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Lubben NB, Sahlender DA, Motley AM, Lehner PJ, Benaroch P, Robinson MS. HIV-1 Nef-induced down-regulation of MHC class I requires AP-1 and clathrin but not PACS-1 and is impeded by AP-2. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:3351-65. [PMID: 17581864 PMCID: PMC1951775 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-03-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I is down-regulated from the surface of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected cells by Nef, a virally encoded protein that is thought to reroute MHC-I to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in a phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein (PACS) 1, adaptor protein (AP)-1, and clathrin-dependent manner. More recently, an alternative model has been proposed, in which Nef uses AP-1 to direct MHC-I to endosomes and lysosomes. Here, we show that knocking down either AP-1 or clathrin with small interfering RNA inhibits the down-regulation of HLA-A2 (an MHC-I isotype) by Nef in HeLa cells. However, knocking down PACS-1 has no effect, not only on Nef-induced down-regulation of HLA-A2 but also on the localization of other proteins containing acidic cluster motifs. Surprisingly, knocking down AP-2 actually enhances Nef activity. Immuno-electron microscopy labeling of Nef-expressing cells indicates that HLA-A2 is rerouted not to the TGN, but to endosomes. In AP-2-depleted cells, more of the HLA-A2 localizes to the inner vesicles of multivesicular bodies. We propose that depleting AP-2 potentiates Nef activity by altering the membrane composition and dynamics of endosomes and causing increased delivery of HLA-A2 to a prelysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke B. Lubben
- *University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniela A. Sahlender
- *University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alison M. Motley
- *University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- *University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Margaret S. Robinson
- *University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; and
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Longhi E, Frison S, Colombini I, Malagoli A, Crespiatico L, Poli F. HLA-A*2626, a new allele identified through external proficiency-testing exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:325-6. [PMID: 16185330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new allele, officially named HLA-A*2626, has been detected in a blood sample belonging to a Caucasian subject human leucocyte antigen typed for Lombardy Region external proficiency-testing exercise. The DNA sequences of exons 2, 3 and 4 of this new allele are identical to those of HLA-A*2601 except at codon 259 of exon 4 (CCT-->CTT). This variation modifies the encoded protein from proline to leucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Longhi
- Dipartimento Trasfusionale e di Riferimento per i Trapianti di Organi e Tessuti, Fondazione IRCCS di natura pubblica, Milan, Italy
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3
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Sidney J, Southwood S, Sette A. Classification of A1- and A24-supertype molecules by analysis of their MHC-peptide binding repertoires. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:393-408. [PMID: 16003466 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
At the functional level, the majority of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I MHC variants can be classified into about ten different major groups, or supertypes, characterized by overlapping peptide binding motifs and repertoires. Previous studies have detailed the peptide binding specificity of the HLA A2, A3, B7, and B44 supertypes, and predicted, on the basis of MHC pocket structures, known motifs, or the sequence of T cell epitopes, the existence of the HLA A1 and A24 supertypes. Direct experimental validation of the A1 and A24 supertypes, however, has been lacking. In the current study, the peptide-binding repertoires and main anchor specificities of several common HLA A molecules (A*0101, A*2301, A*2402, A*2601, A*2902, and A*3002) predicted to be members of the A1 or A24 supertypes were analyzed and defined using single amino acid substituted peptides and a large peptide library. Based on the present findings, the A1 supertype includes A*0101, A*2601, A*2902, and A*3002, whereas the A24 supertype includes A*2301 and A*2402. Interestingly, A*2902 is associated with a motif and peptide binding repertoire that overlaps significantly with those of all of the A1- and A24-supertype molecules studied, representing-to our knowledge-the first report of significant cross-reactivity among molecules belonging to different supertypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 3030 Bunker Hill St., Ste. 326, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.
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4
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Sidney J, Southwood S, Pasquetto V, Sette A. Simultaneous prediction of binding capacity for multiple molecules of the HLA B44 supertype. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5964-74. [PMID: 14634108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We selected for study a set of B44-supertype molecules collectively represented in >40% of the individuals in all major ethnicities (B*1801, B*4001, B*4002, B*4402, B*4403, and B*4501). The peptide-binding specificity of each molecule was characterized using single amino acid substitution analogues and nonredundant peptide libraries. In all cases, only peptide ligands with glutamic acid in position 2 were preferred. At the C terminus, each allele was associated with a unique but broad pattern of preferences, but all molecules tolerated hydrophobic/aliphatic (leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine), aromatic (tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan), and small (alanine, glycine, threonine) residues. Secondary anchor motifs were also defined for all molecules. Together, these features were used to define a B44 supermotif and a novel algorithm for calculating degeneracy scores that can be used to predict B44-supertype degenerate binders. Approximately 90% of the peptides with a B44 supermotif degeneracy score of >10 bound at least three of the six B44-supertype molecules studied with high affinity. Finally, a number of peptides derived from hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and Plasmodium falciparum have been identified that have degenerate B44 supertype-binding capacity. Taken together, these findings have important implications for epitope-based approaches to vaccination, immunotherapy, and the monitoring of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sidney
- Division of Translational Immunology and Biodefense, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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5
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Snyder SR, Waring JF, Zhu SZ, Kaplan S, Schultz J, Ginder GD. A 3'-transcribed region of the HLA-A2 gene mediates posttranscriptional stimulation by IFN-gamma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3966-74. [PMID: 11238642 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of several MHC class I genes is up-regulated at the transcriptional level by IFN-gamma. Posttranscriptional mechanisms also have been implicated, but not well characterized. To investigate the mechanism of IFN-gamma stimulation of the human MHC class I gene HLA-A2, several human tumor cell lines were transfected with reporter gene constructs driven by the HLA-A2 promoter. We have previously shown that the extended 525-bp HLA-A2 promoter alone, which includes a 5' IFN-stimulated response element consensus sequence, is not sufficient for IFN-gamma response in either K562 or Jurkat cells. In the current study, stable transfection of a genomic HLA-A2 gene construct, containing both 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences, resulted in stimulation of the gene by IFN-gamma. Nuclear run-on assays revealed that, unlike other class I genes, IFN-gamma stimulation of HLA-A mRNA accumulation occurs almost entirely through posttranscriptional mechanisms. RNA stability assays showed that the effect is not mediated by alteration of the half-life of the HLA-A2 mRNA. Formation of the 3' end was unaffected by IFN-gamma treatment. Sequences that mediate the majority of IFN-gamma induction of HLA-A2 mRNA reside in a 127-bp 3'-transcribed region of the gene. This region contains the terminal splice site, the usage of which is not affected by IFN-gamma treatment. These results demonstrate a novel posttranscriptional mechanism of regulation of MHC class I genes by IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Snyder
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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6
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7
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Miyashita H, Fujiyoshi T, Yashiki S, Kuwayama M, Fujiyama C, Sonoda S. Cloning of HLA-A26 cDNA from Japanese donors possessing ATL-associated HLA haplotypes. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1995; 46:398-400. [PMID: 8838351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1995.tb03134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Miyashita
- Department of Virology, Kagoshima University, Japan
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8
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Pettersen RD, Hestdal K, Lee N, Geraghty DE, Valø ET, Lie SO, Gaudernack G. RG1, a new murine monoclonal antibody recognizing a "supertypic" determinant on HLA-A molecules. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1995; 45:203-12. [PMID: 7539160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1995.tb02440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monomorphic and polymorphic anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are valuable reagents for assessment of the structural and functional importance of different class I determinants. We have generated a new mAb, RG1, reacting with an epitope variably expressed on normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells of different lineages. Immunoprecipitation of the RG1 antigen disclosed a bimolecular complex characteristic of class I proteins. The RG1 epitope was expressed on an HLA-A2 transfected cell line but not on cells transfected with HLA-E, -F or -G molecules. MAb reactivity with reference B-lymphoblastoid cell lines and HLA typing of RG1 reactive and unreactive cells demonstrated that the epitope was expressed in conjunction with defined HLA-A molecules. Cells expressing HLA-A2, -A24(9) and -A68(28) proteins were brightly stained with RG1 whereas mAb binding to HLA-A1, -A11 and a split of A3 molecules was significantly lower. In contrast, the RG1 epitope was apparently not expressed on HLA-A23(9), -A25(10), -A26(10), -A29(19), -A30(19), -A31(19), -A32(19), -A33(19) and some HLA-A3 molecules. Based on class I alpha sequence data, these results suggest that the RG1 epitope is localized to a region of the alpha 2 helix accessible to the T cell receptor for antigen on cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Lys in position 144 and His in position 151 are apparently critical for RG1 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Pettersen
- Department of Pediatric Research, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Boyson JE, McAdam SN, Gallimore A, Golos TG, Liu X, Gotch FM, Hughes AL, Watkins DI. The MHC E locus in macaques is polymorphic and is conserved between macaques and humans. Immunogenetics 1995; 41:59-68. [PMID: 7806297 DOI: 10.1007/bf00182314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the functions of the molecules encoded by the classical MHC class I loci are well defined, no function has been ascribed to the molecules encoded by the non-classical MHC class I loci. To investigate the evolution and conservation of the non-classical loci, we cloned and sequenced HLA-E homologues in macaques. We isolated four E locus alleles from five rhesus monkeys and two E locus alleles from one cynomolgus monkey, which indicated that the E locus in macaques is polymorphic. We also compared the rate of nucleotide substitution in the second intron of the macaque and human E locus alleles with that of exons two and three. The rate of nucleotide substitution was significantly higher in the introns, which suggested that the E locus has evolved under selective pressure. Additionally, comparison of the rates of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions in the peptide binding region versus the remainder of the molecule suggested that the codons encoding the amino acids in the peptide binding region had been conserved in macaques and humans over the 36 million years since macaques and humans last shared a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Boyson
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715
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10
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Ishikawa Y, Tokunaga K, Lin L, Imanishi T, Saitou S, Kimura A, Kashiwase K, Akaza T, Tadokoro K, Juji T. Sequences of four splits of HLA-A10 group. Implications for serologic cross-reactivities and their evolution. Hum Immunol 1994; 39:220-4. [PMID: 8026990 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(94)90263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of alleles encoding four serologically defined splits of the HLA-A10 group, A26.1, A26.3, A26.4, and A10SA, were determined. It was confirmed that the alleles coding for A26.1 and A26.3 are identical with A*2602 and A*2601, respectively. On the other hand, alleles for A26.4 and A10SA are thus far undescribed. A26.4 (A*2603) was different from the other A26 splits at three positions: 74 histidine, 76 valine, and 77 aspartate. A10SA (A*2604) was different from A26.3 (A*2601) by a single substitution of arginine by leucine at position 163. A comparison of amino acid sequences of HLA-A10 cross-reacting antigens revealed that all of the A10 group antigens share specific amino acids: 142 isoleucine, 144 glutamine, 145 arginine, 149 threonine, and 152 glutamate. Moreover, A26.1, A26.3, A10SA, and A43 share 76 alanine and 77 asparagine, which is consistent with the reported serologic cross-reactivity. The close relationship between the alleles for the A10 cross-reacting group was supported by a phylogenetic tree analysis for the HLA-A alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishikawa
- Department of Research, Japanese Red Cross Central Blood Center, Tokyo
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11
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Peltenburg LT, Schrier PI. Transcriptional suppression of HLA-B expression by c-Myc is mediated through the core promoter elements. Immunogenetics 1994; 40:54-61. [PMID: 8206526 DOI: 10.1007/bf00163964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In melanoma, HLA class I expression is suppressed by overexpression of the c-myc oncogene. This suppression has severe consequences for the recognition of these tumor cells by the immune system of the organism. We show here that transcription of the HLA-B locus, which is mainly affected by c-Myc, is downmodulated at the level of initiation of transcription. The transcriptional activity of various HLA-B reporter constructs was tested in a melanoma cell line with low endogenous c-myc expression and in transfectants with high stable and transient c-myc expression. We demonstrated that the responsive region can be mapped to the core promoter region of HLA class I, ruling out any effects of c-myc overexpression on the enhancer A or enhancer B regions. The region subject to downregulation is confined to a 43 base pair fragment encompassing the CCAAT and TATA elements. By coupling this region to a heterologous viral enhancer, we showed that the downmodulation by c-Myc is independent of the presence and nature of an enhancer. These results suggest a mechanism in which c-Myc downregulates the expression of HLA class I genes by interfering with the basal level of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Peltenburg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Summers CW, Hampson VJ, Taylor GM. HLA class I non-coding nucleotide sequences, 1992. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1993; 20:201-40. [PMID: 8338817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1993.tb00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a compilation of the nucleotide sequences of the non-coding regions of the human HLA class I genes which complements previously published information on exon sequences. The listing includes the 5' and 3' untranslated (UT) regions, and introns 1-7. The HLA class I loci and their alleles from which non-coding sequences were derived are listed in Table 1, together with source references. Where possible, locus and allele designations follow the Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system 1991 (Bodmer et al., 1992). In aligning sequences, nucleotides which are conserved between all class I genes are specified only by the consensus sequence, and are indicated by a hyphen (-). To maintain the alignment between different alleles, an asterisk (*) is inserted where there is a gap in the sequence. An unavailable sequence is indicated by a period (.). Regions of sequence too diverse to be accurately compared are represented by an exclamation mark (!). Sequence motifs previously classified as having an important role in HLA class I regulation or processing, such as enhancer sequences, are identified at the bottom of the sequence comparison. It is not our intention in this paper to present an analysis of the many features revealed by this compilation. However, we hope that the information will provide important reference material for studies of HLA class I mRNA processing (Cianetti et al., 1989), promoter regulation (David-Watine et al., 1990) and in the design of allele, locus or region specific PCR primers (Summers et al., 1991). We hope to update this compilation in due course, and we would welcome sequence information not included in this publication, as well as comments and corrections that help to maintain the accuracy of the information.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Summers
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, St Marys Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Madrigal JA, Hildebrand WH, Belich MP, Benjamin RJ, Little AM, Zemmour J, Ennis PD, Ward FE, Petzl-Erler ML, du Toit ED. Structural diversity in the HLA-A10 family of alleles: correlations with serology. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1993; 41:72-80. [PMID: 8475492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1993.tb01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The HLA-A10 crossreacting group consists of the A25, A26, A34, A43 and A66 antigens. Here, we report allelic sequences for A43 and for 2 subtypes of both A26 and A34. Combining these results with previously determined sequences for A25, A26 and A66 enables molecular comparison of all the serologically defined A10 antigens. They form a closely related and well-defined group of alleles which may have originated with A*2601. Patterns of serological crossreactivity are correlated with sequence and a public epitope shared by A33 and members of the A10 family is localized to residues R62 and N63. The A*2501, A*4301 and A*6601 alleles appear to have derived from A*2601 by single gene conversion events with other HLA-A alleles. In the case of A*4301, the donor allele was probably an A29 allele as A*4301 has a small element of sequence in the alpha 1 helix (residues L62 and Q63) uniquely shared with A29. The chimaeric structure of A43 explains the reactivity of A43 molecules with both A10 and A29 alloantisera. The rare Oriental variant of A26 (A26v*) is encoded by an allele (A*2602) that differs from A*2601 by a unique nucleotide substitution which changes aspartate to asparagine at position 116 in the floor of the peptide binding groove. Thus A*2602 is a functionally distinct allele that originated by a point mutation. Alleles encoding A34 and A66 antigens are found to have very similar structures, explaining the difficulty in their serological definition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Madrigal
- Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University, CA
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Mazzoleni O, Pistillo MP, Falco M, Tazzari PL, Ferrara GB. Characterization of two human monoclonal antibodies recognizing HLA-A30 and HLA-A3 + A31, respectively. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1991; 38:224-7. [PMID: 1780844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1991.tb01901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Mazzoleni
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Hakem R, Jezo-Brémond A, Le Bouteiller P, Harper K, Lemonnier FA. Differential transcription inducibility by interferon of the HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 class-I genes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER. SUPPLEMENT = JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DU CANCER. SUPPLEMENT 1991; 6:2-9. [PMID: 2066181 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910470703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 class-I genes are differentially regulated in human T lymphoma Jurkat cells, at the transcriptional level, the expression of the HLA-B7 gene being selectively increased following alpha, beta or gamma interferon (IFN) treatment. Using a series of hybrid CAT constructs, associating HLA-A3 and HLA-B7 complete or fragmented promoters, the differential regulation was shown to be associated with 2 nucleotide differences at positions -176 and -175 in the interferon regulatory sequence (IRS) of the HLA-A3 and the HLA-B7 genes. Replacement, using site-directed mutagenesis, of the 2 thymidine in the HLA-A3-IRS by adenine and cytidine found at the same positions in the HLA-B7-IRS was sufficient to restore IFN inducibility of the HLA-A3 promoter and efficient interaction with HeLa nuclear factors. Since the same nucleotide differences are shared by all sequenced HLA-A and HLA-B class-I genes, the differential induction by IFN of the transcription of the HLA-A3 and B7 genes might be a general locus-related property.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hakem
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, France
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Bodmer JG, Marsh SG, Parham P, Erlich HA, Albert E, Bodmer WF, Dupont B, Mach B, Mayr WR, Sasazuki T. Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1989. Hum Immunol 1990; 28:326-42. [PMID: 2373648 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(90)90060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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