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Xu J, Koval A, Katanaev VL. Clofazimine: A journey of a drug. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115539. [PMID: 37742606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Among different strategies to develop novel therapies, drug repositioning (aka repurposing) aims at identifying new uses of an already approved or investigational drug. This approach has the advantages of availability of the extensive pre-existing knowledge of the drug's safety, pharmacology and toxicology, manufacturing and formulation. It provides advantages to the risk-versus-rewards trade-off as compared to the costly and time-consuming de novo drug discovery process. Clofazimine, a red-colored synthetic derivative of riminophenazines initially isolated from lichens, was first synthesized in the 1950 s, and passed through several phases of repositioning in its history as a drug. Being initially developed as an anti-tuberculosis treatment, it was repurposed for the treatment of leprosy, prior to re-repositioning for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and other infections. Since 1990 s, reports on the anticancer properties of clofazimine, both in vitro and in vivo, started to appear. Among the diverse mechanisms of action proposed, the activity of clofazimine as a specific inhibitor of the oncogenic Wnt signaling pathway has recently emerged as the promising targeting mechanism of the drug against breast, colon, liver, and other forms of cancer. Seventy years after the initial discovery, clofazimine's journey as a drug finding new applications continues, serving as a colorful illustration of drug repurposing in modern pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Xu
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.
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2
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Ajmal MR, Almutairi F, Zaidi N, Alam P, Siddiqi MK, Khan MV, Zaman M, Ishtikhar M, Khan RH. Biophysical insights into the interaction of clofazimine with human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein: a multitechnique approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1390-1401. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1461686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rehan Ajmal
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nida Zaidi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | | | - Mohsin Vahid Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Masihuz Zaman
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohd Ishtikhar
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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3
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Cassirer-Costa F, Medeiros NI, Chaves AT, Lyon S, Coelho-Dos-Reis JGA, Ribeiro-Junior AF, Correa-Oliveira R, Rocha MOC, Gomes JAS. Cytokines as biomarkers to monitoring the impact of multidrug therapy in immune response of leprosy patients. Cytokine 2017; 97:42-48. [PMID: 28570932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and nerves, caused by the intracellular bacilli Mycobacterium leprae. It is characterized by a spectrum of clinical forms depending on the host's immune response to M. leprae. Patients with tuberculoid (TT) leprosy have strong cell-mediated immunity (CMI) with elimination of the bacilli, whereas patients with lepromatous (LL) leprosy exhibit defective CMI to M. leprae. Despite advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of leprosy and the development of new therapeutic strategies, there is a need for the identification of biomarkers which be used for early diagnosis and to discrimination between different forms of the disease, as prognostic markers. Here, we analyzed the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF in order to address the contribution of these cytokines in late phase of M. leprae infection, and the impact of multidrug therapy (MDT). Our results demonstrated that patients of LL group presented higher expression of serum levels of inflammatory cytokines before MDT, while TT patients presented a balance between inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. MDT changes the profile of serum cytokines in M. leprae infected patients, as evidenced by the cytokine network, especially in TT patients. LL patients displayed a multifaceted cytokine system characterized by strong connecting axes involving inflammatory/regulatory molecules, while TT patients showed low involvement of regulatory cytokines in network overall. Cytokines can be identified as good biomarkers of the impact of MDT on the immune system and the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Cassirer-Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nayara I Medeiros
- Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana T Chaves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandra Lyon
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jordana G A Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Atvaldo F Ribeiro-Junior
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Manoel O C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana A S Gomes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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4
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis, uses various tactics to resist on antibiotics and evade host immunity. To control tuberculosis, antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are urgently needed. Emerging new antibiotics and underlying novel drug targets are summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzungize Lambert
- a Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- a Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing , China.,b Department of Clinical Microbiology, College of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman , Islamic University , Omdurman , Sudan
| | - Xiangke Duan
- a Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jianping Xie
- a Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education Eco-Environment of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
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5
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Ajmal MR, Zaidi N, Alam P, Nusrat S, Siddiqi MK, Badr G, Mahmoud MH, Khan RH. Insight into the interaction of antitubercular and anticancer compound clofazimine with human serum albumin: spectroscopy and molecular modelling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:46-57. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1132258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rehan Ajmal
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Nida Zaidi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Saima Nusrat
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | | | - Gamal Badr
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Physiology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Mahmoud
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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6
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Cholo MC, Steel HC, Fourie PB, Germishuizen WA, Anderson R. Clofazimine: current status and future prospects. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67:290-8. [PMID: 22020137 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clofazimine, a lipophilic riminophenazine antibiotic, possesses both antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its efficacy has been demonstrated only in the treatment of leprosy, not in human tuberculosis, despite the fact that this agent is impressively active in vitro against multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent insights into novel targets and mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity coupled with the acquisition of innovative drug delivery technologies have, however, rekindled interest in clofazimine as a potential therapy for multidrug- and extensively multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in particular, as well as several autoimmune diseases. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate these recent developments and to assess their potential impact on improving the therapeutic efficacy and versatility of clofazimine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloko C Cholo
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa.
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7
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Yano T, Kassovska-Bratinova S, Teh JS, Winkler J, Sullivan K, Isaacs A, Schechter NM, Rubin H. Reduction of clofazimine by mycobacterial type 2 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase: a pathway for the generation of bactericidal levels of reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10276-87. [PMID: 21193400 PMCID: PMC3060482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of action of clofazimine (CFZ), an antimycobacterial drug with a long history, is not well understood. The present study describes a redox cycling pathway that involves the enzymatic reduction of CFZ by NDH-2, the primary respiratory chain NADH:quinone oxidoreductase of mycobacteria and nonenzymatic oxidation of reduced CFZ by O(2) yielding CFZ and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This pathway was demonstrated using isolated membranes and purified recombinant NDH-2. The reduction and oxidation of CFZ was measured spectrally, and the production of ROS was measured using a coupled assay system with Amplex Red. Supporting the ROS-based killing mechanism, bacteria grown in the presence of antioxidants are more resistant to CFZ. CFZ-mediated increase in NADH oxidation and ROS production were not observed in membranes from three different Gram-negative bacteria but was observed in Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is consistent with the known antimicrobial specificity of CFZ. A more soluble analog of CFZ, KS6, was synthesized and was shown to have the same activities as CFZ. These studies describe a pathway for a continuous and high rate of reactive oxygen species production in Mycobacterium smegmatis treated with CFZ and a CFZ analog as well as evidence that cell death produced by these agents are related to the production of these radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Winkler
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kevin Sullivan
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Andre Isaacs
- Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Harvey Rubin
- From the Departments of Medicine
- Biochemistry and Biophysics, and
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8
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O'Connor R, O'Sullivan JF, O'Kennedy R. The pharmacology, metabolism, and chemistry of clofazimine. Drug Metab Rev 1995; 27:591-614. [PMID: 8925720 DOI: 10.3109/03602539508994208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R O'Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Ireland
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9
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Anderson R, Smit MJ. Clofazimine and B669 inhibit the proliferative responses and Na+, K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity of human lymphocytes by a lysophospholipid-dependent mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46:2029-38. [PMID: 8267651 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90645-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the phospholipase-stimulating and immunosuppressive properties of the riminophenazine anti-mycobacterial agent clofazimine and its experimental analogue, B669, has been investigated in vitro. At concentrations of 0.6 microM and upwards, both riminophenazines, particularly B669, caused dose-related inhibition of mitogen- and alloantigen-stimulated uptake of tritiated thymidine by human mononuclear leucocytes (MNL), while in short-term assays both agents increased the release of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and arachidonic acid from these cells. Arachidonate per se at a concentration of 20 microM did not affect mitogen-activated lymphocyte proliferation, while cyclooxygenase and 5'-lipoxygenase inhibitors, as well as water- and lipid-soluble oxidant-scavengers and anti-oxidant enzymes, failed to protect the cells against the anti-proliferative effects of clofazimine and B669. However, LPC caused dose-related inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, co-incubation of NML with alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), a lysophospholipid complex-forming agent, or with lysophospholipase, protected the cells against clofazimine and B669, as well as against LPC. Na+, K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase was identified as the primary target of riminophenazine/LPC-mediated inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Excessive release of anti-proliferative lysophospholipids during clofazimine or B669 treatment of mitogen- or antigen-activated lymphocytes is the probable biochemical mechanism of the immunosuppressive activity of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anderson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
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10
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Krajewska MM, Anderson R, O'Sullivan JF. Effects of clofazimine analogues and tumor necrosis factor-alpha individually and in combination on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1993; 15:99-111. [PMID: 8385654 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(93)90086-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the individual and interactive effects of clofazimine, or three analogues of this agent (selected on the basis of similar or superior pro-oxidative properties: B669, B746 and B4021) and human recombinant TNF-alpha on the generation of antimicrobial oxidants by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), as well as release of granule enzymes from these cells, were investigated in vitro. All four riminophenazines at the concentrations tested (0.5 and 1.0 micrograms/ml) significantly increased myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated iodination, superoxide (0(2).-) generation, oxygen (0(2)) consumption and chemiluminescence (CL), as well as the release of both primary and secondary granule contents (measured as the release of MPO, lysozyme and vitamin B12-binding protein) by stimulated PMNL. Similar, but less impressive effects were observed with TNF-alpha (0.4-50.0 ng/ml). When PMNL were preincubated with both TNF-alpha and clofazimine or its analogues, the observed stimulation of cellular oxidative metabolism and granule enzyme release was at least additive in many assays. These data demonstrate that the spectrum of effects of clofazimine and its analogues on PMNL closely resemble those of TNF-alpha. Furthermore, TNF-alpha potentiates the pro-oxidative effects of clofazimine and its analogues on PMNL. Among the riminophenazines tested, clofazimine and B669 appear to be the most potent pro-oxidative agents for PMNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Krajewska
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Southern Africa
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11
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Afdhal NH, Long A, Lennon J, Crowe J, O'Donoghue DP. Controlled trial of antimycobacterial therapy in Crohn's disease. Clofazimine versus placebo. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:449-53. [PMID: 2007362 DOI: 10.1007/bf01298873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effect of clofazimine, a powerful antimycobacterial and antiinflammatory agent, 49 patients with active Crohn's disease were randomized to either corticosteroids plus clofazimine 100 mg daily (N = 25) or to steroids and matching placebo (N = 24). A total of 28 patients (58%) went into disease remission (clofazimine 16, placebo 12; P = NS) with a fall in disease activity score from 10.5 +/- 4.4 to 3.3 +/- 3.5. Patients were treated for a further eight months with clofazimine or placebo and 18 of 28 maintained their remission and completed the study (clofazimine 12, placebo 6; P = NS). Side effects were minor and consisted of skin rash and increased pigmentation. Clofazimine as a solitary antimycobacterial agent appears ineffective in inducing remission in Crohn's disease but may have a role in either disease maintenance or combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Afdhal
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincents Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Sahu A, Saha K, Banerjee NR, Sehgal VN, Jagga CR. Effect of anti-leprosy drugs on superoxide anion production by rat peritoneal macrophage with special reference to light exposed clofazimine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1991; 13:419-28. [PMID: 1646774 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(91)90012-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the in vitro effect of anti-leprosy drugs on superoxide anion (O2-) production by rat resident peritoneal macrophages. Of the three drugs tested i.e. clofazimine, rifampicin and dapsone, the first was most effective in increasing O2- production in a dose dependent manner, while rifampicin had some stimulatory effect and dapsone exhibited minimal action. Furthermore, when clofazimine and dapsone were added together it was observed that the increase of O2- production by macrophages due to clofazimine was not significantly altered by the addition of dapsone. Moreover, it was found that killed Mycobacterium leprae could induce a lesser amount of O2- production in comparison to that of Staphylococcus aureus and the enhancement of O2- release due to clofazimine was stimulus dependent. This increase of O2- release after addition of clofazimine was inhibited by the addition of p-bromophenacyl bromide. Another interesting finding was that the enhancement of O2- production by clofazimine gradually decreased as clofazimine was exposed to light for days. On further investigation it was found that ultraviolet, NMR, infrared and mass spectra of the light unexposed and exposed drug were similar, but the diffusion current of the polarogram of light exposed drug was remarkably more than that observed in light unexposed drug, indicating, thereby, a possible increase in the electron accepting capacity of the light reacted molecule. As far as we know this is the first report describing the effect of light exposed clofazimine on the respiratory burst activity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sahu
- Department of Immunology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India
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13
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Clofazinine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Anderson R, Beyers AD, Savage JE, Nel AE. Apparent involvement of phospholipase A2, but not protein kinase C, in the pro-oxidative interactions of clofazimine with human phagocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:4635-41. [PMID: 2849452 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The anti-leprosy agent, clofazimine, at concentrations of 0.1-5 micrograms/ml caused a dose-related, stimulus-non-specific (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, calcium ionophore, opsonised zymosan, arachidonic acid and phorbol myristate acetate) potentiation of superoxide generation by human neutrophils in vitro without affecting basal oxidative responses. The pro-oxidative interactions of clofazimine with neutrophils were eliminated by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor 4-p-bromophenacyl bromide but not by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H-7. In support of these observations clofazimine promoted the release of radiolabeled arachidonic acid from neutrophil membrane phospholipids but did not influence the activity of PKC in cytosolic extracts of neutrophils or of purified PKC from rat brain. Pro-oxidative interactions of clofazimine with human phagocytes may contribute to the intraphagocytic antimycobacterial activity of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anderson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
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15
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Anderson R, Lukey PT, Dippenaar U, Eftychis HA, Findlay GH, Wooten MW, Nel AE. Dithranol mediates pro-oxidative inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration and lymphocyte proliferation. Br J Dermatol 1987; 117:405-18. [PMID: 3676090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dithranol (0.01-1 micrograms/ml), but not the auto-oxidized form, caused a dose-related enhancement of the generation of reactive oxidants by leukoattractant-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) in vitro. At the same concentrations dithranol inhibited both PMNL migration to leukoattractants and mitogen-stimulated mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) proliferation. Catalase (50-100 units/ml) protected both PMNL migration and MNL proliferation from dithranol whilst ascorbate and cysteine (1 mM), which maintain dithranol in the biologically active reduced state, potentiated the inhibition. To establish the molecular mechanism of the pro-oxidative activity of dithranol its effects on cytosolic protein kinase C (PKC) activity were investigated. Dithranol caused a dose-related activation of PKC by apparent substitution for 1,2-diolein. These results demonstrate that dithranol, but not its auto-oxidation products, activates PKC which in turn initiates the generation of reactive oxidants by PMNL. Since reactive oxidants are immunosuppressive the therapeutic mechanisms of dithranol may be related to pro-oxidative interactions of this agent with skin phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anderson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
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16
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Zeis BM, Anderson R, O'Sullivan JF. Prooxidative activities of 10 phenazine derivatives relative to that of clofazimine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31:789-93. [PMID: 3038009 PMCID: PMC174834 DOI: 10.1128/aac.31.5.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the antimycobacterial properties of the antileprosy drug clofazimine and its stimulatory effect on the release of reactive oxidants by polymorphonuclear leukocytes by using a variety of phenazine derivatives. The effects of these compounds on myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination, luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, and the release of superoxide anion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes were investigated. Dissociation of the antimycobacterial and prooxidative effects of clofazimine was possible by manipulation of the chemical group in position 2 of the phenazine molecule. When nitrogen-containing substituents in this position were replaced by oxygen, the mode of the prooxidative action of the compounds was altered.
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