1
|
Abstract
Psychologists have traditionally focused on the problems experienced by what constitutes a minority of adolescents. In this article, attention has been directed to the optimal development of adolescents' potential across six domains: biological, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, and vocational. Criteria are proposed and consideration is given to the role that counseling psychologists can play in enhancing the development of individuals in the 12- to 18-year-old age group.
Collapse
|
2
|
Van Dijk ML, Savelberg HHCM, Verboon P, Kirschner PA, De Groot RHM. Decline in physical activity during adolescence is not associated with changes in mental health. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:300. [PMID: 27056368 PMCID: PMC4825085 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of studies investigating associations between physical activity and mental health in adolescents have been cross-sectional in design. Potential associations between physical activity and mental health may be better examined longitudinally as physical activity levels tend to decrease in adolescence. Few studies have investigated these associations longitudinally in adolescents and none by measuring physical activity objectively. Methods A total of 158 Dutch adolescents (mean age 13.6 years, 38.6 % boys, grades 7 and 9 at baseline) participated in this longitudinal study. Physical activity, depressive symptoms and self-esteem were measured at baseline and at the 1-year follow-up. Physical activity was objectively measured with an ActivPAL3™ accelerometer during one full week. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). Results were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results Physical activity levels decreased 15.3 % over a 1-year period (p < .001), with significantly (p = .001) greater decreases during grade 7 (-20.7 %) than during grade 9 (-5.0 %). Overall, depressive symptoms decreased (-12.1 %, p < .001) over a 1-year period, while self-esteem did not change significantly (+2.9 %, p = .066). Higher levels of depressive symptoms at baseline predicted a greater decline in depressive symptoms (β = -.51, p < .001) and higher levels of self-esteem at baseline predicted a smaller increase in self-esteem (β = -.48, p < .001). The decline in physical activity did not appear to predict any change in depressive symptoms and self-esteem. Conclusion The decline in physical activity over a 1-year period during adolescence is not associated with a change in mental health. Further studies in adolescents aiming to investigate whether a change in physical activity is associated with a change in mental health should control for baseline levels of mental health and academic year differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Van Dijk
- Welten Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands. .,Fontys Sporthogeschool, School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans H C M Savelberg
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM (School for Nutrition and Translational Metabolic Research), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Verboon
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A Kirschner
- Welten Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Renate H M De Groot
- Welten Institute, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology & Complex Genetics, NUTRIM (School for Nutrition and Translational Metabolic Research), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stojković I. Pubertal timing and self-esteem in adolescents: The mediating role of body-image and social relations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2012.682145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
4
|
Golub MS, Collman GW, Foster PMD, Kimmel CA, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Reiter EO, Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J. Public health implications of altered puberty timing. Pediatrics 2008; 121 Suppl 3:S218-30. [PMID: 18245514 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1813g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in puberty timing have implications for the treatment of individual children, for the risk of later adult disease, and for chemical testing and risk assessment for the population. Children with early puberty are at a risk for accelerated skeletal maturation and short adult height, early sexual debut, potential sexual abuse, and psychosocial difficulties. Altered puberty timing is also of concern for the development of reproductive tract cancers later in life. For example, an early age of menarche is a risk factor for breast cancer. A low age at male puberty is associated with an increased risk for testicular cancer according to several, but not all, epidemiologic studies. Girls and, possibly, boys who exhibit premature adrenarche are at a higher risk for developing features of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood. Altered timing of puberty also has implications for behavioral disorders. For example, an early maturation is associated with a greater incidence of conduct and behavior disorders during adolescence. Finally, altered puberty timing is considered an adverse effect in reproductive toxicity risk assessment for chemicals. Recent US legislation has mandated improved chemical testing approaches for protecting children's health and screening for endocrine-disrupting agents, which has led to changes in the US Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment and toxicity testing guidelines to include puberty-related assessments and to the validation of pubertal male and female rat assays for endocrine screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari S Golub
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Peng CYJ, Nichols RN. Using Multinomial Logistic Models To Predict Adolescent Behavioral Risk. JOURNAL OF MODERN APPLIED STATISTICAL METHODS 2003. [DOI: 10.22237/jmasm/1051748160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
7
|
Polce-Lynch M, Myers BJ, Kliewer W, Kilmartin C. Adolescent Self-Esteem and Gender: Exploring Relations to Sexual Harassment, Body Image, Media Influence, and Emotional Expression. J Youth Adolesc 2001. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1010397809136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
8
|
Quatman T, Watson CM. Gender differences in adolescent self-esteem: an exploration of domains. J Genet Psychol 2001; 162:93-117. [PMID: 11338443 DOI: 10.1080/00221320109597883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between gender and global self-esteem in adolescence, while modest, has been well established, with boys consistently scoring higher than girls. In the present study, we sought to understand gender differences in adolescent self-esteem in terms of its component parts. With a relatively large (n = 545) sample of adolescents, drawn from Grades 8, 10, and 12, we specified 8 domains of adolescent self-esteem (personal security, home/parents, peer popularity, academic competence, attractiveness, personal mastery, psychological permeability, and athletic competence) across a number of different instruments and brought them together into a common assessment superstructure. Gender differences as well as the relative contributions of the different domains to overall self-esteem scores were measured. As predicted, boys attained slightly higher global self-esteem scores than girls did, by a difference of .22 standard deviation units. Contrary to our expectation of more balanced domain effects, boys significantly outperformed girls in 6 of 8 domains, whereas the 2 remaining domains exhibited no significant gender differences. There were no main or interaction effects for grade level. In terms of relative contribution of these domains to global self-esteem for the 2 genders, global self-esteem in boys and girls is predicted in very similar strengths and in the same order of magnitude by identical domains of self-esteem: home/parents, personal security, academic competence, attractiveness, and personal mastery--yielding multiple R2s from .88 to .91.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Quatman
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Education, Santa Clara University, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gray-Little B, Hafdahl AR. Factors influencing racial comparisons of self-esteem: a quantitative review. Psychol Bull 2000; 126:26-54. [PMID: 10668349 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on racial comparisons of self-esteem was examined. Early research in this area, exemplified by the doll studies of racial preference, was viewed as demonstrating that Blacks have less self-regard than Whites. However, a meta-analytic synthesis of 261 comparisons, based largely on self-esteem scales and involving more than half a million respondents, revealed higher scores for Black than for White children, adolescents, and young adults. This analysis further revealed that the direction and magnitude of racial differences are influenced by such demographic characteristics as participant age and socioeconomic status, as well as by characteristics of the measuring instruments. Many findings--for example, that the self-esteem advantage for Black respondents increases with age and is related to the sex composition of the sample--underscore the need for long-term longitudinal studies of self-esteem development in male and female members of both racial groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Gray-Little
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Doswell WM, Millor GK, Thompson H, Braxter B. Self-image and self-esteem in African-American preteen girls: implications for mental health. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1998; 19:71-94. [PMID: 9479103 DOI: 10.1080/016128498249222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current research suggests that pubertal development is occurring earlier in African-American preteen girls in response to familial contextual factors, which may make them vulnerable to low self-image and self-esteem dissatisfaction. This lowering in self-image and self-esteem may contribute to the early initiation of sexual behaviors, putting these girls at risk for pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. These potential risks place these girls in need of prepubertal health promotion, yet preadolescents are not frequently a focus of nursing care delivery except when summer camp and back-to-school physicals are performed. This article presents an in-depth overview of selected literature on self-esteem, discusses findings on self-image and self-esteem from a pilot study on pubertal influences on accelerated sexual behavior, and proposes health promotion strategies for pre- and peripubertal girls to promote positive mental health outcomes. More focused attention is needed on health promotion targeting the developmental transition health needs of prepubertal girls. Targeted health promotion activities may foster healthier pre- and peripubertal girls' perceptions of the meaning of their pubertal physical changes and stronger self-image and self-esteem. The goal of these health promotion activities should be to foster continuity of positive self-image and self-esteem among preteen girls, which is essential to prevent initiation of premature-for-age risk of problem behavior, such as early coitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W M Doswell
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Connor DF, Ozbayrak KR, Kusiak KA, Caponi AB, Melloni RH. Combined pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents in a residential treatment center. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:248-54. [PMID: 9031578 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199702000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate characteristics of children and adolescents with a history of combined pharmacotherapy (CPT) and compare them with a group with no history of CPT. METHOD Eighty-three consecutive admissions to a residential treatment center were divided into a CPT and a no-CPT group based on treatment history and compared by chart review. Prevalence of lifetime psychiatric medication use and CPT exposure were assessed. Demographic, diagnostic, treatment, behavioral, and medication variables were compared across the two groups. RESULTS Medication use was present in the treatment history for 89.2% and a history of CPT was found for 60.3% of subjects. Admission to current placement from inpatient psychiatry, lifetime number of psychiatric placements, lifetime number of psychiatric diagnoses, and nonseizure neuropsychiatric comorbidity were significantly associated with CPT. Aggression and neuroleptic use were also significantly associated with CPT. Admission psychiatric diagnostic comorbidity was not associated with CPT. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of psychiatric medication use and CPT was found in this population. Variables assessing illness severity, aggressive behavior, and nonseizure neuropsychiatric comorbidity may identify youths in psychiatric treatment settings with a high prevalence of past or current CPT exposure. Further research on the CPT of aggression is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- F D Alsaker
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Walker K, Taylor E, McElroy A, Phillip DA, Wilson MN. Familial and ecological correlates of self-esteem in African American children. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1995:23-34. [PMID: 7566547 DOI: 10.1002/cd.23219956804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Walker
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Overweight children have traditionally been thought to have lower self-esteem than other children. Prospective data from the California Child Health and Development Studies were used to test this hypothesis by examination of the relationship between body mass index, self-esteem and locus of control while controlling for demographic and baseline psychosocial traits. Principle components and confirmatory factor analysis were used to derive latent constructs for self-esteem, locus of control and other psychosocial factors. A covariance structure model was developed using the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. In this model, adolescent self-esteem, locus of control and body mass index were not related. These findings from prospective data in a non-clinical population suggest that although some subgroups of obese children may be vulnerable for decreased self-esteem, this does not appear to be a significant problem in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rumpel
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Abstract
This study compares the body perceptions of pregnant teenagers with those of their never-pregnant peers. Forty-three third-trimester pregnant girls were matched by age, race, socioeconomic status, and pubertal development to 43 never-pregnant girls. Subjects were given the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 100 self-descriptive statements which are divided into nine subscales. When compared with never-pregnant girls, the pregnant girls have a higher overall self-esteem, a more positive body image, a surer self-identity, and feel more productive as a family member, but appeared limited in their capacity for self-criticism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuhashi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Orr DP, Ingersoll GM. Adolescent development: a biopsychosocial review. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRICS 1988; 18:441-99. [PMID: 3048907 DOI: 10.1016/0045-9380(88)90034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D P Orr
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | |
Collapse
|