates. Conclusions Our predicted cost of resistance was not supported by the traits we measured within the murine host. We did not find evidence for negative adult worm density-dependent effects on fecundity. In contrast, of the adult worms that survived treatment, even low doses of praziquantel significantly reduced adult-worm fecundity. Such reductions in worm fecundity post treatment suggest that egg - based measures of drug efficacy, such as Kato-Katz, may overestimate the short-term effect of praziquantel on adult - worm burdens. These findings have important implications for S. mansoni transmission control, diagnostic protocols, and the potential for undetected selection toward drug resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0324-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy H L Lamberton
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine & Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK. .,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, W2 1PG, London, UK.
| | - Christina L Faust
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine & Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne P Webster
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, W2 1PG, London, UK.,Centre for Endemic, Emerging and Exotic Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, AL9 7TA, UK
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Njenga SM, Ng’ang’a PM, Mwanje MT, Bendera FS, Bockarie MJ. A school-based cross-sectional survey of adverse events following co-administration of albendazole and praziquantel for preventive chemotherapy against urogenital schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Kwale County, Kenya. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88315. [PMID: 24520365 PMCID: PMC3919734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil-transmitted helminths and schistosomiasis are mostly prevalent in developing countries due to poor sanitation and lack of adequate clean water. School-age children tend to be the target of chemotherapy-based control programmes because they carry the heaviest worm and egg burdens. The present study examines adverse events (AEs) experienced following co-administration of albendazole and praziquantel to school-age children in a rural area in Kwale County, Kenya. METHODS Children were treated with single doses of albendazole and praziquantel tablets and then interviewed using a questionnaire for post treatment AEs. RESULTS Overall, 752 children, 47.6% boys, participated in the study. Their median (interquartile range) age was 12.0 (10.0-14.0) years. A total of 190 (25.3%) children reportedly experienced at least one AE. In total, 239 cases of AEs were reported with the most frequent being abdominal pains (46.3%), dizziness (33.2%) and nausea (21.1%). Majority of the reported AEs (80.8%) resolved themselves while 12.1% and 6.3% were countered by, respectively, self-medication and visiting a nearby health facility. More girls (60.5%) than boys (39.5%) reported AEs (P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS The AEs were mild and transient, and were no worse than those expected following monotherapy. The current study adds to the evidence base that dual administration of albendazole and praziquantel in school-based mass drug administration is safe with only mild adverse events noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Mbagathi Road, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul M. Ng’ang’a
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases & Neglected Tropical Diseases (DVBD-NTD), Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mariam T. Mwanje
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases & Neglected Tropical Diseases (DVBD-NTD), Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Moses J. Bockarie
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A disproportionate burden of helminthiases in human populations occurs in marginalised, low-income, and resource-constrained regions of the world, with over 1 billion people in developing areas of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and the Americas infected with one or more helminth species. The morbidity caused by such infections imposes a substantial burden of disease, contributing to a vicious circle of infection, poverty, decreased productivity, and inadequate socioeconomic development. Furthermore, helminth infection accentuates the morbidity of malaria and HIV/AIDS, and impairs vaccine efficacy. Polyparasitism is the norm in these populations, and infections tend to be persistent. Hence, there is a great need to reduce morbidity caused by helminth infections. However, major deficiencies exist in diagnostics and interventions, including vector control, drugs, and vaccines. Overcoming these deficiencies is hampered by major gaps in knowledge of helminth biology and transmission dynamics, platforms from which to help develop such tools. The Disease Reference Group on Helminths Infections (DRG4), established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), was given the mandate to review helminthiases research and identify research priorities and gaps. In this review, we provide an overview of the forces driving the persistence of helminthiases as a public health problem despite the many control initiatives that have been put in place; identify the main obstacles that impede progress towards their control and elimination; and discuss recent advances, opportunities, and challenges for the understanding of the biology, epidemiology, and control of these infections. The helminth infections that will be discussed include: onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, and taeniasis/cysticercosis.
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Njenga SM, Mwandawiro CS, Muniu E, Mwanje MT, Haji FM, Bockarie MJ. Adult population as potential reservoir of NTD infections in rural villages of Kwale district, Coastal Kenya: implications for preventive chemotherapy interventions policy. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:175. [PMID: 21917166 PMCID: PMC3212820 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are major public health problems in developing countries where they contribute to suffering of populations living in poor settings. As part of a research project started in September 2009 in Kwale district, Coast Region, Kenya, a baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted in 5 rural villages to provide information on the status of NTDs, including urinary schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), and lymphatic filariasis. This paper presents the results of a parasitological investigation among adults in the study villages. Methods A total of 599 adults in the 5 study villages were tested for NTD infections in urine, stool and blood. The presence of Schistosoma haematobium infection was determined by the urine filtration method. The presence of STH in stool was determined by Kato-Katz method while filarial antigenaemia was determined using immunochromatographic (ICT) test. Results The study revealed high prevalence of hookworm (41.7%) and schistosomiasis (18.2%) infections among adults in the study villages. Of the 599 individuals examined, 50.1% had one or more helminthic infections. There was low level of polyparasitism with helminthic NTDs in the study population with 9.5% and 1.7% of the participants having two and three infections, respectively. Conclusions In the current study, hookworm and schistosomiasis infections were identified as important infections among adults living in areas of high endemicity for these infections. Thus, if this section of the population is left untreated it may remain an important potential reservoir and a source of re-infection for school-age children treated in school deworming programmes. Therefore, there is a need to design novel strategies for preventive chemotherapy interventions that could allow inclusion of adults in an effort to reduce force of infection in high endemic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy M Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Mbagathi Road, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Evaluation and application of potential schistosome-associated morbidity markers within large-scale mass chemotherapy programmes. Parasitology 2009; 136:1789-99. [PMID: 19523252 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009006350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A primary objective of schistosomiasis control programmes is to achieve, and hence also demonstrate, a quantifiable reduction in schistosome-associated morbidity as a consequence of chemotherapeutic intervention. Inherent within such an objective, it is necessary to define and validate direct and indirect indicators of schistosome-related morbidity. However, to define and thereby document such morbidity, and its reduction following treatment, may not be straightforward, particularly for intestinal schistosomiasis-induced morbidity, which is often not apparent in all but the most severe or chronic cases. Within all 'Schistosomiasis Control Initiative' activities, across selected sub-Saharan African countries since 2002, a range of standard and novel potential morbidity markers have been monitored and evaluated. Parasitological intensity measures, combined with haemoglobin/anaemia counts and ultrasonography, proved valuable schistosomiasis-related morbidity indicators, being both logistically practical and informative. Additional measures tested, such as albumin excretion profiles, were promising, and are subject to ongoing research, whilst some measures, such as distended stomach/umbilical circumference, anthropometrics and health questionnaires proved less reliable. These results serve to both illustrate the success of current control activities in reducing schistosome-induced morbidity, and to highlight key tools and techniques for continued application within ongoing and future mass drug administration programmes.
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Jolly ER, Chin CS, Miller S, Bahgat MM, Lim KC, DeRisi J, McKerrow JH. Gene expression patterns during adaptation of a helminth parasite to different environmental niches. Genome Biol 2007; 8:R65. [PMID: 17456242 PMCID: PMC1896014 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-4-r65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosome bloodflukes are complex trematodes responsible for 200 million cases of schistosomiasis worldwide. Their life cycle is characterized by a series of remarkable morphological and biochemical transitions between an invertebrate host, an aquatic environment, and a mammalian host. We report a global transcriptional analysis of how this parasite alters gene regulation to adapt to three distinct environments. RESULTS Utilizing a genomic microarray made of 12,000 45-50-mer oligonucleotides based on expressed sequence tags, three different developmental stages of the schistosome parasite were analyzed by pair-wise comparisons of transcript hybridization signals. This analysis resulted in the identification of 1,154 developmentally enriched transcripts. CONCLUSION This study expands the repertoire of schistosome genes analyzed for stage-specific expression to over 70% of the predicted genome. Among the new associations identified are the roles of robust protein synthesis and programmed cell death in development of cercariae in the sporocyst stages, the relative paucity of cercarial gene expression outside of energy production, and the remarkable diversity of adult gene expression programs that reflect adaptation to the host bloodstream and an average lifespan that may approach 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmitt R Jolly
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3) of the University of California, San Francisco, 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Chen-Shan Chin
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3) of the University of California, San Francisco, 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Steve Miller
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3) of the University of California, San Francisco, 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Mahmoud M Bahgat
- Theraputic Chemistry Department, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Laboratory, the Road to Nobel Project, the National Research Center, Dokki, 12311 Cairo, Egypt
| | - KC Lim
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3) of the University of California, San Francisco, 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Joseph DeRisi
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3) of the University of California, San Francisco, 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - James H McKerrow
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research (QB3) of the University of California, San Francisco, 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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8
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Webster JP, Shrivastava J, Johnson PJ, Blair L. Is host-schistosome coevolution going anywhere? BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:91. [PMID: 17567519 PMCID: PMC1920509 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: That pathogens and hosts coevolve is a powerful concept with broad theoretical and applied implications spanning from genetic theory to the medical and veterinary sciences, particularly in the context of infectious disease epidemiology. A substantial body of theory has been developed to explore the likelihood and consequences of coevolution, but few empirical studies have been conducted to test these theories, particularly for indirectly-transmitted pathogen-host systems. We initiated replicate longitudinal host-schistosome co-selection trials under different host genotype combinations: Schistosoma mansoni parasite lines were co-selected with populations of either previously resistant-selected Biomphalaria glabrata host genotypes, or unselected susceptible B. glabrata genotypes, or a mixed population of the two. All parasite lines were also passaged through their obligatory mammalian definitive host at each generation. Results: We demonstrated variation in, and a reciprocal impact on, the fitness of both host and pathogen phenotype and genotype, an outcome dependent on the combinations of genotypes involved, and evidence of change over time. Most apparent was the observation that parasites appeared to rapidly adapt to those intermediate hosts previously selected for resistance. Conclusion: Our results illustrate the potential for host-schistosome coevolution and, in particular, suggest that host resistance may be a temporary phenomenon in nature due, in part, to rapid counter-adaptations by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne P Webster
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG. UK
| | - Jaya Shrivastava
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG. UK
| | - Paul J Johnson
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Lynsey Blair
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG. UK
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9
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Bichler KH, Savatovsky I, Naber KG, Bischop MC, Bjerklund-Johansen TE, Botto H, Cek M, Grabe M, Lobel B, Redorta JP, Tenke P. EAU guidelines for the management of urogenital schistosomiasis. Eur Urol 2006; 49:998-1003. [PMID: 16519990 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
More than 100 million people worldwide are affected by bilharziasis, caused by Schistosoma haematobium. For travellers precaution is most important. For the population in endemic areas, an integrated approach including health education is necessary. Effective pharmacologic treatment is available.
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10
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Coutinho HM, Acosta LP, McGarvey ST, Jarilla B, Jiz M, Pablo A, Su L, Manalo DL, Olveda RM, Kurtis JD, Friedman JF. Nutritional status improves after treatment of schistosoma japonicum-infected children and adolescents. J Nutr 2006; 136:183-8. [PMID: 16365080 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.1.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies addressing the relation between chronic schistosomiasis japonica and nutritional status are limited. We conducted a longitudinal treatment-reinfection study in Leyte, the Philippines, among 477 Schistosoma japonicum-infected subjects aged 7-20 y, to evaluate changes in nutritional status after treatment with praziquantel. Stool, Tanner stage, anthropometric indices, and hemoglobin (Hb) were evaluated at baseline, 4 wk post-treatment, and every 3 mo for 18 mo. Height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) and BMI Z-score (BMIZ) were calculated. Change scores relative to baseline were created for all outcome measures. Multilevel repeated-measures analyses were used to adjust for socioeconomic status, sex, either pubertal status or age, and household-level clustering. Z-scores improved modestly but significantly over time. BMIZ in children wasted at baseline improved the most [0.41 (0.26-0.56) Z-score unit] and HAZ improved only in children stunted at baseline [0.17 (0.l2-0.21) Z-score unit]. Hb improvement peaked at 15 mo and occurred only in subjects that were anemic at baseline [peak improvement: 8.3 (6.0-10.6) g/L] and in males [peak improvement 4.7 (2.9-6.6) g/L]. Reinfection, evaluated as egg count over time and egg count 3 mo earlier to assess a delay in effect, was inversely associated with improvement in Hb (P = 0.06 and 0.004, respectively). High-intensity reinfection at 18 mo was associated with significantly less absolute growth from baseline compared with lower-intensity and no reinfection. Based on the peak Hb improvement at 15 mo post-treatment, annual treatment intervals are recommended to reduce schistosomiasis-associated nutritional morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Coutinho
- Center for International Health Research, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA.
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a major health problem in much of the developing world. Despite decades of research, many fundamental questions on the dynamics of infection and immunity development remain unanswered. Schistosomiasis is also a common parasitic infection in cattle, and studies on livestock exposed to their own species of schistosome may help in understanding some aspects of the host-parasite relationship. Here, Jan De Bont and Jozef Vercruysse review the current knowledge on the epidemiology and control of cattle schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Bont
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gen. Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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12
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Webster JP, Gower CM, Blair L. Do Hosts and Parasites Coevolve? Empirical Support from the Schistosoma System. Am Nat 2004; 164 Suppl 5:S33-51. [PMID: 15540140 DOI: 10.1086/424607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between host and parasite is, in principle, a powerful determinant of the biology and genetics of infection and disease. However, coevolution is difficult to demonstrate rigorously in practice and therefore has rarely been observed empirically, particularly in animal-parasite systems. Research on host-schistosome interactions has the potential for making an important contribution to the study of coevolution or reciprocal adaptation. This may be particularly pertinent because schistosomes represent an indirectly transmitted macroparasite, so often overlooked among both theoretical and empirical studies. Here we present ideas and experiments on host-schistosome interactions, in part reviewed from published work but focusing in particular on preliminary novel data from our ongoing studies of potential host-schistosome evolution and coevolution in the laboratory. The article is split into three main sections: we first focus on the evidence for evolution in the host, then in the parasite, before combining both to illustrate the gathering evidence of host-parasite coevolution in the snail-schistosome system. In particular, we demonstrate that genetic architecture, variability, and selective pressures are present for the evolution of resistance and susceptibility, virulence, and infectivity to occur, the mechanisms allowing such polymorphisms to be maintained, and that hosts and parasites appear to have reciprocal effects on each other's phenotype and genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Webster
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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Alarcón de Noya B, Ruiz R, Colmenares C, Losada S, Cesari IM, Toro J, Noya O. Schistosomiasis mansoni in areas of low transmission: epidemiological characterization of Venezuelan foci. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 97 Suppl 1:5-10. [PMID: 12426585 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe schistosomiasis is a rare event in Venezuela nowadays, after a successful national campaign by the Schistosomiasis Control Program. Unfortunately, this program has practically disappeared, and snail surveillance in field is not a priority, anymore. Thus, schistosomiasis has become a neglected disease in this country. However, surveys in different populations from the endemic area have shown particular epidemiological features described herein. In five communities we evaluated 2,175 persons and searched for the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Some markers were used for classifying schistosomiasis foci: mean age of the persons with Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the stools, serological tests, presence of B. glabrata snails, and intensity of infection. Places without B. glabrata snails and with few schistosomiasis cases were defined as "past transmission sites"; a site with abundant snails but few cases was defined as "potential risk"; "new transmission" foci were characterized by the presence of infected snails and young people passing eggs in the stools. A "re-emergent" focus has shared these last features, showing in addition a place where schistosomiasis had been reported before. Recent evidences of active transmission with the increasing dispersion of B. glabrata snails, point out the necessity for the re-establishment of the Schistosomiasis Control Program in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alarcón de Noya
- Escuela de Medicina Luis Razetti, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Davies CM, Webster JP, Woolhous ME. Trade-offs in the evolution of virulence in an indirectly transmitted macroparasite. Proc Biol Sci 2001; 268:251-7. [PMID: 11217894 PMCID: PMC1088599 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive trade-off theory for the evolution and maintenance of parasite virulence requires that virulence be genetically correlated with other fitness characteristics of the parasite. Many theoretical models rely on a positive correlation between virulence and transmissibility. They assume that high parasite replication rates are associated with a high probability of transmission (and, hence, increased parasite fitness), but also with high levels of damage to the host (high virulence). Schistosomes are macroparasites with an indirect life cycle involving a mammalian and a molluscan host. Here we demonstrate, through the development of five substrains, a genetic basis for schistosome virulence. We used these substrains further in order to investigate the presence of parasite fitness traits that were genetically correlated with virulence. High virulence in the (mouse) definitive host was, as predicted, positively correlated with parasite replication. In contrast, in the (snail) intermediate host high virulence was associated with low parasite replication rates. Variation in infectivity to and parasite replication in the definitive host was suggested as a compensating mechanism for the maintenance of virulence in the snail host. This is the first report of a trade-off in parasite reproductive success across hosts in an indirectly transmitted macroparasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Davies
- Wellcome Trust Centre for the Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.
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15
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Leutscher PD, Reimert CM, Vennervald BJ, Ravaoalimalala VE, Ramarokoto CE, Serieye J, Raobelison A, Rasendramino M, Christensen NO, Esterre P. Morbidity assessment in urinary schistosomiasis infection through ultrasonography and measurement of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in urine. Trop Med Int Health 2000; 5:88-93. [PMID: 10747267 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic village in western Madagascar we evaluated ultrasonography and Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) in urine as means to detect the associated urinary tract pathology. 192 individuals were matched according to age and sex, and grouped into infected persons with bladder and, if present, kidney pathology (n = 96); infected persons without pathology (n = 48) and noninfected persons without pathology (n = 48). The median urinary egg count was significantly higher in individuals with ultrasonographically detectable urinary tract pathology (115 eggs/10 ml urine) than in infected persons without (45 eggs/10 ml of urine). At 136 ng/ml, the median ECP level was significantly higher in the 144 infected individuals than in the 48 noninfected persons (0.35 ng/ml). Egg excretion correlated positively with ECP level. The median ECP level was significantly higher in the group with ultrasonographically detectable urinary tract pathology than in the group without (183 ng/ml vs. 67 ng/ml). The results suggest that minor degrees of pathology, particularly at an early stage of infection with S. haematobium, might be overlooked by ultrasonography despite the presence of marked inflammation, as indicated by markedly increased urinary ECP levels in infected individuals without ultrasonographically detectable urinary tract pathology. ECP may therefore provide important information on the evolution of S. haematobium-associated urinary tract morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Leutscher
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Dunne
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 2QP, UK
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17
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Abstract
This review discusses some of the recent advances in the characterization of potential vaccine molecules against Schistosoma japonicum, utilizing microscopy and immunocytochemistry methods. Microscopy has demonstrated the stage-specific expression of the muscle protein paramyosin onto the parasite surface, an important consideration as a vaccine target. Other potential vaccine component proteins examined include glutathione S-transferase (GST) and fatty acid binding protein (FABP); although not associated with the adult parasite surface, their localization to internal structures such as lipid droplets and regions of the female reproductive system have provided valuable insights into the biology of the parasite. Localization of the transport protein SGTP (schistosome glucose transporter protein) has demonstrated that the protein is more prevalent in the juvenile stages of the parasite development. This further highlights the diversity of the parasite life cycle. Using both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the localization of a number of schistosome proteins has demonstrated the functions and significance of these proteins within the parasite. Molecular localization studies are crucial in understanding how and when a vaccine may work against the organism and may provide insights into which can be used in the design of future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Gobert
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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18
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Esterre P, Raobelison A, Ramarokoto CE, Ravaoalimalala VE, Boisier P, Roux J. Serum concentrations of sICAM-1, sE-, sP- and sL-selectins in patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection and association with disease severity. Parasite Immunol 1998; 20:369-76. [PMID: 9767602 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1998.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased serum concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1, CD54) and of soluble E- (CD62E), but not soluble P- (CD62P) and L- (CD62 L) selectins, were detected in Malagasy patients living in an hyperendemic focus of Schistosoma mansoni. Levels of sICAM-1 remained elevated for several months after treatment with praziquantel. Serum levels of ICAM-1, but not of other markers, were significantly correlated with the disease severity, as indicated by ultrasonographical data, and with some circulating fibrosis markers (at least hyaluronic acid). sICAM-1 level may reflect endothelial inflammatory reactions, probably harmful, in the liver and may be useful for monitoring morbidity evolution in schistosomiasis mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Esterre
- ImmunoParasitology & Epidemiology Units, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, BP 1274, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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19
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Mwatha JK, Kimani G, Kamau T, Mbugua GG, Ouma JH, Mumo J, Fulford AJC, Jones FM, Butterworth AE, Roberts MB, Dunne DW. High Levels of TNF, Soluble TNF Receptors, Soluble ICAM-1, and IFN-γ, but Low Levels of IL-5, Are Associated with Hepatosplenic Disease in Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In a case-control study based in two areas of Kenya, hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni was shown to be linked with low levels of IL-5 and with correspondingly high IFN-γ, TNF, and circulating soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFR-I), sTNFR-II, and sICAM-1. PBMC from the hepatosplenic cases responded to in vitro Ag stimulation with significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and TNF, but lower levels of IL-5, compared with nonhepatosplenic controls matched for age and infection intensity. Most of these correlations were confounded by differences between geographical areas. However, principle component analysis identified a high IFN-γ and TNF, and low IL-5 axis in the data as the first principle component; this was significantly associated with hepatosplenomegaly (p < 0.0005) even after controlling for area. High plasma levels of sTNFR-I (p < 0.001), sTNFR-II, (p < 0.0001), and sICAM-1 (p < 0.009) were also significantly associated with hepatosplenomegaly, independently of area, in the case of the soluble forms of both TNF receptors. These parameters were negatively related to IL-5. These results suggest that proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the hepatosplenic disease process in infected individuals who have low anti-inflammatory Th2 responses and that sTNFR may be a useful circulating marker for this disease process, perhaps reflecting the level of TNF activity in hepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John H. Ouma
- †Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Kenyan Ministry of Health, and
| | - Jasper Mumo
- ‡Department of Human Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; and
| | | | - Frances M. Jones
- §Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Morven B. Roberts
- §Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Dunne
- §Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Tanabe M, Gonçalves JF, Gonçalves FJ, Tateno S, Takeuchi T. Occurrence of a community with high morbidity associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection regardless of low infection intensity in north-east Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91:144-9. [PMID: 9196752 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish the relationship between schistosome-associated morbidity and infection intensity in northeast Brazil, a parasitological and ultrasonographical study was carried out on 484 inhabitants of 4 villages (I, II, III and IV) in São Lourenço da Mata, Pernambuco, Brazil, where schistosomiasis is endemic. Quantitative stool examination using Knight's method demonstrated a high prevalence and moderate intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection, and also that the subjects in village IV had a significantly lower prevalence and intensity of infection than those of the other villages. By ultrasonography, periportal fibrosis (PPF) and splenomegaly were found in 52% of the 299 infected subjects and 66% of the 146 infected subjects aged over 16 years old, respectively; 32% and 31% of the 299 infected subjects had abnormally high values of total bile acid (TBA) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, respectively. Liver and spleen size, PPF, and serum level of TBA and ALP were not correlated with infection intensity. There was no significant difference in the morbidity assessed by liver and spleen size, PPF, and serum analysis between the subjects in village IV and the other villages. These findings suggest the occurrence of a community with high morbidity associated with schistosomiasis regardless of low infection intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanabe
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Kurtis JD, Ramirez BL, Wiest PM, Dong KL, El-Meanawy A, Petzke MM, Johnson JH, Edmison J, Maier RA, Olds GR. Identification and molecular cloning of a 67-kilodalton protein in Schistosoma japonicum homologous to a family of actin-binding proteins. Infect Immun 1997; 65:344-7. [PMID: 8975937 PMCID: PMC174601 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.1.344-347.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody to Schistosoma japonicum which conferred significant protection against cercarial challenge in mice was produced. The predicted translation product of the cDNA corresponding to the antigen recognized by this antibody was homologous to a newly identified family of actin-binding proteins. The expressed protein bound polymerized actin and was recognized by serum from patients infected with S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Kurtis
- International Health Institute, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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