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Kennedy AC, Belgi A, Husselbee BW, Spanswick D, Norton RS, Robinson AJ. α-Conotoxin Peptidomimetics: Probing the Minimal Binding Motif for Effective Analgesia. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E505. [PMID: 32781580 PMCID: PMC7472027 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several analgesic α-conotoxins have been isolated from marine cone snails. Structural modification of native peptides has provided potent and selective analogues for two of its known biological targets-nicotinic acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) G protein-coupled (GABAB) receptors. Both of these molecular targets are implicated in pain pathways. Despite their small size, an incomplete understanding of the structure-activity relationship of α-conotoxins at each of these targets has hampered the development of therapeutic leads. This review scrutinises the N-terminal domain of the α-conotoxin family of peptides, a region defined by an invariant disulfide bridge, a turn-inducing proline residue and multiple polar sidechain residues, and focusses on structural features that provide analgesia through inhibition of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. Elucidating the bioactive conformation of this region of these peptides may hold the key to discovering potent drugs for the unmet management of debilitating chronic pain associated with a wide range of medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Kennedy
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; (A.C.K.); (A.B.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Alessia Belgi
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; (A.C.K.); (A.B.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Benjamin W. Husselbee
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; (A.C.K.); (A.B.); (B.W.H.)
| | - David Spanswick
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- NeuroSolutions Ltd., Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
- ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrea J. Robinson
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; (A.C.K.); (A.B.); (B.W.H.)
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2
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Sala M, Spensiero A, Scala MC, Pepe G, Bilotta A, Paduano F, D'Agostino S, Lanzillotta D, Bertamino A, Novellino E, Trapasso F, Gomez-Monterrey IM, Campiglia P. Design, Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Structural Analysis of Lactam-Constrained PTPRJ Agonist Peptides. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1673-1680. [PMID: 29888867 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PTPRJ is a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase mainly known for its antiproliferative and tumor-suppressive functions. PTPRJ dephosphorylates several growth factors and their receptors, negatively regulating cell proliferation and migration. We recently identified a disulfide-bridged nonapeptide, named PTPRJ-19 (H-[Cys-His-His-Asn-Leu-Thr-His-Ala-Cys]-OH), which activates PTPRJ, thereby causing cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of both cancer and endothelial cells. With the aim of replacing the disulfide bridge by a chemically more stable moiety, we have synthesized and tested a series of lactam analogues of PTPRJ-19. This replacement led to analogues with higher activity and greater stability than the parent peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonia Spensiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Pepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Anna Bilotta
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Paduano
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sabrina D'Agostino
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Delia Lanzillotta
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Department of Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Graecia, Campus "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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3
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Pícha J, Buděšínský M, Macháčková K, Collinsová M, Jiráček J. Optimized syntheses of Fmoc azido amino acids for the preparation of azidopeptides. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:202-214. [PMID: 28120383 PMCID: PMC5347871 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rise of CuI‐catalyzed click chemistry has initiated an increased demand for azido and alkyne derivatives of amino acid as precursors for the synthesis of clicked peptides. However, the use of azido and alkyne amino acids in peptide chemistry is complicated by their high cost. For this reason, we investigated the possibility of the in‐house preparation of a set of five Fmoc azido amino acids: β‐azido l‐alanine and d‐alanine, γ‐azido l‐homoalanine, δ‐azido l‐ornithine and ω‐azido l‐lysine. We investigated several reaction pathways described in the literature, suggested several improvements and proposed several alternative routes for the synthesis of these compounds in high purity. Here, we demonstrate that multigram quantities of these Fmoc azido amino acids can be prepared within a week or two and at user‐friendly costs. We also incorporated these azido amino acids into several model tripeptides, and we observed the formation of a new elimination product of the azido moiety upon conditions of prolonged couplings with 2‐(1H‐benzotriazol‐1‐yl)‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate/DIPEA. We hope that our detailed synthetic protocols will inspire some peptide chemists to prepare these Fmoc azido acids in their laboratories and will assist them in avoiding the too extensive costs of azidopeptide syntheses. Experimental procedures and/or analytical data for compounds 3–5, 20, 25, 26, 30 and 43–47 are provided in the supporting information. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Peptide Science published by European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pícha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Macháčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Collinsová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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4
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Marcelo Der Torossian T, Silva AF, Alves FL, Capurro ML, Miranda A, Vani Xavier O. Highly Potential Antiplasmodial Restricted Peptides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 85:163-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana F. Silva
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André Brazil
| | - Flávio L. Alves
- Departamento de Biofísica; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Margareth L. Capurro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas II; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Oliveira Vani Xavier
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas; Universidade Federal do ABC; Santo André Brazil
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5
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Total chemical synthesis of a heterodimeric interchain bis-lactam-linked Peptide: application to an analogue of human insulin-like Peptide 3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:504260. [PMID: 24288548 PMCID: PMC3830869 DOI: 10.1155/2013/504260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonreducible cystine isosteres represent important peptide design elements in that they can maintain a near-native tertiary conformation of the peptide while simultaneously extending the in vitro and in vivo half-life of the biomolecule. Examples of these cystine mimics include dicarba, diselenide, thioether, triazole, and lactam bridges. Each has unique physicochemical properties that impact upon the resulting peptide conformation. Each also requires specific conditions for its formation via chemical peptide synthesis protocols. While the preparation of peptides containing two lactam bonds within a peptide is technically possible and reported by others, to date there has been no report of the chemical synthesis of a heterodimeric peptide linked by two lactam bonds. To examine the feasibility of such an assembly, judicious use of a complementary combination of amine and acid protecting groups together with nonfragment-based, total stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis led to the successful preparation of an analogue of the model peptide, insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), in which both of the interchain disulfide bonds were replaced with a lactam bond. An analogue containing a single disulfide-substituted interchain lactam bond was also prepared. Both INSL3 analogues retained significant cognate RXFP2 receptor binding affinity.
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6
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Yamada K, Urakawa H, Oku H, Katakai R. Facile synthesis of Nalpha-protected-L-alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric acids mediated by polymer-supported hypervalent iodine reagent in water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:43-50. [PMID: 15251030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2004.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hofmann rearrangement of Nalpha-Boc-L-Gln-OH mediated by a polymer-supported hypervalent iodine reagent poly[(4-diacetoxyiodo)styrene] (PSDIB) in water afforded Nalpha-Boc-L-alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric acid (Boc-Dab-OH, 1) in 87% yield. Nalpha-Z-derivative (Z-Dab-OH, 2) was prepared with PSDIB in 83% yield. Since the reaction of Nalpha-Fmoc-Gln-OH by this procedure did not proceed because of the insolubility of Fmoc-Gln-OH in aqueous media, we synthesized Fmoc-Dab(Boc)-OH (5) from 2 in 54% yield. Polymyxin B heptapeptide (PMBH) which contains four Dab residues was successfully synthesized in a solution-phase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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7
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Yan S, Li M, Chai H, Yang H, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. TNF-alpha decreases expression of somatostatin, somatostatin receptors, and cortistatin in human coronary endothelial cells. J Surg Res 2005; 123:294-301. [PMID: 15680393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.07.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the expression of somatostatin (SST) and its receptors (SSTRs) and their regulation by TNF-alpha as well as cell proliferation in response to SST in human endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were cultured without or with TNF-alpha (0.1, 1, or 10 ng/ml) for 24 h. The mRNA levels of SST, SSTR-1-5, as well as a housekeeping gene (beta-actin) were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Expression of SSTR-2 was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining. Cell proliferation in response to SST treatment (0.04, 0.2, or 1 ng/ml) was performed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. RESULTS Without TNF-alpha treatment, HCAECs showed mRNA expression of SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5. The mRNA of SSTR-2 was expressed at a higher level than that of SSTR-1 and SSTR-5. However, SSTR-3 and SSTR-4 were not expressed or were minimally expressed. After treatment with TNF-alpha, the mRNA levels of SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5 were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent fashion. TNF-alpha (1 ng/ml) reduced SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5 by 93, 51, 85, and 99%, respectively, compared to controls (P < 0.001, t test). The immunoreactivity of SSTR-2 was also reduced after TNF-alpha treatment. SST-treated cells showed a significant reduction in [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner. TNF-alpha treatment decreased SST inhibitory potential in cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS HCAECs express SST, SSTR-1, SSTR-2, and SSTR-5, which are all decreased by TNF-alpha treatment. Furthermore, treatment with exogenous SST significantly reduces cell proliferation, and this inhibitory effect is also decreased by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Yan
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Andruszkiewicz R, Rożkiewicz D. An Improved Preparation ofN2‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl‐ andN2‐Benzyloxy‐carbonyl‐(S)‐2,4‐diaminobutanoic Acids. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120028636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Grieco P, Carotenuto A, Patacchini R, Maggi CA, Novellino E, Rovero P. Design, synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological studies of urotensin-II lactam analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3731-9. [PMID: 12413830 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human urotensin II (hU-II; H-Glu-Thr-Pro-Asp-cyclo[Cys-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH) is a disulfide bridged undecapeptide recently identified as the ligand of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor. hU-II has been described as the most potent vasoconstrictor compound identified to date. With the aim of replacing the disulfide bridge by a chemically more stable moiety, we have synthesized and tested a series of lactam analogues of hU-II minimum active fragment, that is hU-II(4-11). The contractile activity of the synthetic analogues on the rat isolated thoracic aorta was found to be dependent upon the dimension of the lactam bridge. The most active peptide, H-Asp-cyclo[Orn-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Asp]-Val-OH (3), is approximately 2 logs less potent than hU-II (pD(2)=6.3 vs 8.4). A conformational analysis in solution of the active peptide 3, one of the inactive analogues, and hU-II was performed, using NMR and molecular modelling techniques. A superposition of the calculated structures of hU-II and 3 clearly shows that three out of four key residues (i.e., Phe(6), Lys(8) and Tyr(9)) maintain the same side- chain orientation, while the fourth one, Trp(7), cannot be superimposed. This observation could explain the reduced biological activity of the synthetic analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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10
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Hocart SJ, Jain R, Murphy WA, Taylor JE, Coy DH. Highly potent cyclic disulfide antagonists of somatostatin. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1863-71. [PMID: 10354394 DOI: 10.1021/jm9806289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The search for synthetic analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) which exhibit selective affinities for the five known receptor subtypes (sst1-5) has generated a large number of potent agonist analogues. Many of these agonists display good subtype selectivities and affinities for the subtypes 2, 3, and 5, with very few selective for sst1 or sst4. Until the recent report by Bass and co-workers (Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 50, 709-715; erratum Mol. Pharmacol. 1997, 51, 170), no true antagonists of somatostatin had been discovered, let alone any displaying differential receptor subtype selectivity. In this present study, we further explore the effect of this putative L,5D6 antagonist motif on somatostatin octapeptide analogues with a cyclic hexapeptide core. The most potent antagonist found to date is H-Cpa-cyclo[DCys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys]-Nal-NH2, PRL-2970 (21), which has an IC50 of 1.1 nM in a rat pituitary growth hormone in vitro antagonist assay versus SRIF (1 nM). This analogue bound to cloned human somatostatin subtype 2 receptors with a Ki of 26 nM. The highest hsst2 affinity analogue was H-Cpa-cyclo[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Tle-Cys]-Nal-NH2, PRL-2915 (15), with a Ki of 12 nM (IC50 = 1.8 nM). This analogue was also selective for hsst2 over hsst3 and hsst5 by factors of 8 and 40, respectively, and had no agonist activity when tested alone at concentrations up to 10 microM. Regression analysis of the binding affinities versus the observed antagonist potencies revealed high correlations for hsst2 (r = 0.65) and hsst3 (r = 0.52) with a less significant correlation to hsst5 (r = 0.40). This is quite different from the somatostatin agonist analogues which show a highly significant correlation to hsst2 (r > 0.9). Receptor-selective somatostatin antagonists should provide valuable tools for characterizing the many important physiological functions of this neuropeptide.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/cytology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Somatostatin/agonists
- Receptors, Somatostatin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Somatostatin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hocart
- Peptide Research Laboratories, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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11
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Hocart SJ, Jain R, Murphy WA, Taylor JE, Morgan B, Coy DH. Potent antagonists of somatostatin: synthesis and biology. J Med Chem 1998; 41:1146-54. [PMID: 9544214 DOI: 10.1021/jm970730q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The search for synthetic analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) which exhibit selective affinities for the five known receptor subtypes (sst1-5) has generated a large number of potent agonist analogues. Many of these agonists display good subtype selectivities and affinities for the subtypes 2, 3, and 5, with very few selective for sst1 or sst4. Until the recent report by Bass and co-workers (Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 50, 709-715; erratum, Mol. Pharmacol. 1997, 51, 170), no true antagonists had been discovered, let alone any displaying differential receptor subtype selectivity. In this present study, we explore the effect of this putative L5,D6 antagonist motif on various series of somatostatin agonist analogues, both linear and cyclic. It was found that many D5,L6 agonists could be converted into competitive antagonists by applying this motif, the most potent of which was H-Nal-cyclo[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Nal-NH2 (32). This antagonist was selective for hsst2 with an affinity of 75 nM and an IC50 of 15.1 nM against SRIF-14 in a rat in vitro antagonist bioassay. Receptor-selective somatostatin antagonists should provide valuable tools for characterizing the many important physiological functions of this neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hocart
- Peptide Research Laboratories, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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12
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Hennig P, Raimbaud E, Thurieau C, Volland JP, Michel A, Fauchère JL. Solution conformation by NMR and molecular modeling of three sulfide-free somatostatin octapeptide analogs compared to angiopeptin. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1996; 10:83-6. [PMID: 8786418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00124468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The conformation in dimethylsulfoxide of the somatostatin derivative angiopeptin and of three disulfide-free analogs was estimated by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at room temperature. The resulting 3D molecular graphics were compared and shown to reflect the observed differences in the inhibition of restenosis after rat aorta balloon injury by these octapeptide inhibitors. Angiopeptin and its active analog 2 displayed a relatively rigid conformation of the cyclic hexapeptide backbone due to the presence of two well-defined hydrogen bonds, further stabilized by a third hydrogen bond outside the ring. No such constraints were detected for the two biologically inactive analogs, which, compared to 2, had a two-atom longer or shorter hexapeptide ring. The well-defined structure of compound 2 may serve as an improved pharmacophore for this new class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hennig
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Suresnes, France
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13
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Fauch�re JL. Discovery and optimization of pseudopeptide leads towards peptidomimetic drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00119136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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