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Sulatsky MI, Stepanenko OV, Stepanenko OV, Povarova OI, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Sulatskaya AI. Broken but not beaten: Challenge of reducing the amyloids pathogenicity by degradation. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00161-9. [PMID: 38642804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of ordered protein aggregates, amyloid fibrils, accompanies various neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and causes a wide range of systemic and local amyloidoses (such as insulin, hemodialysis amyloidosis, etc.). Such pathologies are usually diagnosed when the disease is already irreversible and a large amount of amyloid plaques have accumulated. In recent years, new drugs aimed at reducing amyloid levels have been actively developed. However, although clinical trials have demonstrated a reduction in amyloid plaque size with these drugs, their effect on disease progression has been controversial and associated with significant side effects, the reasons of which are not fully understood. AIM OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize extensive array of data on the effect of exogenous and endogenous factors (physico-mechanical effects, chemical effects of low molecular weight compounds, macromolecules and their complexes) on the structure and pathogenicity of mature amyloids for proposing future directions of the development of effective and safe anti-amyloid therapeutics. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Our analysis show that destruction of amyloids is in most cases incomplete and degradation products often retain the properties of amyloids (including high and sometimes higher than fibrils, cytotoxicity), accelerate amyloidogenesis and promote the propagation of amyloids between cells. Probably, the appearance of protein aggregates, polymorphic in structure and properties (such as amorphous aggregates, fibril fragments, amyloid oligomers, etc.), formed because of uncontrolled degradation of amyloids, may be one of the reasons for the ambiguous effectiveness and serious side effects of the anti-amyloid drugs. This means that all medications that are supposed to be used both for degradation and slow down the fibrillogenesis must first be tested on mature fibrils: the mechanism of drug action and cytotoxic, seeding, and infectious activity of the degradation products must be analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim I Sulatsky
- Laboratory of Cell Morphology, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olesya V Stepanenko
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I Sulatskaya
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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2
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Schilling S, Pradhan A, Heesch A, Helbig A, Blennow K, Koch C, Bertgen L, Koo EH, Brinkmalm G, Zetterberg H, Kins S, Eggert S. Differential effects of familial Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations on amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking, proteolytic conversion, and synaptogenic activity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:87. [PMID: 37259128 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and the precursor of the Aβ peptide, which is generated by consecutive cleavages of β- and γ-secretases. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) describes a hereditary subgroup of AD that represents a low percentage of AD cases with an early onset of the disease. Different APP FAD mutations are thought to have qualitatively different effects on its proteolytic conversion. However, few studies have explored the pathogenic and putative physiological differences in more detail. Here, we compared different FAD mutations, located at the β- (Swedish), α- (Flemish, Arctic, Iowa) or γ-secretase (Iberian) cleavage sites. We examined heterologous expression of APP WT and FAD mutants in non-neuronal cells and their impact on presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons of co-cultured neurons. To decipher the underlying molecular mechanism, we tested the subcellular localization, the endocytosis rate and the proteolytic processing in detail by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Interestingly, we found that only the Iberian mutation showed altered synaptogenic function. Furthermore, the APP Iowa mutant shows significantly decreased α-secretase processing which is in line with our results that APP carrying the Iowa mutation was significantly increased in early endosomes. However, most interestingly, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the amino acid substitutions of APP FAD mutants have a decisive impact on their processing reflected in altered Aβ profiles. Importantly, N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides starting at position 5 were detected preferentially for APP Flemish, Arctic, and Iowa mutants containing amino acid substitutions around the α-secretase cleavage site. The strongest change in the ratio of Aβ40/Aβ42 was observed for the Iberian mutation while APP Swedish showed a substantial increase in Aβ1-17 peptides. Together, our data indicate that familial AD mutations located at the α-, β-, and γ-secretase cleavage sites show considerable differences in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schilling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Amelie Heesch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrea Helbig
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lea Bertgen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Edward H Koo
- San Diego (UCSD), Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City-Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Rofo F, Metzendorf NG, Saubi C, Suominen L, Godec A, Sehlin D, Syvänen S, Hultqvist G. Blood-brain barrier penetrating neprilysin degrades monomeric amyloid-beta in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:180. [PMID: 36471433 PMCID: PMC9720954 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the brain is one of the key pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reducing Aβ levels in the brain by enhancing its degradation is one possible strategy to develop new therapies for AD. Neprilysin (NEP) is a membrane-bound metallopeptidase and one of the major Aβ-degrading enzymes. The secreted soluble form of NEP (sNEP) has been previously suggested as a potential protein-therapy degrading Aβ in AD. However, similar to other large molecules, peripherally administered sNEP is unable to reach the brain due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). METHODS To provide transcytosis across the BBB, we recombinantly fused the TfR binding moiety (scFv8D3) to either sNEP or a previously described variant of NEP (muNEP) suggested to have higher degradation efficiency of Aβ compared to other NEP substrates, but not per se to degrade Aβ more efficiently. To provide long blood half-life, an Fc-based antibody fragment (scFc) was added to the designs, forming sNEP-scFc-scFv8D3 and muNEP-scFc-scFv8D3. The ability of the mentioned recombinant proteins to degrade Aβ was first evaluated in vitro using synthetic Aβ peptides followed by sandwich ELISA. For the in vivo studies, a single injection of 125-iodine-labelled sNEP-scFc-scFv8D3 and muNEP-scFc-scFv8D3 was intravenously administered to a tg-ArcSwe mouse model of AD, using scFc-scFv8D3 protein that lacks NEP as a negative control. Different ELISA setups were applied to quantify Aβ concentration of different conformations, both in brain tissues and blood samples. RESULTS When tested in vitro, sNEP-scFc-scFv8D3 retained sNEP enzymatic activity in degrading Aβ and both constructs efficiently degraded arctic Aβ. When intravenously injected, sNEP-scFc-scFv8D3 demonstrated 20 times higher brain uptake compared to sNEP. Both scFv8D3-fused NEP proteins significantly reduced aggregated Aβ levels in the blood of tg-ArcSwe mice, a transgenic mouse model of AD, following a single intravenous injection. In the brain, monomeric and oligomeric Aβ were significantly reduced. Both scFv8D3-fused NEP proteins displayed a fast clearance from the brain. CONCLUSION A one-time injection of a BBB-penetrating NEP shows the potential to reduce, the likely most toxic, Aβ oligomers in the brain in addition to monomers. Also, Aβ aggregates in the blood were reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Rofo
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole G. Metzendorf
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cristina Saubi
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura Suominen
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Godec
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Greta Hultqvist
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedicinskt Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Oumata N, Lu K, Teng Y, Cavé C, Peng Y, Galons H, Roques BP. Molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease and related potential treatments such as structural target convergence of antibodies and simple organic molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114578. [PMID: 35841881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade is the most frequently accepted hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). According to this hypothesis, the formation of plaques precedes the appearance of fibrillary tangles. Therapeutic agents able to inhibit the formation of plaques are therefore considered as potential disease-modifying treatments (DMT) that could prevent or limit the progression of AD. Plaques are deposits formed by aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ)-peptides. These peptides are metabolites of amyloid precursor protein (APP) first mediated by two enzymes: β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Molecular identification of these two enzymes has stimulated the development of their inhibitors. The clinical testing of these two classes of molecules has not been successful to date. The oligomerization of Aβ-peptides into plaques is now targeted by immunological approaches such as antibodies and vaccines. Structural consideration of the Aβ-peptide sequence led to the launch of the antibody Aducanumab. Several other antibodies are in late clinical phases. Progress in the understanding of the effects of N-truncated Aβ-peptides such as pE3-42, formed by the action of recently well characterized enzymes (aminopeptidase A, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 and glutaminyl cyclase) suggests that oligomerization can be limited either by enzyme inhibitors or antibody approaches. This strategy associating two structurally interconnected mechanisms is focused in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Oumata
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Cité INSERM U1267, CNRS UMR 8258, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Kui Lu
- Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yuou Teng
- Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Christian Cavé
- UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Yu Peng
- Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hervé Galons
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Cité INSERM U1267, CNRS UMR 8258, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, 75006, France; Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Bernard P Roques
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Cité INSERM U1267, CNRS UMR 8258, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, 75006, France.
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5
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Kato D, Takahashi Y, Iwata H, Hatakawa Y, Lee SH, Oe T. Comparative studies for amyloid beta degradation: “Neprilysin vs insulysin”, “monomeric vs aggregate”, and “whole Aβ40 vs its peptide fragments”. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101268. [PMID: 35586246 PMCID: PMC9108892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins are produced from amyloid precursor protein cleaved by β- and γ-secretases, and are the main components of senile plaques pathologically found in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient brains. Therefore, the relationship between AD and Aβs has been well studied for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Several enzymes have been reported to degrade Aβs in vivo, with neprilysin (NEP) and insulysin (insulin-degrading enzyme, IDE) being the most prominent. In this article, we describe the mass spectrometric characterization of peptide fragments generated using NEP and IDE, and clarify the differences in digestion specificities between these two enzymes for non-aggregated Aβ40, aggregated Aβ40, and Aβ40 peptide fragments, including Aβ16. Our results allowed identification of all the peptide fragments from non-aggregated Aβ40: NEP, 23 peptide fragments consisting of 2–11 amino-acid residues, 17 cleavage sites; IDE, 23 peptide fragments consisting of 6–33 amino-acid residues, 15 cleavage sites. Also, we confirmed that IDE can digest only whole Aβ40, whereas NEP can digest both Aβ40 and partial structures such as Aβ16 and peptide fragments generated by the digestion of Aβ40 by IDE. Furthermore, we confirmed that IDE and NEP are unable to digest aggregated Aβ40. Two Aβ degrading enzymes (neprilysin, NEP and insulysin, IDE) were examined. NEP digested Aβ40 into 23 peptides consisting of 2–11 amino-acid residues. IDE digested Aβ40 into 23 peptides consisting of 6–33 amino-acid residues. Neither IDE nor NEP can digest aggregated Aβ40. NEP can digest Aβ fragment peptides including Aβ16, although IDE cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomoyuki Oe
- Corresponding author. Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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6
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Choi H, Kim E, Choi JY, Park E, Lee HJ. Potent therapeutic targets for treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid degrading enzymes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Eungchan Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsik Park
- Department of Life Sport Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education Kongju National University Gongju Republic of Korea
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7
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Redox-Active Metal Ions and Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147697. [PMID: 34299316 PMCID: PMC8307724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active metal ions, Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), are essential biological molecules for the normal functioning of the brain, including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and generation of neurotransmitters. Dyshomeostasis of these redox-active metal ions in the brain could cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, regulating the levels of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) is necessary for normal brain function. To control the amounts of metal ions in the brain and understand the involvement of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) in the pathogenesis of AD, many chemical agents have been developed. In addition, since toxic aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) have been proposed as one of the major causes of the disease, the mechanism of clearing Aβ is also required to be investigated to reveal the etiology of AD clearly. Multiple metalloenzymes (e.g., neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and ADAM10) have been reported to have an important role in the degradation of Aβ in the brain. These amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE) could interact with redox-active metal ions and affect the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we introduce and summarize the roles, distributions, and transportations of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), along with previously invented chelators, and the structures and functions of ADE in the brain, as well as their interrelationships.
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8
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Rex DAB, Arun Kumar ST, Modi PK, Keshava Prasad TS. Broadening COVID-19 Interventions to Drug Innovation: Neprilysin Pathway as a Friend, Foe, or Promising Molecular Target? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:408-416. [PMID: 34191617 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is anticipated to transition to an endemic state as vaccines are providing relief in some, but not all, countries. Drug discovery for COVID-19 can offer another tool in the fight against the pandemic. Additionally, COVID-19 impacts multiple organs that call for a systems medicine approach to planetary health and therapeutics innovation. In this context, innovation for drugs that prevent and treat COVID-19 is timely and much needed. As the virus variants emerge under different ecological conditions and contexts in the long haul, a broad array of vaccine and drug options will be necessary. This expert review article argues for a need to expand the COVID-19 interventions, including and beyond vaccines, to stimulate discovery and development of novel medicines against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is known to play a major role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neprilysin (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) have emerged as the pharmaceutical targets of interest in the search for therapeutic interventions against COVID-19. While the NEP/ACE inhibitors offer promise for repurposing against COVID-19, they may display a multitude of effects in different organ systems, some beneficial, and others adverse, in modulating the inflammation responses in the course of COVID-19. This expert review offers an analysis and discussion to deepen our present understanding of the pathophysiological function of neprilysin in multiple organs, and the possible effects of NEP inhibitor-induced inflammatory responses in COVID-19-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasahayam Arokia Balaya Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sumaithangi Thattai Arun Kumar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Modi
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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9
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Oberstein TJ, Utz J, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Wiltfang J, Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. The Role of Cathepsin B in the Degradation of Aβ and in the Production of Aβ Peptides Starting With Ala2 in Cultured Astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:615740. [PMID: 33510618 PMCID: PMC7836726 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.615740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes may not only be involved in the clearance of Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but appear to produce N-terminally truncated Aβ (Aβn−x) independently of BACE1, which generates the N-Terminus of Aβ starting with Asp1 (Aβ1−x). A candidate protease for the generation of Aβn−x is cathepsin B (CatB), especially since CatB has also been reported to degrade Aβ, which could explain the opposite roles of astrocytes in AD. In this study, we investigated the influence of CatB inhibitors and the deletion of the gene encoding CatB (CTSB) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology on Aβ2−x and Aβ1−x levels in cell culture supernatants by one- and two-dimensional Urea-SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblot. While the cell-permeant inhibitors E64d and CA-074 Me did not significantly affect the Aβ1−x levels in supernatants of cultured chicken and human astrocytes, they did reduce the Aβ2−x levels. In the glioma-derived cell line H4, the Aβ2−x levels were likewise decreased in supernatants by treatment with the more specific, but cell-impermeant CatB-inhibitor CA-074, by CA-074 Me treatment, and by CTSB gene deletion. Additionally, a more than 2-fold increase in secreted Aβ1−x was observed under the latter two conditions. The CA-074 Me-mediated increase of Aβ1−x, but not the decrease of Aβ2−x, was influenced by concomitant treatment with the vacuolar H+-ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. This indicated that non-lysosomal CatB mediated the production of Aβ2−x in astrocytes, while the degradation of Aβ1−x seemed to be dependent on lysosomal CatB in H4 cells, but not in primary astrocytes. These findings highlight the importance of considering organelle targeting in drug development to promote Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Jan Oberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janine Utz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics and Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Maler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Owens LV, Benedetto A, Dawson N, Gaffney CJ, Parkin ET. Gene therapy-mediated enhancement of protective protein expression for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1753:147264. [PMID: 33422539 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia but lacks curative treatments. Current understanding of AD aetiology attributes the development of the disease to the misfolding of two proteins; amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, with their pathological accumulation leading to concomitant oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. These processes are regulated at multiple levels to maintain homeostasis and avert disease. However, many of the relevant regulatory proteins appear to be downregulated in the AD-afflicted brain. Enhancement/restoration of these 'protective' proteins, therefore, represents an attractive therapeutic avenue. Gene therapy is a desirable means of achieving this because it is not associated with the side-effects linked to systemic protein administration, and sustained protein expression virtually eliminates compliance issues. The current article represents a focused and succinct review of the better established 'protective' protein targets for gene therapy enhancement/restoration rather than being designed as an exhaustive review incorporating less validated protein subjects. In addition, we will discuss how the risks associated with uncontrolled or irreversible gene expression might be mitigated through combining neuronal-specific promoters, inducible expression systems and localised injections. Whilst many of the gene therapy targets reviewed herein are yet to enter clinical trials, preclinical testing has thus far demonstrated encouraging potential for the gene therapy-based treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Owens
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Alexandre Benedetto
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Christopher J Gaffney
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Edward T Parkin
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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11
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Rofo F, Ugur Yilmaz C, Metzendorf N, Gustavsson T, Beretta C, Erlandsson A, Sehlin D, Syvänen S, Nilsson P, Hultqvist G. Enhanced neprilysin-mediated degradation of hippocampal Aβ42 with a somatostatin peptide that enters the brain. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:789-804. [PMID: 33391505 PMCID: PMC7738863 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aggregation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is one of the main neuropathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neprilysin is the major enzyme degrading Aβ, with its activity enhanced by the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST). SST levels are decreased in the brains of AD patients. The poor delivery of SST over the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its extremely short half-life of only 3 min limit its therapeutic significance. Methods: We recombinantly fused SST to a BBB transporter binding to the transferrin receptor. Using primary neuronal cultures and neuroblastoma cell lines, the ability of the formed fusion protein to activate neprilysin was studied. SST-scFv8D3 was administered to mice overexpressing the Aβ-precursor protein (AβPP) with the Swedish mutation (APPswe) as a single injection or as a course of three injections over a 72 h period. Levels of neprilysin and Aβ were quantified using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Distribution of SST-scFv8D3 in the brain, blood and peripheral organs was studied by radiolabeling with iodine-125. Results: The construct, SST-scFv8D3, exhibited 120 times longer half-life than SST alone, reached the brain in high amounts when injected intravenously and significantly increased the brain concentration of neprilysin in APPswe mice. A significant decrease in the levels of membrane-bound Aβ42 was detected in the hippocampus and the adjacent cortical area after only three injections. Conclusion: With intravenous injections of our BBB permeable SST peptide, we were able to significantly increase the levels neprilysin, an effect that was followed by a significant and selective degradation of membrane-bound Aβ42 in the hippocampus. Being that membrane-bound Aβ triggers neuronal toxicity and the hippocampus is the central brain area in the progression of AD, the study has illuminated a new potential treatment paradigm with a promising safety profile targeting only the disease affected areas.
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12
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Nalivaeva NN, Zhuravin IA, Turner AJ. Neprilysin expression and functions in development, ageing and disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 192:111363. [PMID: 32987038 PMCID: PMC7519013 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) participates in development and functions of most body organs It is an important brain neuropeptidase which cleaves amyloid β (Aβ) peptide NEP dysregulation leads to development of various diseases of old age Regulation of NEP expression and activity is an important therapeutic target
Neprilysin (NEP) is an integral membrane-bound metallopeptidase with a wide spectrum of substrates and physiological functions. It plays an important role in proteolytic processes in the kidney, cardiovascular regulation, immune response, cell proliferation, foetal development etc. It is an important neuropeptidase and amyloid-degrading enzyme which makes NEP a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Moreover, it plays a preventive role in development of cancer, obesity and type-2 diabetes. Recently a role of NEP in COVID-19 pathogenesis has also been suggested. Despite intensive research into NEP structure and functions in different organisms, changes in its expression and regulation during brain development and ageing, especially in age-related pathologies, is still not fully understood. This prevents development of pharmacological treatments from various diseases in which NEP is implicated although recently a dual-acting drug sacubitril-valsartan (LCZ696) combining a NEP inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker has been approved for treatment of heart failure. Also, various natural compounds capable of upregulating NEP expression, including green tea (EGCG), have been proposed as a preventive medicine in prostate cancer and AD. This review summarizes the existing literature and our own research on the expression and activity of NEP in normal brain development, ageing and under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Nalivaeva
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - I A Zhuravin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A J Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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13
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Mohammed El Tabaa M, Mohammed El Tabaa M. Targeting Neprilysin (NEP) pathways: A potential new hope to defeat COVID-19 ghost. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114057. [PMID: 32470547 PMCID: PMC7250789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an ongoing viral pandemic disease that is caused by SARS-CoV2, inducing severe pneumonia in humans. However, several classes of repurposed drugs have been recommended, no specific vaccines or effective therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 are developed till now. Viral dependence on ACE-2, as entry receptors, drove the researchers into RAS impact on COVID-19 pathogenesis. Several evidences have pointed at Neprilysin (NEP) as one of pulmonary RAS components. Considering the protective effect of NEP against pulmonary inflammatory reactions and fibrosis, it is suggested to direct the future efforts towards its potential role in COVID-19 pathophysiology. Thus, the review aimed to shed light on the potential beneficial effects of NEP pathways as a novel target for COVID-19 therapy by summarizing its possible molecular mechanisms. Additional experimental and clinical studies explaining more the relationships between NEP and COVID-19 will greatly benefit in designing the future treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Mohammed El Tabaa
- Pharmacology & Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Studies & Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Egypt.
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14
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Analyzing microglial-associated Aβ in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice with a novel mid-domain Aβ-antibody. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10590. [PMID: 32601313 PMCID: PMC7324359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of amyloid-β (Aβ)-degradation and clearance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis have been relatively little studied. Short Aβ-fragments form by enzymatic cleavage and alternate amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)-processing. Here we characterized a novel polyclonal Aβ-antibody raised against an Aβ mid-domain and used it to investigate microglial Aβ-uptake in situ by microscopy at the light- and ultrastructural levels. The rabbit Aβ-mid-domain antibody (ab338), raised against the mid-domain amino acids 21-34 (Aβ21-34), was characterized with biochemical and histological techniques. To identify the epitope in Aβ recognized by ab338, solid phase and solution binding data were compared with peptide folding scores as calculated with the Tango software. The ab338 antibody displayed high average affinity (KD: 6.2 × 10-10 M) and showed preference for C-terminal truncated Aβ-peptides ending at amino acid 34 and Aβ-mid domain peptides with high scores of β-turn structure. In transgenic APP-mouse brain, ab338 labelled amyloid plaques and detected Aβ-fragments in microglia at the ultra- and light microscopic levels. This reinforces a role of microglia/macrophages in Aβ-clearance in vivo. The ab338 antibody might be a valuable tool to study Aβ-clearance by microglial uptake and Aβ-mid-domain peptides generated by enzymatic degradation and alternate production.
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15
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Kulakova A, Indrakumar S, Sønderby Tuelung P, Mahapatra S, Streicher WW, Peters GHJ, Harris P. Albumin-neprilysin fusion protein: understanding stability using small angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamic simulations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10089. [PMID: 32572086 PMCID: PMC7308280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion technology is widely used in protein-drug development to increase activity, stability, and bioavailability of protein therapeutics. Fusion proteins, like any other type of biopharmaceuticals, need to remain stable during production and storage. Due to the high complexity and additional intramolecular interactions, it is not possible to predict the behavior of fusion proteins based on the behavior the individual proteins. Therefore, understanding the stability of fusion proteins on the molecular level is crucial for the development of biopharmaceuticals. The current study on the albumin-neprilysin (HSA-NEP) fusion protein uses a combination of thermal and chemical unfolding with small angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations to show a correlation between decreasing stability and increasing repulsive interactions, which is unusual for most biopharmaceuticals. It is also seen that HSA-NEP is not fully flexible: it is present in both compact and extended conformations. Additionally, the volume fraction of each conformation changes with pH. Finally, the presence of NaCl and arginine increases stability at pH 6.5, but decreases stability at pH 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kulakova
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Sowmya Indrakumar
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Pernille Sønderby Tuelung
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | | | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 207, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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16
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Hornung K, Zampar S, Engel N, Klafki H, Liepold T, Bayer TA, Wiltfang J, Jahn O, Wirths O. N-Terminal Truncated Aβ4-42 Is a Substrate for Neprilysin Degradation in vitro and in vivo. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:849-858. [PMID: 30664509 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides seems to account for enhanced Aβ accumulation. The metalloprotease neprilysin (NEP) is an important Aβ degrading enzyme as shown by a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies. While the degradation of full-length Aβ peptides such as Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 is well established, it is less clear whether NEP is also capable of degrading N-terminally truncated Aβ species such as the common variant Aβ4-42. In the present report, we confirmed the degradation of Aβ4-x species by neprilysin using in vitro digestion and subsequent analysis using gel-based assays and mass spectrometry. By crossing Tg4-42 mice expressing only Aβ4-42 peptides with homozygous NEP-knock-out mice (NEP-/-), we were able to demonstrate that NEP deficiency increased hippocampal intraneuronal Aβ levels and aggravated neuron loss in the Tg4-42 transgenic mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hornung
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Engel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Liepold
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics Group, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Goettingen, Germany.,Department of iBiMED, Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics Group, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
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17
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Alam J, Sharma L. Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer's: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:316-339. [PMID: 30124150 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180820104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, a degenerative cause of the brain cells, is called as a progressive neurodegenerative disease and appears to have a heterogeneous etiology with main emphasis on amyloid-cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau-cascade hypotheses, that are directly linked with macromolecules called enzymes such as β- & γ-secretases, colinesterases, transglutaminases, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk-5), microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK). The catalytic activity of the above enzymes is the result of cognitive deficits, memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction and loss, and ultimately neuronal death. However, some other enzymes also lead to these dysfunctional events when reduced to their normal activities and levels in the brain, such as α- secretase, protein kinase C, phosphatases etc; metabolized to neurotransmitters, enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) etc. or these abnormalities can occur when enzymes act by other mechanisms such as phosphodiesterase reduces brain nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) levels, phospholipase A2: PLA2 is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production etc. On therapeutic fronts, several significant clinical trials are underway by targeting different enzymes for development of new therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's, such as inhibitors for β-secretase, GSK-3, MAO, phosphodiesterase, PLA2, cholinesterases etc, modulators of α- & γ-secretase activities and activators for protein kinase C, sirtuins etc. The last decades have perceived an increasing focus on findings and search for new putative and novel enzymatic targets for Alzheimer's. Here, we review the functions, pathological roles, and worth of almost all the Alzheimer's associated enzymes that address to therapeutic strategies and preventive approaches for treatment of Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
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18
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Wirths O, Zampar S. Emerging roles of N- and C-terminally truncated Aβ species in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:991-1004. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1702972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Feygina EE, Katrukha AG, Semenov AG. Neutral Endopeptidase (Neprilysin) in Therapy and Diagnostics: Yin and Yang. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1346-1358. [PMID: 31760922 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is a zinc-dependent metalloproteinase that exists in organisms in both transmembrane and soluble forms. NEP substrates are involved in regulating the cardiovascular and nervous systems. In this review, we discuss some of the biochemical characteristics and physiological functions of this enzyme with special emphasis on the use of NEP as a therapeutic target. The history and various physiological aspects of applying NEP inhibitors for treating heart failure and attempts to increase NEP activity when treating Alzheimer's disease using gene and cell therapies are described. Another important issue discussed is the role of NEP as a potential marker for predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease complications. The diagnostic and prognostic performance of soluble NEP in various types of heart failure is analyzed and presented. We also discuss the methods and approaches for measuring NEP activity for prognosis and diagnosis, as well as a possible new role of natriuretic peptides (NEP substrates) in cardiovascular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Feygina
- HyTest Ltd., Turku, 20520, Finland. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A G Katrukha
- HyTest Ltd., Turku, 20520, Finland.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A G Semenov
- HyTest Ltd., Turku, 20520, Finland.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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20
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Moss S, Subramanian V, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of peptide-bound neprilysin reveals key binding interactions. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:327-336. [PMID: 31514225 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is a promiscuous zinc metalloprotease with broad substrate specificity and cleaves a remarkable diversity of substrates through endopeptidase action. Two of these - amyloid-β and natriuretic peptides - implicate the enzyme in both Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease, respectively. Here, we report the creation of a catalytically inactive NEP (E584D) to determine the first peptide-bound crystal structure at 2.6 Å resolution. The structure reveals key interactions involved in substrate binding which we have identified to be conserved in other known zinc metalloproteases. In addition, the structure provides evidence for a potential exosite within the central cavity that may play a critical role in substrate positioning. Together, these results contribute to our understanding of the molecular function of NEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Moss
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, University of Bath, UK
| | - Vasanta Subramanian
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, University of Bath, UK
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Claverton Down, University of Bath, UK
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21
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Nalivaeva NN, Turner AJ. Targeting amyloid clearance in Alzheimer's disease as a therapeutic strategy. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3447-3463. [PMID: 30710367 PMCID: PMC6715594 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide cascade has been at the heart of therapeutic developments in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research for more than 25 years, yet no successful drugs have reached the marketplace based on this hypothesis. Nevertheless, the genetic and other evidence remains strong, if not overwhelming, that Aβ is central to the disease process. Most attention has focused on the biosynthesis of Aβ from its precursor protein through the successive actions of the β- and γ-secretases leading to the development of inhibitors of these membrane proteases. However, the levels of Aβ are maintained through a balance of its biosynthesis and clearance, which occurs both through further proteolysis by a family of amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) and by a variety of transport processes. The development of late-onset AD appears to arise from a failure of these clearance mechanisms rather than by overproduction of the peptide. This review focuses on the nature of these clearance mechanisms, particularly the various proteases known to be involved, and their regulation and potential as therapeutic targets in AD drug development. The majority of the ADEs are zinc metalloproteases [e.g., the neprilysin (NEP) family, insulin-degrading enzyme, and angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE)]. Strategies for up-regulating the expression and activity of these enzymes, such as genetic, epigenetic, stem cell technology, and other pharmacological approaches, will be highlighted. Modifiable physiological mechanisms affecting the efficiency of Aβ clearance, including brain perfusion, obesity, diabetes, and sleep, will also be outlined. These new insights provide optimism for future therapeutic developments in AD research. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Nalivaeva
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathology of CNSI.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RASSt. PetersburgRussia
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22
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Grimmer T, Goldhardt O, Yakushev I, Ortner M, Sorg C, Diehl-Schmid J, Förstl H, Kurz A, Perneczky R, Miners S. Associations of Neprilysin Activity in CSF with Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2019; 19:43-50. [DOI: 10.1159/000500811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neprilysin (NEP) cleaves amyloid-β 1–42 (Aβ42) in the brain. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the effect of NEP on Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and on in vivo brain amyloid load using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]PiB (Pittsburgh compound B). In addition, associations with the biomarkers for neuronal injury, CSF-tau and FDG-PET, were investigated. Methods: Associations were calculated using global and voxel-based (SPM8) linear regression analyses in the same cohort of 23 highly characterized Alzheimer’s disease patients. Results: CSF-NEP was significantly inversely associated with CSF-Aβ42 and positively with the extent of neuronal injury as measured by CSF-tau and FDG-PET. Conclusions: Our results on CSF-NEP are compatible with the assumption that local degradation, amongst other mechanisms of amyloid clearance, plays a role in the development of Alzheimer’s pathology. In addition, CSF-NEP is associated with the extent and the rate of neurodegeneration.
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23
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Yang H, Hou T, Wang W, Luo Y, Yan F, Jia J. The Effect of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion on Amyloid-β Metabolism in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease (PS1V97L). J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1609-1621. [PMID: 29614686 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease often coexist. However, it is difficult to determine how chronic cerebral hypoperfusion affects the metabolism of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) in a living patient with AD. Thus, we developed an animal model of this condition, using transgenic mice (PS1V97L) and right common carotid artery ligation to create chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. The metabolic processes associated with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) were observed and evaluated in this PS1V97L plus hypoperfusion model. Compared with control mice, the model revealed significantly upregulated expression of Aβ (including Aβ oligomers), with decreased α-secretase activity and expression and increased β-secretase activity and expression. Furthermore, the model revealed increased mRNA and protein expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and decreased mRNA and protein expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1); both these are Aβ transporters. Moreover, the model revealed decreased activity and expression of neprilysin, which is a peripheral Aβ degrading enzyme. These findings suggest that hypoperfusion may magnify the effect of AD on Aβ metabolism by aggravating its abnormal production, transport, and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Cerebrovascular Disease Research Institute, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
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24
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Mohajeri M, Behnam B, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Carbon nanomaterials and amyloid-beta interactions: potentials for the detection and treatment of Alzheimer's disease? Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:186-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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25
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Walter S, Jumpertz T, Hüttenrauch M, Ogorek I, Gerber H, Storck SE, Zampar S, Dimitrov M, Lehmann S, Lepka K, Berndt C, Wiltfang J, Becker-Pauly C, Beher D, Pietrzik CU, Fraering PC, Wirths O, Weggen S. The metalloprotease ADAMTS4 generates N-truncated Aβ4-x species and marks oligodendrocytes as a source of amyloidogenic peptides in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:239-257. [PMID: 30426203 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain accumulation and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is a critical step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Full-length Aβ peptides (mainly Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) are produced through sequential proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretases. However, studies of autopsy brain samples from AD patients have demonstrated that a large fraction of insoluble Aβ peptides are truncated at the N-terminus, with Aβ4-x peptides being particularly abundant. Aβ4-x peptides are highly aggregation prone, but their origin and any proteases involved in their generation are unknown. We have identified a recognition site for the secreted metalloprotease ADAMTS4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) in the Aβ peptide sequence, which facilitates Aβ4-x peptide generation. Inducible overexpression of ADAMTS4 in HEK293 cells resulted in the secretion of Aβ4-40 but unchanged levels of Aβ1-x peptides. In the 5xFAD mouse model of amyloidosis, Aβ4-x peptides were present not only in amyloid plaque cores and vessel walls, but also in white matter structures co-localized with axonal APP. In the ADAMTS4-/- knockout background, Aβ4-40 levels were reduced confirming a pivotal role of ADAMTS4 in vivo. Surprisingly, in the adult murine brain, ADAMTS4 was exclusively expressed in oligodendrocytes. Cultured oligodendrocytes secreted a variety of Aβ species, but Aβ4-40 peptides were absent in cultures derived from ADAMTS4-/- mice indicating that the enzyme was essential for Aβ4-x production in this cell type. These findings establish an enzymatic mechanism for the generation of Aβ4-x peptides. They further identify oligodendrocytes as a source of these highly amyloidogenic Aβ peptides.
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Bossak-Ahmad K, Mital M, Płonka D, Drew SC, Bal W. Oligopeptides Generated by Neprilysin Degradation of β-Amyloid Have the Highest Cu(II) Affinity in the Whole Aβ Family. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:932-943. [PMID: 30582328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The catabolism of β-amyloid (Aβ) is carried out by numerous endopeptidases including neprilysin, which hydrolyzes peptide bonds preceding positions 4, 10, and 12 to yield Aβ4-9 and a minor Aβ12- x species. Alternative processing of the amyloid precursor protein by β-secretase also generates the Aβ11- x species. All these peptides contain a Xxx-Yyy-His sequence, also known as an ATCUN or NTS motif, making them strong chelators of Cu(II) ions. We synthesized the corresponding peptides, Phe-Arg-His-Asp-Ser-Gly-OH (Aβ4-9), Glu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (Aβ11-16), Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (Aβ12-16), and pGlu-Val-His-His-Gln-Lys-am (pAβ11-16), and investigated their Cu(II) binding properties using potentiometry, and UV-vis, circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. We found that the three peptides with unmodified N-termini formed square-planar Cu(II) complexes at pH 7.4 with analogous geometries but significantly varied Kd values of 6.6 fM (Aβ4-9), 9.5 fM (Aβ12-16), and 1.8 pM (Aβ11-16). Cyclization of the N-terminal Glu11 residue to the pyroglutamate species pAβ11-16 dramatically reduced the affinity (5.8 nM). The Cu(II) affinities of Aβ4-9 and Aβ12-16 are the highest among the Cu(II) complexes of Aβ peptides. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the Cu(II) exchange between the Phe-Arg-His and Val-His-His motifs is very slow, on the order of days. These results are discussed in terms of the relevance of Aβ4-9, a major Cu(II) binding Aβ fragment generated by neprilysin, as a possible Cu(II) carrier in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Bossak-Ahmad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Mariusz Mital
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Dawid Płonka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Simon C Drew
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , 02-106 Warsaw , Poland
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27
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Alzheimer's Aβ
1‐40
peptide degradation by thermolysin: evidence of inhibition by a C‐terminal Aβ product. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:128-137. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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28
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Neprilysin degrades murine Amyloid-β (Aβ) more efficiently than human Aβ: Further implication for species-specific amyloid accumulation. Neurosci Lett 2018; 686:74-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Maarouf CL, Walker JE, Sue LI, Dugger BN, Beach TG, Serrano GE. Impaired hepatic amyloid-beta degradation in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203659. [PMID: 30192871 PMCID: PMC6128628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research strongly suggests that amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregates in the brain have a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Pathological Aβ deposition is likely due to an altered balance between overproduction and elimination. Rodent studies have suggested that the liver has a major role in Aβ degradation. It is possible alterations of liver function could affect brain Aβ levels through changes in blood Aβ concentration. In this study, we hypothesized hepatic Aβ degradation to be impaired in AD subjects. To test our hypothesis, an Aβ degradation assay was developed using synthetic fluorescein-labeled Aβ40 and Aβ42 spiked into human liver homogenates. Aβ degradation rates were lower in AD-derived homogenates as compared with those from non-demented (ND) control subjects, even after accounting for such covariates as age, sex, and APOE genotype. The protein expression of potential Aβ-degrading enzymes were also examined. Neprilysin levels were not different in AD liver samples, while cathepsin D and insulin-degrading enzyme were significantly altered in AD subjects. The results support the possibility that impaired hepatic Aβ degradation could be a factor contributing to increased brain Aβ accumulation and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chera L. Maarouf
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Walker
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States of America
| | - Lucia I. Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States of America
| | - Brittany N. Dugger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States of America
| | - Geidy E. Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States of America
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30
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Lanza V, Bellia F, Rizzarelli E. An inorganic overview of natural Aβ fragments: Copper(II) and zinc(II)-mediated pathways. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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High resolution crystal structure of substrate-free human neprilysin. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:19-25. [PMID: 29906506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin is a transmembrane M13 zinc metalloprotease responsible for the degradation of several biologically active peptides including insulin, enkephalin, substance P, bradykinin, endothelin-1, neurotensin and amyloid-β. The protein has received attention for its role in modulating blood pressure responses with its inhibition producing an antihypertensive response. To date, several inhibitor bound crystal structures of the human neprilysin extracellular domain have been determined, but, a structure free of bound inhibitor or substrate has yet to be reported. Here, we report the first crystal structure free of substrate or inhibitor for the extracellular catalytic domain of human neprilysin at 1.9 Å resolution. This structure will provide a reference point for comparisons to future inhibitor or substrate bound structures. The neprilysin structure also reveals that a closed protein conformation can be adopted in protein crystals absent of bound substrate or inhibitor.
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32
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Mital M, Bal W, Frączyk T, Drew SC. Interplay between Copper, Neprilysin, and N-Truncation of β-Amyloid. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6193-6197. [PMID: 29774745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an inefficient clearance of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide from the central nervous system. The protein levels and activity of the Zn2+-dependent endopeptidase neprilysin (NEP) inversely correlate with brain Aβ levels during aging and in AD. The present study considered the ability of Cu2+ ions to inhibit human recombinant NEP and the role for NEP in generating N-truncated Aβ fragments with high-affinity Cu2+ binding motifs that can prevent this inhibition. Divalent copper noncompetitively inhibited NEP ( Ki = 1.0 μM), while proteolysis of Aβ yielded the soluble, Aβ4-9 fragment that can bind Cu2+ with femtomolar affinity at pH 7.4. This provides Aβ4-9 with the potential to act as a Cu2+ carrier and to mediate its own production by preventing NEP inhibition. Enzyme inhibition at high Zn2+ concentrations ( Ki = 20 μM) further suggests a mechanism for modulating NEP activity, Aβ4-9 production, and Cu2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Mital
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.,Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Simon C Drew
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital) , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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33
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Li H, Sun X, Yu F, Xu L, Miu J, Xiao P. In Silico Investigation of the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Beneficial Effects of Ginkgo biloba L. on Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050589. [PMID: 29747475 PMCID: PMC5986469 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on compelling experimental and clinical evidence, Ginkgo biloba L. exerts a beneficial effect in ameliorating mild to moderate dementia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurological disorders, although the pharmacological mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, compounds, their putative target proteins identified using an inverse docking approach, and clinically tested AD-related target proteins were systematically integrated together with applicable bioinformatics methods in silico. The results suggested that the beneficial effects of G. biloba on AD may be contributed by the regulation of hormone sensitivity, improvements in endocrine homeostasis, maintenance of endothelial microvascular integrity, and proteolysis of tau proteins, particularly prior to amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaque formation. Moreover, we identified six putative protein targets that are significantly related to AD, but have not been researched or have had only preliminary studies conducted on the anti-AD effects of G. biloba. These mechanisms and protein targets are very significant for future scientific research. In addition, the existing mechanisms were also verified, such as the reduction of oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic effects, and protective effects against amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation. The discoveries summarized here may provide a macroscopic perspective that will improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of medicinal plants or dietary supplements, as well as new clues for the future development of therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fan Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jianhua Miu
- Guangxi Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Nanning, 189 Changgang Road, Nanning 520023, China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, 151 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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34
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Kizuka Y, Kitazume S, Taniguchi N. N -glycan and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2447-2454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Brzdak P, Nowak D, Wiera G, Mozrzymas JW. Multifaceted Roles of Metzincins in CNS Physiology and Pathology: From Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:178. [PMID: 28713245 PMCID: PMC5491558 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and membrane proteolysis play a key role in structural and functional synaptic plasticity associated with development and learning. A growing body of evidence underscores the multifaceted role of members of the metzincin superfamily, including metalloproteinases (MMPs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTSs) and astacins in physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). The expression and activity of metzincins are strictly controlled at different levels (e.g., through the regulation of translation, limited activation in the extracellular space, the binding of endogenous inhibitors and interactions with other proteins). Thus, unsurprising is that the dysregulation of proteolytic activity, especially the greater expression and activation of metzincins, is associated with neurodegenerative disorders that are considered synaptopathies, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). We review current knowledge of the functions of metzincins in the development of AD, mainly the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein, the degradation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide and several pathways for Aβ clearance across brain barriers (i.e., blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB)) that contain specific receptors that mediate the uptake of Aβ peptide. Controlling the proteolytic activity of metzincins in Aβ-induced pathological changes in AD patients' brains may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Brzdak
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Nowak
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wiera
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Wroclaw UniversityWroclaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical UniversityWroclaw, Poland
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36
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Valls-Comamala V, Guivernau B, Bonet J, Puig M, Perálvarez-Marín A, Palomer E, Fernàndez-Busquets X, Altafaj X, Tajes M, Puig-Pijoan A, Vicente R, Oliva B, Muñoz FJ. The antigen-binding fragment of human gamma immunoglobulin prevents amyloid β-peptide folding into β-sheet to form oligomers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:41154-41165. [PMID: 28467807 PMCID: PMC5522293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ) plays a leading role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) physiopathology. Even though monomeric forms of Aβ are harmless to cells, Aβ can aggregate into β-sheet oligomers and fibrils, which are both neurotoxic. Therefore, one of the main therapeutic approaches to cure or delay AD onset and progression is targeting Aβ aggregation. In the present study, we show that a pool of human gamma immunoglobulins (IgG) protected cortical neurons from the challenge with Aβ oligomers, as assayed by MTT reduction, caspase-3 activation and cytoskeleton integrity. In addition, we report the inhibitory effect of IgG on Aβ aggregation, as shown by Thioflavin T assay, size exclusion chromatography and atomic force microscopy. Similar results were obtained with Palivizumab, a human anti-sincitial virus antibody. In order to dissect the important domains, we cleaved the pool of human IgG with papain to obtain Fab and Fc fragments. Using these cleaved fragments, we functionally identified Fab as the immunoglobulin fragment inhibiting Aβ aggregation, a result that was further confirmed by an in silico structural model. Interestingly, bioinformatic tools show a highly conserved structure able to bind amyloid in the Fab region. Overall, our data strongly support the inhibitory effect of human IgG on Aβ aggregation and its neuroprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victòria Valls-Comamala
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Biuse Guivernau
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bonet
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics (GRIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Puig
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Unitat de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Palomer
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) - Unit of Neuropharmacology and Pain, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tajes
- Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Puig-Pijoan
- Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar-IMIM-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baldomero Oliva
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics (GRIB), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Drew SC. The Case for Abandoning Therapeutic Chelation of Copper Ions in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:317. [PMID: 28626387 PMCID: PMC5455140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The "therapeutic chelation" approach to treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) evolved from the metals hypothesis, with the premise that small molecules can be designed to prevent transition metal-induced amyloid deposition and oxidative stress within the AD brain. Over more than 20 years, countless in vitro studies have been devoted to characterizing metal binding, its effect on Aβ aggregation, ROS production, and in vitro toxicity. Despite a lack of evidence for any clinical benefit, the conjecture that therapeutic chelation is an effective approach for treating AD remains widespread. Here, the author plays the devil's advocate, questioning the experimental evidence, the dogma, and the value of therapeutic chelation, with a major focus on copper ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Drew
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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38
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The effect of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, sacubitril/valsartan, on central nervous system amyloid-β concentrations and clearance in the cynomolgus monkey. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 323:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Mazzitelli S, Filipello F, Rasile M, Lauranzano E, Starvaggi-Cucuzza C, Tamborini M, Pozzi D, Barajon I, Giorgino T, Natalello A, Matteoli M. Amyloid-β 1-24 C-terminal truncated fragment promotes amyloid-β 1-42 aggregate formation in the healthy brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:110. [PMID: 27724899 PMCID: PMC5057504 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial data indicate that amyloid-β (Aβ), the major component of senile plaques, plays a central role in Alzheimer’s Disease and indeed the assembly of naturally occurring amyloid peptides into cytotoxic aggregates is linked to the disease pathogenesis. Although Aβ42 is a highly aggregating form of Aβ, the co-occurrence of shorter Aβ peptides might affect the aggregation potential of the Aβ pool. In this study we aimed to assess whether the structural behavior of human Aβ42 peptide inside the brain is influenced by the concomitant presence of N-terminal fragments produced by the proteolytic activity of glial cells. We show that the occurrence of the human C-terminal truncated 1–24 Aβ fragment impairs Aβ42 clearance through blood brain barrier and promotes the formation of Aβ42 aggregates even in the healthy brain. By showing that Aβ1-24 has seeding properties for aggregate formation in intracranially injected wild type mice, our study provide the proof-of-concept that peptides produced upon Aβ42 cleavage by activated glial cells may cause phenotypic defects even in the absence of genetic mutations associated with Alzheimer’s Disease, possibly contributing to the development of the sporadic form of the pathology.
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40
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Auer-Grumbach M, Toegel S, Schabhüttl M, Weinmann D, Chiari C, Bennett D, Beetz C, Klein D, Andersen P, Böhme I, Fink-Puches R, Gonzalez M, Harms M, Motley W, Reilly M, Renner W, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Schlotter-Weigel B, Themistocleous A, Weishaupt J, Ludolph A, Wieland T, Tao F, Abreu L, Windhager R, Zitzelsberger M, Strom T, Walther T, Scherer S, Züchner S, Martini R, Senderek J. Rare Variants in MME, Encoding Metalloprotease Neprilysin, Are Linked to Late-Onset Autosomal-Dominant Axonal Polyneuropathies. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:607-623. [PMID: 27588448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal polyneuropathies are a frequent cause of progressive disability in the elderly. Common etiologies comprise diabetes mellitus, paraproteinaemia, and inflammatory disorders, but often the underlying causes remain elusive. Late-onset axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT2) is an autosomal-dominantly inherited condition that manifests in the second half of life and is genetically largely unexplained. We assumed age-dependent penetrance of mutations in a so far unknown gene causing late-onset CMT2. We screened 51 index case subjects with late-onset CMT2 for mutations by whole-exome (WES) and Sanger sequencing and subsequently queried WES repositories for further case subjects carrying mutations in the identified candidate gene. We studied nerve pathology and tissue levels and function of the abnormal protein in order to explore consequences of the mutations. Altogether, we observed heterozygous rare loss-of-function and missense mutations in MME encoding the metalloprotease neprilysin in 19 index case subjects diagnosed with axonal polyneuropathies or neurodegenerative conditions involving the peripheral nervous system. MME mutations segregated in an autosomal-dominant fashion with age-related incomplete penetrance and some affected individuals were isolated case subjects. We also found that MME mutations resulted in strongly decreased tissue availability of neprilysin and impaired enzymatic activity. Although neprilysin is known to degrade β-amyloid, we observed no increased amyloid deposition or increased incidence of dementia in individuals with MME mutations. Detection of MME mutations is expected to increase the diagnostic yield in late-onset polyneuropathies, and it will be tempting to explore whether substances that can elevate neprilysin activity could be a rational option for treatment.
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Structure of amyloid oligomers and their mechanisms of toxicities: Targeting amyloid oligomers using novel therapeutic approaches. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:41-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Langenickel TH, Tsubouchi C, Ayalasomayajula S, Pal P, Valentin M, Hinder M, Jhee S, Gevorkyan H, Rajman I. The effect of LCZ696 (sacubitril/valsartan) on amyloid-β concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 81:878-90. [PMID: 26663387 PMCID: PMC4834603 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS LCZ696 (angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor) is a novel drug developed for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Neprilysin is one of multiple enzymes degrading amyloid-β (Aβ). Its inhibition may increase Aβ levels. The potential exists that treatment of LCZ696, through the inhibition of neprilysin by LBQ657 (an LCZ696 metabolite), may result in accumulation of Aβ. The aim of this study was to assess the blood-brain-barrier penetration of LBQ657 and the potential effects of LCZ696 on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Aβ isoforms in healthy human volunteers. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, parallel group, placebo-controlled study, healthy subjects received once daily LCZ696 (400 mg, n = 21) or placebo (n = 22) for 14 days. RESULTS LCZ696 had no significant effect on CSF AUEC(0,36 h) of the aggregable Aβ species 1-42 or 1-40 compared with placebo (estimated treatment ratios 0.98 [95% CI 0.73, 1.34; P = 0.919] and 1.05 [95% CI 0.82, 1.34; P = 0.702], respectively). A 42% increase in CSF AUEC(0,36 h) of soluble Aβ 1-38 was observed (estimated treatment ratio 1.42 [95% CI 1.05, 1.91; P = 0.023]). CSF levels of LBQ657 and CSF Aβ 1-42, 1-40, and 1-38 concentrations were not related (r(2) values 0.022, 0.010, and 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS LCZ696 did not cause changes in CSF levels of aggregable Aβ isoforms (1-42 and 1-40) compared with placebo, despite achieving CSF concentrations of LBQ657 sufficient to inhibit neprilysin. The clinical relevance of the increase in soluble CSF Aβ 1-38 is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Langenickel
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | - Chiaki Tsubouchi
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | - Surya Ayalasomayajula
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsNovartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchEast HanoverNew JerseyUSA
| | - Parasar Pal
- Biostatistical Sciences, Integrated Development Functions and RegionsNovartis Healthcare Pvt LtdHyderabadIndia
| | - Marie‐Anne Valentin
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | - Markus Hinder
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Hakop Gevorkyan
- California Clinical Trials Medical Group in Affiliation with PAREXEL InternationalGlendaleCaliforniaUSA
| | - Iris Rajman
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
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Hubin E, Cioffi F, Rozenski J, van Nuland NAJ, Broersen K. Characterization of insulin-degrading enzyme-mediated cleavage of Aβ in distinct aggregation states. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1281-90. [PMID: 26968463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To enhance our understanding of the potential therapeutic utility of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we studied in vitro IDE-mediated degradation of different amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide aggregation states. Our findings show that IDE activity is driven by the dynamic equilibrium between Aβ monomers and higher ordered aggregates. We identify Met(35)-Val(36) as a novel IDE cleavage site in the Aβ sequence and show that Aβ fragments resulting from IDE cleavage form non-toxic amorphous aggregates. These findings need to be taken into account in therapeutic strategies designed to increase Aβ clearance in AD patients by modulating IDE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Hubin
- Nanobiophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Nanobiophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico A J van Nuland
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Nanobiophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Jha NK, Jha SK, Kumar D, Kejriwal N, Sharma R, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Impact of Insulin Degrading Enzyme and Neprilysin in Alzheimer’s Disease Biology: Characterization of Putative Cognates for Therapeutic Applications. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:891-917. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Noopur Kejriwal
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Renu Sharma
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Rashmi K. Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, India
- Department of Neurology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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New Insights into Epigenetic and Pharmacological Regulation of Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:620-30. [PMID: 26376806 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1703-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Currently, deficit of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) clearance from the brain is considered as one of the possible causes of amyloid accumulation and neuronal death in the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ clearance can involve either specific proteases present in the brain or Aβ-binding/transport proteins. Among amyloid-degrading enzymes the most intensively studied are neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). Since ageing and development of brain pathologies is often accompanied by a deficit in the levels of expression and activity of these enzymes in the brain, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms involved in their regulation. We have recently reported that NEP and also an Aβ-transport protein, transthyretin are epigenetically co-regulated by the APP intracellular domain (AICD) and this regulation depends on the cell type and APP695 isoform expression in a process that can be regulated by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gleevec. We have now extended our work and shown that, unlike NEP, another amyloid-degrading enzyme, IDE, is not related to over-expression of APP695 in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells but is up-regulated by APP751 and APP770 isoforms independently of AICD but correlating with reduced HDAC1 binding to its promoter. Studying the effect of the nuclear retinoid X receptor agonist, bexarotene, on NEP and IDE expression, we have found that both enzymes can be up-regulated by this compound but this mechanism is not APP-isoform specific and does not involve AICD but, on the contrary, affects HDAC1 occupancy on the NEP gene promoter. These new insights into the mechanisms of NEP and IDE regulation suggest possible pharmacological targets in developing AD therapies.
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Barage SH, Sonawane KD. Amyloid cascade hypothesis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:1-18. [PMID: 26149638 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Various therapeutic approaches are being used to improve the cholinergic neurotransmission, but their role in AD pathogenesis is still unknown. Although, an increase in tau protein concentration in CSF has been described in AD, but several issues remains unclear. Extensive and accurate analysis of CSF could be helpful to define presence of tau proteins in physiological conditions, or released during the progression of neurodegenerative disease. The amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that the neurodegeneration in AD caused by abnormal accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in various areas of the brain. The amyloid hypothesis has continued to gain support over the last two decades, particularly from genetic studies. Therefore, current research progress in several areas of therapies shall provide an effective treatment to cure this devastating disease. This review critically evaluates general biochemical and physiological functions of Aβ directed therapeutics and their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar H Barage
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India
| | - Kailas D Sonawane
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India; Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India.
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Oberstein TJ, Spitzer P, Klafki HW, Linning P, Neff F, Knölker HJ, Lewczuk P, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J, Maler JM. Astrocytes and microglia but not neurons preferentially generate N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 73:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Nalivaeva NN, Belyaev ND, Kerridge C, Turner AJ. Amyloid-clearing proteins and their epigenetic regulation as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:235. [PMID: 25278875 PMCID: PMC4166351 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal elevation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) levels in the brain is the primary trigger for neuronal cell death specific to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is now evident that Aβ levels in the brain are manipulable due to a dynamic equilibrium between its production from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and removal by amyloid clearance proteins. Clearance can be either enzymic or non-enzymic (binding/transport proteins). Intriguingly several of the main amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) are members of the M13 peptidase family (neprilysin (NEP), NEP2 and the endothelin converting enzymes (ECE-1 and -2)). A distinct metallopeptidase, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), also contributes to Aβ degradation in the brain. The ADE family currently embraces more than 20 members, both membrane-bound and soluble, and of differing cellular locations. NEP plays an important role in brain function terminating neuropeptide signals. Its decrease in specific brain areas with age or after hypoxia, ischaemia or stroke contribute significantly to the development of AD pathology. The recently discovered mechanism of epigenetic regulation of NEP (and other genes) by the APP intracellular domain (AICD) and its dependence on the cell type and APP isoform expression suggest possibilities for selective manipulation of NEP gene expression in neuronal cells. We have also observed that another amyloid-clearing protein, namely transthyretin (TTR), is also regulated in the neuronal cell by a mechanism similar to NEP. Dependence of amyloid clearance proteins on histone deacetylases and the ability of HDAC inhibitors to up-regulate their expression in the brain opens new avenues for developing preventive strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Nalivaeva
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK ; I.M.Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolai D Belyaev
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK
| | - Caroline Kerridge
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK ; Neurodegeneration DHT, Lilly, Erl Wood Manor Windlesham, Surrey, UK
| | - Anthony J Turner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leed, UK
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49
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Marr RA, Hafez DM. Amyloid-beta and Alzheimer's disease: the role of neprilysin-2 in amyloid-beta clearance. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:187. [PMID: 25165447 PMCID: PMC4131500 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is a central factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis as supported by continuing evidence. This review concisely summarizes this evidence supporting a critical role for Aβ in AD before discussing the clearance of this peptide. Mechanisms of clearance of Aβ are critical for preventing pathological elevations in Aβ concentration. Direct degradation of Aβ by endopeptidases has emerged as one important pathway for clearance. Of particular interest are endopeptidases that are sensitive to the neprilysin (NEP) inhibitors thiorphan and phosphoramidon (i.e., are "NEP-like") as these inhibitors induce a dramatic increase in Aβ levels in rodents. This review will focus on neprilysin-2 (NEP2), a NEP-like endopeptidase which cooperates with NEP to control Aβ levels in the brain. The evidence for the involvement of NEP2 in AD is discussed as well as the therapeutic relevance with regards to gene therapy and the development of molecular markers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Hafez
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
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50
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Webster CI, Burrell M, Olsson LL, Fowler SB, Digby S, Sandercock A, Snijder A, Tebbe J, Haupts U, Grudzinska J, Jermutus L, Andersson C. Engineering neprilysin activity and specificity to create a novel therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104001. [PMID: 25089527 PMCID: PMC4121237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neprilysin is a transmembrane zinc metallopeptidase that degrades a wide range of peptide substrates. It has received attention as a potential therapy for Alzheimer’s disease due to its ability to degrade the peptide amyloid beta. However, its broad range of peptide substrates has the potential to limit its therapeutic use due to degradation of additional peptides substrates that tightly regulate many physiological processes. We sought to generate a soluble version of the ectodomain of neprilysin with improved activity and specificity towards amyloid beta as a potential therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease. Extensive amino acid substitutions were performed at positions surrounding the active site and inner surface of the enzyme and variants screened for activity on amyloid beta 1–40, 1–42 and a variety of other physiologically relevant peptides. We identified several mutations that modulated and improved both enzyme selectivity and intrinsic activity. Neprilysin variant G399V/G714K displayed an approximately 20-fold improved activity on amyloid beta 1–40 and up to a 3,200-fold reduction in activity on other peptides. Along with the altered peptide substrate specificity, the mutant enzyme produced a markedly altered series of amyloid beta cleavage products compared to the wild-type enzyme. Crystallisation of the mutant enzyme revealed that the amino acid substitutions result in alteration of the shape and size of the pocket containing the active site compared to the wild-type enzyme. The mutant enzyme offers the potential for the more efficient degradation of amyloid beta in vivo as a therapeutic for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl I. Webster
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Burrell
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan B. Fowler
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Digby
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Sandercock
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R & D, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Tebbe
- Global Drug Discovery, Global Biologics, Bayer HealthCare AG, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Haupts
- Global Drug Discovery, Global Biologics, Bayer HealthCare AG, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joanna Grudzinska
- Global Drug Discovery, Global Biologics, Bayer HealthCare AG, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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