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Haile DT, Damote TT, Sadamo FE, Demissie ZG, Dake SK. Vitamin D deficiency and associated factors among antenatal care attending pregnant women in Sodo town, South Ethiopia: A facility-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279975. [PMID: 36584237 PMCID: PMC9803294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging public health problem globally, with devastating health consequences. Pregnant women are most susceptible for Vitamin D deficiency, and black women particularly are under double burden of the problem. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and identify associated factors among antenatal care attending pregnant women. METHODS A facility-based cross-sectional study involving 331 pregnant women was conducted from March to April in 2021. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants from antenatal care service providing facilities. Data were collected by using interviewer-administered questionnaire and 5ml of blood sample was collected using aseptic techniques. Data were entered into Epi Data software version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors. RESULTS In this study, about 39% of the women were Vitamin D deficient; of which 8.8% were severely deficient. The mean serum Vitamin D level was 24.43ng/ml. Women with Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥30 (AOR = 47.31; 95% CI: 3.94, 567.70) and who never ate egg had a higher chance of being Vitamin D deficient (AOR = 7.48; 95% CI: 1.02, 55.05). On the other hand, women who were exposed to mid-day time sunlight (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.77) were less likely to become Vitamin D deficient. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is higher among obese women and women who did not consume egg. Being exposed to mid-day sunlight is protective against Vitamin D deficiency. Having optimal body weight, mid-day sun light exposure and consumption of Vitamin D rich diet might contribute to reduce the risk of Vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibora Teferi Haile
- Department of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Takele Tadesse Damote
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Fikadu Elias Sadamo
- Department of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Geto Demissie
- National References Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Kastro Dake
- Department of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Khandare AL, Validandi V, Boiroju N. Fluoride Alters Serum Elemental (Calcium, Magnesium, Copper, and Zinc) Homeostasis Along with Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Fluorosis Endemic Villages and Restores on Supply of Safe Drinking Water in School-Going Children of Nalgonda District, India. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:289-294. [PMID: 29455289 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the serum trace elements (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)) along with erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and effect of intervention with safe drinking water for 5 years in the school children of fluorosis endemic area. For this purpose, three categories of villages were selected based on drinking water fluoride (F): Category I (control, F = 1.68 mg/L), category II (affected F = 3.77 mg/L), and category III (intervention village) where initial drinking water F was 4.51 mg/L, and since the last 5 years, they were drinking water containing < 1.0 mg/L F. The results revealed that urinary F was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in category II compared to categories I and III. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum Cu and Mg was observed in category II compared to category I. Serum Zn and Ca was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in categories II and III compared to category I. The erythrocyte CA activity was decreased in the category II compared to category I. However, in the category III, erythrocyte CA activity was comparable to the control group. In conclusion, F exposure altered elemental homeostasis which has restored to some extent on intervention by safe drinking water for 5 years in school-going children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun L Khandare
- Scientist F and HOD, Food Toxicology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Vakdevi Validandi
- Scientist F and HOD, Food Toxicology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naveen Boiroju
- Department of Statistics, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India
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Khandare AL, Validandi V, Gourineni SR, Gopalan V, Nagalla B. Dose-dependent effect of fluoride on clinical and subclinical indices of fluorosis in school going children and its mitigation by supply of safe drinking water for 5 years: an Indian study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:110. [PMID: 29396763 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorosis is a public health problem in India; to know its prevalence and severity along with its mitigation measures is very important. The present study has been undertaken with the aim to assess the F dose-dependent clinical and subclinical symptoms of fluorosis and reversal of the disease by providing safe drinking water. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in 1934 schoolgoing children, Nalgonda district. Study villages were categorized into control (category I, F = 0.87 mg/L), affected (category II, F = 2.53 mg/L, and category III, F = 3.77 mg/L), and intervention categories (category IV, F = < 1.0 mg/L). School children were enrolled for dental grading by modified Dean Index criteria. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were used to assess nutritional status of the children. The biochemical parameters like serum T3, T4, TSH, PTH, ALP, 25-OH vitamin D, and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D were analyzed. The results showed a positive correlation between the drinking water and urinary fluoride (UF) in different categories. However, there was a significant decrease in the UF levels in the intervention category IV compared to affected group (category III). Fluoride altered the clinical (dental fluorosis and stunting) and subclinical indices (urine and blood) of fluorosis in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the biochemical indices were altered in a dose-dependent manner and intervention with safe drinking water for 5 years in intervention group-mitigated clinical and subclinical symptoms of fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun L Khandare
- Department of Food Toxicology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Vakdevi Validandi
- Department of Food Toxicology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shankar Rao Gourineni
- Department of Food Toxicology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India
| | - Viswanathan Gopalan
- Department of Food Toxicology, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India
| | - Balakrishna Nagalla
- Department of Statistics, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, Hyderabad, India
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Ioannou S, Sassani S, Henneberg M, Henneberg RJ. Diagnosing congenital syphilis using Hutchinson's method: Differentiating between syphilitic, mercurial, and syphilitic-mercurial dental defects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:617-29. [PMID: 26696588 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focuses on the dental abnormalities observed by Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, Henry Moon and Alfred Fournier in patients with congenital syphilis and in those treated with mercury, in order to define alterations in dental morphology attributable to each of these causes. These definitions are applied to reported paleopathological cases, exploring various etiologies behind the defects, in order to aid in the diagnosis of congenital syphilis. METHODS Original works were examined for descriptions of dental abnormalities in congenital syphilis and in mercurial treatments. These descriptions were compared with dentitions of paleopathological cases (n = 4) demonstrating abnormalities attributed to congenital syphilis. RESULTS Distinct morphological differences were recognized between congenital syphilitic teeth and teeth affected by mercury. Mercury produces a pronounced deficiency in enamel of incisors, canines and first permanent molars that become rugged and pitted, and of dirty grey honeycombed appearance. Mercury-induced dental changes are evident in three out of four cases studied here. In one case, only syphilitic changes were present. DISCUSSION Dental changes in congenital syphilis range from no visible signs to those beyond the classical models of Hutchinson, Moon and Fournier. Treatment of neonates and infants with mercury produces additional changes. Signs of disease and treatment with mercury on teeth may occur together; permanent incisors, first molars and canines, are typically affected, premolars and second/third molars are usually spared. Signs of treatment with mercury might be the only evidence of the occurrence of the disease as mercury was rarely used to treat other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Ioannou
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sadaf Sassani
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Renata J Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Diagnosis of Mercurial Teeth in a Possible Case of Congenital Syphilis and Tuberculosis in a 19th Century Child Skeleton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Without the presence of “caries sicca,” “sabre shins,” and nodes/expansion of the long bones with superficial cavitation, differential diagnosis of venereal syphilis and tuberculosis (TB) may be difficult as various infections produce similar responses. However, congenital syphilis has distinctive features facilitating a diagnosis. A case study of remains of a juvenile European settler (probably male, 8–10 years old) (B70) buried in the 19th century and excavated in 2000 from the cemetery of the Anglican Church of St. Marys in South Australia is presented. B70 demonstrated that the two diseases might have been present in the same individual, congenital syphilis and TB. Widespread destruction of vertebral bodies and kyphosis-related rib deformations indicate advanced TB. Severe dental hypoplasia is limited to permanent incisors and first molars; there is pitting on the palate, periosteal reaction on the skull vault, and thinned clavicles. Dental signs are not limited to “screwdriver” central incisors and mulberry molars. Apical portions of the crowns of permanent upper, lower, central, and lateral incisors have multiple hypoplastic-disorganized defects; deciduous canines have severely hypoplastic crowns while possibly hypoplastic occlusal surfaces of lower deciduous second molars are largely destroyed by extensive caries. These dental abnormalities resemble teeth affected by mercurial treatment in congenital syphilitic patients as described by Hutchinson.
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Gebreegziabher T, Stoecker BJ. Vitamin D insufficiency in a sunshine-sufficient area: southern Ethiopia. Food Nutr Bull 2014; 34:429-33. [PMID: 24605693 DOI: 10.1177/156482651303400408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background. Although the photosynthesis and bioavailability of vitamin D are influenced by various factors, vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. However, vitamin D insufficiency is being recognized as a common problem, even in areas with abundant sunshine. OBJECTIVE This study assessed vitamin D status by measuring plasma 25(OH)D concentrations in rural women in southern Ethiopia living in the Rift Valley at 7 degree3' N latitude. Methods. Nonpregnant women (n = 202) living in three adjacent rural communities volunteered to participate in this cross-sectional study. Demographic, socioeconomic, health, and food frequency data were acquired by questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and a fasting venipuncture blood sample were obtained by qualified professionals. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. ELISA kits from ImmunoDiagnostic Systems were used to determine concentrations of 25(OH)D with external quality control standards from UTAK Laboratories. RESULTS The self-reported mean +/- SD age was 30.8 +/- 7.8 years. The mean number of pregnancies was 4.7 +/- 2.7, household size was 6.0 +/- 2.6, and BMI was 20.0 +/- 2.2. None of the participants reported ever consuming vitamin D-rich foods, fortified foods, or dietary supplements. Only 15.8% of the participants had 25(OH) D levels above 50 nmol/L, and 14.8% were below 30 nmol/L, which represents risk of deficiency relative to bone health. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D insufficiency is a serious problem in the study population, and living near the Equator does not assure adequate vitamin D status.
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Tekle-Haimanot R, Haile G. Chronic Alcohol Consumption and the Development of Skeletal Fluorosis in a Fluoride Endemic Area of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.62020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Holick MF. Osteomalacia and rickets. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shorter JP, Massawe J, Parry N, Walker RW. Comparison of two village primary schools in northern Tanzania affected by fluorosis. Int Health 2010; 2:269-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inhe.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Africa is heterogeneous in latitude, geography, climate, food availability, religious and cultural practices, and skin pigmentation. It is expected, therefore, that prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies widely, in line with influences on skin exposure to UVB sunshine. Furthermore, low calcium intakes and heavy burden of infectious disease common in many countries may increase vitamin D utilization and turnover. Studies of plasma 25OHD concentration indicate a spectrum from clinical deficiency to values at the high end of the physiological range; however, data are limited. Representative studies of status in different countries, using comparable analytical techniques, and of relationships between vitamin D status and risk of infectious and chronic diseases relevant to the African context are needed. Public health measures to secure vitamin D adequacy cannot encompass the whole continent and need to be developed locally.
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Fluoride contents in groundwaters and the main consumed foods (dates and tea) in Southern Algeria region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00254-007-0983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tiwari S, Gupta SK, Kumar K, Trivedi R, Godbole MM. Simultaneous exposure of excess fluoride and calcium deficiency alters VDR, CaR, and calbindin D 9 k mRNA levels in rat duodenal mucosa. Calcif Tissue Int 2004; 75:313-20. [PMID: 15549646 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride ingestion reduces intestinal calcium absorption; its molecular basis has not been studied. We studied the mRNA expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), vitamin D receptor (VDR) and calbindin D 9 k (D 9 k) by northern blot analysis in the duodenal mucosa of rats. Weanling pups fed with chow diet containing adequate calcium (0.5% w/w) and drinking water (NaF < 1 ppm) served as controls (Group I) and were studied at 9 and 15 weeks. The pups, born to rats fed with a calcium-deficient diet (0.03%) and excess fluoride water (NaF 50 ppm), were continued on the same diet and water (Group II) until 9 weeks of age. Subsequently, Group II rats were divided into 4 subgroups; 3 subgroups with fluoride free water [II-A adequate calcium, II-B excess calcium (Ca 2%) and II-D calcium deficient], whereas II-C received fluorinated water and adequate calcium diet until 15 weeks. At 9 weeks, as compared to group-I, group-II had decreased VDR (P < 0.001) and D 9 k mRNA (P < 0.001), whereas CaR mRNA levels increased (P < 0.05). At 15 weeks, as compared to group-I, VDR mRNA further reduced in group II-D (P < 0.001) and II-C (P < 0.001), whereas it increased in group II-A. Removal of fluoride ingestion and calcium replenishment increased D 9 k mRNA expression, maximally in adequate calcium group (P < 0.001), while it was further reduced in group II-C (P < 0.001). CaR expression decreased significantly in all the groups. We conclude that excess fluoride reduces the mRNA levels of VDR and D 9 k in the duodenal mucosa of rats, thereby possibly reducing calcium absorption. Calcium supplementation with simultaneous fluoride removal improves their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tiwari
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, 226014, Lucknow, India
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Schnitzler CM, Pettifor JM, Patel D, Mesquita JM, Moodley GP, Zachen D. Metabolic bone disease in black teenagers with genu valgum or varum without radiologic rickets: a bone histomorphometric study. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9:479-86. [PMID: 8030436 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcium deficiency in black (African) children can cause rickets and osteomalacia with severe limb deformities. It is not known whether black teenagers with genu valgum or varum but without radiologic rickets suffer from a related disorder. To examine this question we studied 26 such patients by iliac crest bone biopsy and serum and urine biochemistry: 12 patients (46%) had osteopenia with normal or low bone turnover, 5 (19%) mildly increased bone turnover, 4 (15%) histologic hyperparathyroidism, 2 (8%) preosteomalacia, and 3 (12%) osteomalacia (with features of hyperparathyroidism). Radiographs did not reflect the severity of the bone disease. Serum calcium levels correlated inversely with eroded mineralized surface (p < 0.001), osteoid surface (p < 0.01), osteoid thickness (p < 0.001), mineralization lag time (p < 0.001), and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D (p < 0.005), and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D correlated positively with osteoid surface (p < 0.05), osteoid thickness (p < 0.05), osteoid volume (p < 0.01), eroded surface (p < 0.05), and eroded mineralized surface (p < 0.0005). Tubular reabsorption of phosphate and 25-OH vitamin D levels were normal, and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D levels were normal to high. This suggests that calcium deficiency may have caused the increase in bone turnover and the mineralization defects. The most severe osteomalacia was found in males aged 16-19 years. We cannot explain the cause of the osteopenia. We conclude that all patients had bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schnitzler
- MRC Mineral Metabolism Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Schnitzler CM, Ripamonti U, Mesquita JM. Histomorphometry of iliac crest trabecular bone in adult male baboons in captivity. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52:447-54. [PMID: 8369993 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Data in the literature on bone histomorphometry in the baboon are scant. This study provides data from analysis of trabecular bone of the iliac crest of 16 adult male chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in captivity. Five animals were young adults judging by the presence of growth cartilage in the iliac crest biopsy. Bone volume resembled that in humans, but trabeculae were thinner and more closely spaced. Bone turnover appeared somewhat lower than in humans. Coupling of resorption and formation was excellent as judged by cellular and kinetic variables; erosion surface was an unreliable indicator of ongoing coupling. The similarities between human and baboon trabecular bone make the baboon suited for the study of microstructure and bone turnover of trabecular bone with relevance to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schnitzler
- Mineral Metabolism Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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