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Tabolacci C, De Vita D, Facchiano A, Bozzuto G, Beninati S, Failla CM, Di Martile M, Lintas C, Mischiati C, Stringaro A, Del Bufalo D, Facchiano F. Phytochemicals as Immunomodulatory Agents in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032657. [PMID: 36768978 PMCID: PMC9916941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an immunogenic highly heterogenic tumor characterized by poor outcomes when it is diagnosed late. Therefore, immunotherapy in combination with other anti-proliferative approaches is among the most effective weapons to control its growth and metastatic dissemination. Recently, a large amount of published reports indicate the interest of researchers and clinicians about plant secondary metabolites as potentially useful therapeutic tools due to their lower presence of side effects coupled with their high potency and efficacy. Published evidence was reported in most cases through in vitro studies but also, with a growing body of evidence, through in vivo investigations. Our aim was, therefore, to review the published studies focused on the most interesting phytochemicals whose immunomodulatory activities and/or mechanisms of actions were demonstrated and applied to melanoma models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Bozzuto
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Lintas
- Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Medical Genetics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Department of Research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Oxidative Degradation of Pharmaceutical Waste, Theophylline, from Natural Environment. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of organic contaminants from natural resources is extremely important to ensure their (re-)usability. In this report, the degradation of a model pharmaceutical compound, theophylline, is compared between natural and laboratory-controlled environments. While the concentration of H2O2 variably affected the degradation efficiency (approximately from 8 to 20 min for complete degradation) in the photo-irradiation experiments, the inorganic compounds (NaNO3, KH2PO4 and ZnSO4) present in the medium seemed to affect the degradation by scavenging hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The end-product studies using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) ruled out the involvement of secondary radicals in the degradation mechanism. The quantitative calculation with the help of authentic standards pointed out the predominant role of hydroxylation pathways, especially in the initial stages. Although a noticeable decline in the degradation efficiency was observed in river water samples (complete degradation after 25 min with an approximately 20% total organic carbon (TOC) removal), appreciable TOC removal (70%) was eventually achieved after prolonged irradiation (1 h) and in the presence of additional H2O2 (5 times), revealing the potential of our technique. The results furnished in this report could be considered as a preliminary step for the construction of •OH-based wastewater treatment methodologies for the remediation of toxic pollutants from the real environment.
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Mota JF, Gonzalez MC, Lukaski H, Oto GL, Trottier CF, Tibaes JRB, Prado CM. The influence of coffee consumption on bioelectrical impedance parameters: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 76:212-219. [PMID: 33986493 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a widely used method for estimating body composition. Avoiding foods/beverages containing caffeine is a frequently enforced pre-test protocol to ensure reliability of BIA measurements. However, few studies have evaluated whether this is necessary, with conflicting results. We aimed to determine whether the coffee consumption differing in caffeine content influences BIA parameters in healthy adults. METHODS Twenty-five healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind cross-over trial. Three amounts of caffeine were given with 200 mL of coffee: 0 mg (11 g of decaffeinated), 200 mg (5.5 g of caffeinated plus 5.5 g of decaffeinated), and 400 mg of caffeine (11 g of caffeinated). BIA measurements were conducted at 6 different times, and coefficient variations (CV) explored. RESULTS No differences were observed for group × time interaction on impedance, resistance, or reactance (p > 0.05). Values of BIA parameters increased after 30-min of coffee consumption, independently of the caffeine dosage (all p < 0.001). Body fat percentage followed the same pattern and increased after 45-min (p < 0.05). Median CV for consecutive impedance, resistance, and reactance measurements were >95%CI of expected device measurement error over 70-min, without difference between groups. Urine output volume was not different between groups (decaffeinated: 440.45 ± 197.57 mL; 200 mg: 471.80 ± 171.88 mL; 400 mg: 489.30 ± 204.10 mL, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Coffee consumption influenced BIA-derived results after 70-min but was not related to caffeine content, likely due to water intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Mota
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada. .,Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (LABINCE), Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74.605-080, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cristina Gonzalez
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96055-800, Brazil
| | - Henry Lukaski
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Gabriela L Oto
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Claire F Trottier
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jenneffer R B Tibaes
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Rua Professor Moacir Gomes de Freitas - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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Pereira-Figueiredo D, Nascimento AA, Cunha-Rodrigues MC, Brito R, Calaza KC. Caffeine and Its Neuroprotective Role in Ischemic Events: A Mechanism Dependent on Adenosine Receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1693-1725. [PMID: 33730305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is characterized by a transient, insufficient, or permanent interruption of blood flow to a tissue, which leads to an inadequate glucose and oxygen supply. The nervous tissue is highly active, and it closely depends on glucose and oxygen to satisfy its metabolic demand. Therefore, ischemic conditions promote cell death and lead to a secondary wave of cell damage that progressively spreads to the neighborhood areas, called penumbra. Brain ischemia is one of the main causes of deaths and summed with retinal ischemia comprises one of the principal reasons of disability. Although several studies have been performed to investigate the mechanisms of damage to find protective/preventive interventions, an effective treatment does not exist yet. Adenosine is a well-described neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS), and acts through four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors, especially A1 and A2A receptors, are the main targets of caffeine in daily consumption doses. Accordingly, caffeine has been greatly studied in the context of CNS pathologies. In fact, adenosine system, as well as caffeine, is involved in neuroprotection effects in different pathological situations. Therefore, the present review focuses on the role of adenosine/caffeine in CNS, brain and retina, ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M C Cunha-Rodrigues
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Brito
- Laboratory of Neuronal Physiology and Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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Thermodynamic insights into molecular interactions of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) with caffeine and theophylline in aqueous media at different temperatures. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Monteiro J, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Silva BM. Pharmacological potential of methylxanthines: Retrospective analysis and future expectations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2597-2625. [PMID: 29624433 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1461607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methylated xanthines (methylxanthines) are available from a significant number of different botanical species. They are ordinarily included in daily diet, in many extremely common beverages and foods. Caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are the main methylxanthines available from natural sources. The supposedly relatively low toxicity of methylxanthines, combined with the many beneficial effects that have been attributed to these compounds through time, generated a justified attention and a very prolific ground for dedicated scientific reports. Methylxanthines have been widely used as therapeutical tools, in an intriguing range of medicinal scopes. In fact, methylxanthines have been/were medically used as Central Nervous System stimulants, bronchodilators, coronary dilators, diuretics and anti-cancer adjuvant treatments. Other than these applications, methylxanthines have also been hinted to hold other beneficial health effects, namely regarding neurodegenerative diseases, cardioprotection, diabetes and fertility. However, it seems now consensual that toxicity concerns related to methylxanthine consumption and/or therapeutic use should not be dismissed. Taking all the knowledge and expectations on the potential of methylxanthines into account, we propose a systematic look at the past and future of methylxanthine pharmacologic applications, discussing all the promise and anticipating possible constraints. Anyways, methylxanthines will still substantiate considerable meaningful research and discussion for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Monteiro
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago , Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,Institute of Health Research an Innovation (i3S), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Carrageta DF, Dias TR, Alves MG, Oliveira PF, Monteiro MP, Silva BM. Anti-obesity potential of natural methylxanthines. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Chang YL, Hsu YJ, Chen Y, Wang YW, Huang SM. Theophylline exhibits anti-cancer activity via suppressing SRSF3 in cervical and breast cancer cell lines. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101461-101474. [PMID: 29254178 PMCID: PMC5731888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine are the most well-known members of methylxanthines. Caffeine-induced serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2, SRSF2, and SRSF3 are required for the alternative splicing of a subset of cancer-associated genes. However, it remains to be investigated whether and how theophylline and theobromine as well as caffeine exert their antitumor effects through mediating the alternative splicing process. Here, we reveal that theophylline down-regulated SRSF3 expression and switched p53 from alpha into a beta isoform as caffeine did in HeLa and MCF-7 cells via the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Further functional studies show that theophylline induced cellular apoptosis, senescence, and decreased colony formation. Interestingly, theophylline had a suppressive effect on cellular proliferation, whereas caffeine enhanced cellular proliferation rates via the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine analysis. Theophylline and caffeine had no effect on MCF-10A cells, which is a normal breast cell line. Our results provide an insight that theophylline as well as caffeine could be repurposed as antitumor leading compounds via the downregulation of splicing factor SRSF3 and its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juei Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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9
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Structure-Bioactivity Relationships of Methylxanthines: Trying to Make Sense of All the Promises and the Drawbacks. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080974. [PMID: 27472311 PMCID: PMC6273298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylxanthines are a group of phytochemicals derived from the purine base xanthine and obtained from plant secondary metabolism. They are unobtrusively included in daily diet in common products as coffee, tea, energetic drinks, or chocolate. Caffeine is by far the most studied methylxanthine either in animal or epidemiologic studies. Theophylline and theobromine are other relevant methylxanthines also commonly available in the aforementioned sources. There are many disseminated myths about methylxanthines but there is increased scientific knowledge to discuss all the controversy and promise shown by these intriguing phytochemicals. In fact, many beneficial physiologic outcomes have been suggested for methylxanthines in areas as important and diverse as neurodegenerative and respiratory diseases, diabetes or cancer. However, there have always been toxicity concerns with methylxanthine (over)consumption and pharmacologic applications. Herein, we explore the structure-bioactivity relationships to bring light those enumerated effects. The potential shown by methylxanthines in such a wide range of conditions should substantiate many other scientific endeavors that may highlight their adequacy as adjuvant therapy agents and may contribute to the advent of functional foods. Newly designed targeted molecules based on methylxanthine structure may originate more specific and effective outcomes.
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Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Daria P, Sani G, Aromatario M. Caffeine: cognitive and physical performance enhancer or psychoactive drug? Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:71-88. [PMID: 26074744 PMCID: PMC4462044 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210215655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine use is increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly concentration
and memory enhancement and physical performance improvement. Coffee and caffeine-containing
products affect the cardiovascular system, with their positive inotropic and chronotropic effects, and
the central nervous system, with their locomotor activity stimulation and anxiogenic-like effects.
Thus, it is of interest to examine whether these effects could be detrimental for health. Furthermore,
caffeine abuse and dependence are becoming more and more common and can lead to caffeine
intoxication, which puts individuals at risk for premature and unnatural death. The present review summarizes the main
findings concerning caffeine’s mechanisms of action (focusing on adenosine antagonism, intracellular calcium
mobilization, and phosphodiesterases inhibition), use, abuse, dependence, intoxication, and lethal effects. It also suggests
that the concepts of toxic and lethal doses are relative, since doses below the toxic and/or lethal range may play a causal
role in intoxication or death. This could be due to caffeine’s interaction with other substances or to the individuals' preexisting
metabolism alterations or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cappelletti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Piacentino Daria
- NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sani
- NESMOS (Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs) Department, School of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Aromatario
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Al-Mohizea AM, Raish M, Ahad A, Al-Jenoobi FI, Alam MA. Pharmacokinetic interaction of Acacia catechu with CYP1A substrate theophylline in rabbits. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:588-93. [PMID: 26591691 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of black catechu (BC) on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline (CYP1A2 substrate, with narrow therapeutic index) in rabbits. METHODS In the present investigation the effect of BC on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline, a CYP1A2 substrate was determined. In the study, BC (264 mg/kg, p. o.) or saline (control group) was given to rabbits for 7 consecutive days and on the 8th day theophylline (16 mg/kg) was administered orally one hour after BC or saline treatment. Blood samples were withdrawn at different time intervals (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h) from the marginal ear vein. RESULTS The pretreatment of rabbits with BC resulted in a significant increase in maximum blood concentration, time of peak concentration and area under the concentration time profile curve until last observation which was about 41.32%, 35.71% and 15.03%, respectively. While decreases in clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life were observed. It is suggested that BC pretreatment decreases the CYP1A metabolic activity leading to increase in bioavailability and decrease in oral clearance of theophylline, which may be due to inhibition of CYP1A. CONCLUSION BC can significantly alter theophylline pharmacokinetics in vivo possibly due to inhibition of CYP1A and P-glycoprotein activity. Based on these results, precaution should be exercised when administering BC with CYP1A substrate.
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12
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Summers RM, Mohanty SK, Gopishetty S, Subramanian M. Genetic characterization of caffeine degradation by bacteria and its potential applications. Microb Biotechnol 2015; 8:369-78. [PMID: 25678373 PMCID: PMC4408171 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to grow on caffeine as sole carbon and nitrogen source has been known for over 40 years. Extensive research into this subject has revealed two distinct pathways, N-demethylation and C-8 oxidation, for bacterial caffeine degradation. However, the enzymological and genetic basis for bacterial caffeine degradation has only recently been discovered. This review article discusses the recent discoveries of the genes responsible for both N-demethylation and C-8 oxidation. All of the genes for the N-demethylation pathway, encoding enzymes in the Rieske oxygenase family, reside on 13.2-kb genomic DNA fragment found in Pseudomonas putida CBB5. A nearly identical DNA fragment, with homologous genes in similar orientation, is found in Pseudomonas sp. CES. Similarly, genes for C-8 oxidation of caffeine have been located on a 25.2-kb genomic DNA fragment of Pseudomonas sp. CBB1. The C-8 oxidation genes encode enzymes similar to those found in the uric acid metabolic pathway of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Various biotechnological applications of these genes responsible for bacterial caffeine degradation, including bio-decaffeination, remediation of caffeine-contaminated environments, production of chemical and fuels and development of diagnostic tests have also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Summers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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Theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline metabolites in human plasma and urine after consumption of soluble cocoa products with different methylxanthine contents. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sunil Paul MM, Aravind UK, Pramod G, Saha A, Aravindakumar CT. Hydroxyl radical induced oxidation of theophylline in water: a kinetic and mechanistic study. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5611-20. [PMID: 24957195 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative destruction and mineralization of emerging organic pollutants by hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) is a well established area of research. The possibility of generating hazardous by-products in the case of ˙OH reaction demands extensive investigations on the degradation mechanism. A combination of pulse radiolysis and steady state photolysis (H2O2/UV photolysis) followed by high resolution mass spectrometric (HRMS) analysis have been employed to explicate the kinetic and mechanistic features of the destruction of theophylline, a model pharmaceutical compound and an identified pollutant, by ˙OH in the present study. The oxidative destruction of this molecule, for intermediate product studies, was initially achieved by H2O2/UV photolysis. The transient absorption spectrum corresponding to the reaction of ˙OH with theophylline at pH 6, primarily caused by the generation of (T8-OH)˙, was characterised by an absorption band at 330 nm (k2 = (8.22 ± 0.03) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)). A significantly different spectrum (λmax: 340 nm) was observed at highly alkaline pH (10.2) due to the deprotonation of this radical (pKa∼ 10.0). Specific one electron oxidants such as sulphate radical anions (SO4˙(-)) and azide radicals (N3˙) produce the deprotonated form (T(-H)˙) of the radical cation (T˙(+)) of theophylline (pKa 3.1) with k2 values of (7.51 ± 0.04) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) and (7.61 ± 0.02) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1) respectively. Conversely, oxide radicals (O˙(-)) react with theophylline via a hydrogen abstraction protocol with a rather slow k2 value of (1.95 ± 0.02) × 10(9) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1). The transient spectral studies were complemented by the end product profile acquired by HRMS analysis. Various transformation products of theophylline induced by ˙OH were identified by this technique which include derivatives of uric acids (i, iv & v) and xanthines (ii, iii & vi). Further breakdown of the early formed product due to ˙OH attack leads to ring opened compounds (ix-xiv). The kinetic and mechanistic data furnished in the present study serve as a basic frame work for the construction of ˙OH induced water treatment systems as well as to understand the biological implications of compounds of this kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Sunil Paul
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India.
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Asman G, Akçay E. Effect of Membrane Preparation Methods on the Release of Theophylline through CA Membranes atIn-VitroConditions. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2014.882698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lebedyeva IO, Povstyanoy VM, Ryabitskii AB, Panasyuk O, Ivahnenko E, Lozova VP, Markevich I, Allakhverdova S, Povstyanoy MV. Theophyllinylpyrimidine Scaffolds Undergo Intramolecular Cyclization Reactions to Form 1,3-Diazepines and Imidazopurines. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Optimization and validation of a new HPLC method using monolithic column for simultaneous determination of pentoxifylline and related compounds. Pharm Chem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-012-0746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ballus CA, Meinhart AD, Bizzotto CS, Teixeira Filho J, Godoy HT. A fast and efficient method for the study of caffeine levels in energy drinks using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks are becoming popular in Brazil and in the world due to their stimulant properties. Caffeine is present in energy drinks with the aim of stimulating the central nervous system and intensifying brain activity. On the other hand, the ingestion of high doses of caffeine can cause undesirable symptoms such as anxiety and tachycardia. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the caffeine content added to energy drinks to guarantee that the levels in the final product are in accordance with the labeling and within the legislation limits. The goal of this work was to validate a fast, efficient, and low-cost method for the determination of caffeine in energy drinks by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). A total of seven brands were analyzed, each in three lots. The electrolyte was prepared with 50 mmol.L-1 of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10 mmol.L-1 of sodium carbonate (pH 11.0). The mean concentration of caffeine ranged from 122.8 to 318.6 mg.L-1. None of the brands had caffeine levels above the maximum limit. Considering the interval of confidence (95%), 72% of the samples had less caffeine than the amount informed on the product label.
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Zeruesenay D, Siegmund W, Zschiesche M, Franke G, Walter R, Bleyer H. Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Isoniazid and Theophylline in Rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 44:893-7. [PMID: 1361532 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic interactions between isoniazid and theophylline were studied in male Wistar rats, 206±17 g. Concomitant oral administration of 2 × 5 mg kg−1 isoniazid accelerated slightly the disposition of theophylline (10 mg kg−1, i.v.) whereas 2 × 25 mg kg−1 isoniazid slowed it marginally. The differences in distribution volume, systemic clearance and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) between the high and the low dose, however, were statistically significant. One week pretreatment with 10 mg kg−1 isoniazid tended towards inhibition (significant decrease of systemic clearance, increase of AUC) and 50 mg kg−1 to acceleration (decrease of half-life, mean residence time and AUC, increase of systemic clearance) of theophylline disposition. After oral pretreatment with 20 mg kg−1 theophylline, neither the kinetics of free isoniazid (50 mg kg−1, i.v.) and the amount acetylated nor the acetylation indices differed from the controls. There was no evidence that concomitant or subacute administration of different doses of isoniazid affects major metabolic pathways of theophylline or that prolonged theophylline treatment interacts with the N-acetylation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zeruesenay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
CASE HISTORY An adult male kea (Nestor notabilis) in good body condition was found dead at Aoraki/Mt Cook Village, in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The bird had previously been involved in behavioural tests of problem-solving ability. CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS The bird had substantial subcutaneous and abdominal reserves of fat. The crop contained 20 g of what appeared to be dark chocolate; a conservative estimate of the dose of methylxanthines ingested by the bird was 250 mg/kg theobromine, 20 mg/kg caffeine and 3 mg/kg theophylline. Histopathological examination revealed acute degenerative changes to hepatocytes, renal tubules, and cerebrocortical neurons. DIAGNOSIS Acute combination methylxanthine toxicity after opportunistic ingestion of chocolate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This is the first report of the pathological findings of methylxanthine toxicity in a wild parrot, and illustrates the need to ensure that kea are protected from the toxic by-products of human habitation, and the difficulties in ensuring this against a neophilic, inquisitive and innovative parrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Gartrell
- New Zealand Wildlife Health Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Meinhart AD, Bizzotto CS, Ballus CA, Poloni Rybka AC, Sobrinho MR, Cerro-Quintana RS, Teixeira-Filho J, Godoy HT. Methylxanthines and phenolics content extracted during the consumption of mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2188-2193. [PMID: 20058928 DOI: 10.1021/jf903781w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
"Chimarrao" and "terere" are popular beverages consumed in South America prepared using mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.). "Chimarrao" consists of a partial infusion where hot water is added, while "terere" is a total infusion, with addition of cold water. This study was designed to simulate preparation of these beverages for consumption, in order to estimate the total amount of xanthines and phenolic compounds in aqueous extracts that would be ingested by the consumer. Different commercial types of mate were employed for "chimarrao" preparation (native, smooth, traditional, and course-ground), and these were compared to "terere". In "chimarrao", beverages from coarse-ground mate showed the highest levels of xanthines. However, "terere" presented quantities 2.5 times higher than the beverage of the coarse-ground mate. Considering the total phenolics in "chimarrao", there was no difference between the types of herbs, but in "terere", the extraction of almost all of the phenolics was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Dillenburg Meinhart
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, PO Box 6121, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Shamsipur M, Zare-Shahabadi V, Hemmateenejad B, Akhond M. Combination of Ant Colony Optimization with Various Local Search Strategies. A Novel Method for Variable Selection in Multivariate Calibration and QSPR Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200960037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gressner OA, Lahme B, Siluschek M, Gressner AM. Identification of paraxanthine as the most potent caffeine-derived inhibitor of connective tissue growth factor expression in liver parenchymal cells. Liver Int 2009; 29:886-97. [PMID: 19291178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.01987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we identified hepatocytes as the major cellular source of profibrogenic connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in the liver. Based on reports of a hepatoprotective effect of coffee consumption, we were the first to provide evidence that caffeine suppresses transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta dependent and -independent CTGF expression in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo, thus suggesting this xanthine-alkaloid as a potential therapeutic agent. AIM This study aims at comparing the inhibitory capacities of caffeine and its three demethylated derivates paraxanthine, theophylline and theobromine on CTGF expression in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSC). RESULTS Our data suggest paraxanthine as the most important pharmacological repressor of hepatocellular CTGF expression among the caffeine-derived metabolic methylxanthines with an inhibitory dosage (ID)50 of 1.15 mM, i.e. 3.84-fold lower than what is observed for caffeine. In addition, paraxanthine displayed the least cell toxicity as proven by the water-soluble tetrazolium-1 cell vitality assay. However, caffeine or any of the metabolites did not inhibit CTGF expression in HSC. At the toxicological threshold concentration of 1 mM for paraxanthine, we observed an inhibition of hepatocellular CTGF synthesis by 44%, which was strongly reverted in the presence of the specific competitive cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibitor Rp-adenosine 3',5-cyclic monophosphorothioate triethylammonium salt. Furthermore, CTGF protein expression induced by various concentrations of TGF-beta (0.13-1 ng/ml) is still reduced by, on average, 27%/45% in the presence of paraxanthine (1.25 mM/2.5 mM). CONCLUSION Our data provide an evidence-based suggestion of the caffeine-derived primary metabolite paraxanthine as a potentially powerful antifibrotic drug by its inhibitory effect on (hepatocellular) CTGF synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav A Gressner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Central Laboratory, RWTH-University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Atia NN, York P, Clark BJ. Development and validation of a rapid and efficient method for simultaneous determination of methylxanthines and their metabolites in urine using monolithic HPLC columns. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:931-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Arinobu T, Hattori H, Kumazawa T, Lee XP, Mizutani Y, Katase T, Kojima S, Omori T, Kaneko R, Ishii A, Seno H. High-throughput determination of theophylline and caffeine in human serum by conventional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-008-0058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shrivas K, Wu HF. Rapid determination of caffeine in one drop of beverages and foods using drop-to-drop solvent microextraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:9-14. [PMID: 17904565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid sample cleanup and preconcentration method for the quantitative determination of caffeine in one drop of beverages and foods by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) has been proposed using drop-to-drop solvent microextraction (DDSME). The best optimum experimental conditions for DDSME were: chloroform as the extraction solvent, 5 min extraction time, 0.5 microL exposure volume of the extraction phase and no salt addition at room temperature. The optimized methodology exhibited good linearity between 0.05 and 5.0 microg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.980. The relative standard deviation (RSD) and limits of detection (LOD) of the DDSME/GC/MS method were 4.4% and 4.0 ng/mL, respectively. Relative recovery of caffeine in beverages and foods were found to be 96.6-101%, which showing good reliability of this method. This DDSME excludes the major disadvantages of conventional method of caffeine extraction, like large amount of organic solvent and sample consumption and long sample pre-treatment process. So, this approach proves that the DDSME/GC/MS technique can be applied as a simple, fast and feasible diagnosis tool for environmental, food and biological application for extremely small amount of real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Shrivas
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Martín I, López-Vílchez MA, Mur A, García-Algar O, Rossi S, Marchei E, Pichini S. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after chronic maternal drinking of mate. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:127-9. [PMID: 17304161 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803257ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The premature newborn of a mother who reported drinking mate during pregnancy presented with increased jitteriness and irritability, high-pitched cry, hypertonia in the limbs, and brisk tendon reflexes consistent with neonatal withdrawal syndrome. High concentrations of caffeine and theobromine were detected in various maternal and neonatal biological matrices (placenta, cord serum, neonatal urine, maternal and neonatal hair, meconium, and breast milk), demonstrating both acute and chronic prenatal and postnatal exposure to these methylxanthines, contained in high amounts in homemade mate. Symptoms progressively disappeared at 84 hours of age, although intermittent irritability was still present when the infant was discharged at 24 days of age. Fluctuating caffeine (and theobromine) content in different breast milk feeds likely generated the baby's irritability, due to either the physiological stimulatory effects of the methylxanthines or postnatal withdrawal syndrome as the substances cleared from the body. The mother was strongly advised to initiate a considerable, progressive, constant reduction of mate consumption to a maximum of 2 cups a day for the duration of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Martín
- Neonatology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Zhao X, Liu JP, Zhang X, Li Y. Enhancement of transdermal delivery of theophylline using microemulsion vehicle. Int J Pharm 2006; 327:58-64. [PMID: 16926077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2006] [Revised: 07/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A microemulsion vehicle had been studied as a possible matrix for transdermal delivery of theophylline. The existence of microemulsion regions were investigated in pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, and various microemulsion formulations were prepared using oleic acid, Cremophor RH40/Labrasol (1:2) and water. The optimal formulation of the microemulsion was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells. The droplet size of microemulsion was characterized by photo correlation spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic study in vivo was conducted using rabbits, and the results indicated that AUC(0-->infinity) of transdermal administration was 1.65-fold higher than that of oral solution administration. These studies showed that microemulsion system of theophylline might be promising vehicles for the transdermal delivery of theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210038, PR China
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Grosso LM, Bracken MB. Caffeine Metabolism, Genetics, and Perinatal Outcomes: A Review of Exposure Assessment Considerations during Pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15:460-6. [PMID: 15967394 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the methodologic issues complicating caffeine exposure assessment during pregnancy; to discuss maternal and fetal caffeine metabolism, including genetic polymorphisms affecting caffeine metabolism; and to discuss the endogenous and exogenous risk factors known to influence caffeine metabolism. METHODS A review of the relevant literature. RESULTS There is wide inter-individual variation in caffeine metabolism, primarily due to variations in CYP1A2 enzyme activity. Some variability in CYP1A2 activity is due to genetic polymorphisms in the CYP1A2 gene which can cause increased or decreased inducibility of the enzyme. Considerable evidence exists that maternal caffeine metabolism is influenced by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors and studying the genetic polymorphisms may improve understanding of the potential effects of caffeine and its metabolites on perinatal outcomes. There is substantial evidence that measurement of maternal, fetal, and neonatal caffeine metabolites may allow for a more precise measure of fetal caffeine exposure. CONCLUSIONS Research on the genetic polymorphisms affecting caffeine metabolism may further explain the potential effects of caffeine and its metabolites on perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Grosso
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Zydroń M, Baranowski J, Baranowska I. Separation, pre-concentration, and HPLC analysis of methylxanthines in urine samples. J Sep Sci 2005; 27:1166-72. [PMID: 15537072 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An SPE method, using RP18 phases, for the simultaneous extraction of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, paraxanthine, 1-methylxanthine, 3-methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, 1-methyluric acid, 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 1,7-dimethyluric acid, and 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid from urine has been developed. Besides a gradient HPLC system for the analysis of the compounds of interest on a LiChrosorb RP-18 (7 microm) column with mobile phase containing 0.05% aq. solution of trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile has been elaborated. The procedure has been successfully applied to the analysis of methylxanthines and methyluric acids in urine of patients with chronic asthma treated with theophylline and in urine of healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Zydroń
- Department of Analytical and General Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Marchei E, Pellegrini M, Pacifici R, Palmi I, Pichini S. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry assay for methylxanthines and taurine in dietary supplements. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 37:499-507. [PMID: 15740910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A procedure based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is described for determination of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, taurine in different dietary supplements. After addition of tryptophan as internal standard, both solid and liquid specimens were extracted with 4 ml of hexane/isopropanol (9:1). Chromatography was performed on a C18 reversed-phase column using water/methanol/acetic acid (75:20:5, v/v/v) as a mobile phase. Analytes were determined in LC-MS single ion monitoring mode with atmospheric pressure ionization-electrospray (ESI) interface. The method was validated in the range 0.1-500 and 0.06-500 microg/ml or microg/g for taurine and caffeine, respectively; 0.06-100 microg/ml or microg/g for theobromine and theophylline. Mean recoveries ranged between 70.1 and 94.4% for different analytes. The quantification limits were 0.1 microg/ml or microg/g for taurine and 0.06 microg/ml or microg/g for methylxanthines either in liquid samples or in solid samples. The method was applied to the analysis of various dietary supplements containing methylxanthines and taurine. Energetic drinks contained amounts of taurine in the range of hundreds to thousands microg/ml and ten times lower amounts of caffeine. Conversely, herbal powders, tablets and capsules mainly contained mg amounts of caffeine per gram of product with the other two methylxanthines in the range of ten to hundred microg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Marchei
- Drug Research and Evaluation Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Zambonin CG, Aresta A, Palmisano F. Determination of methylxanthines in urine by liquid chromatography with diode array UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:621-4. [PMID: 15522539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 07/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-diode array UV detection (LC-UVDAD) method for the simultaneous determination of four methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, paraxanthine and theophylline) is described. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a LC-18-DB column using 20:80 methanol:buffer (5mM citric acid adjusted to pH 5 with triethylamine) as mobile phase. The method has been applied to urine samples. The overall procedure had % recoveries ranging from 81.6 +/- 2.6 (theophylline) to 99.3 +/- 6.3 (theobromine). The within-day (n = 5) and between-days (n = 5 over 5 days) coefficients of variation in urine ranged from 2.9% (theophylline) to 3.4% (theobromine) and from 5.2% (theophylline) to 6.2% (theobromine). Estimated LOD and LOQ in urine ranged from 0.15microg/ml (theophylline) to 0.3microg/ml (theobromine) and from 0.8microg/ml (theophylline) to 1.2microg/ml (theobromine), respectively. Urine samples naturally contaminated with the target analytes were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo G Zambonin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126-Bari, Italy.
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Mashkouri Najafi N, Hamid AS, Afshin RK. Determination of caffeine in black tea leaves by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry using multiple linear regression. Microchem J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(03)00095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Onodera K, Shibata M, Kojima J, Wachi M, Sogawa N, Furuta H, Kamei J. Toxicity of theophylline depends on plasma concentration by single and also repeated dosing in rats. Pharmacol Res 2001; 44:81-7. [PMID: 11516255 DOI: 10.1006/phrs.2001.0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the in vivo toxicity and plasma concentration of theophylline. Theophylline was administered intravenously in single doses ( 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg(-1)once a day) or repeated doses (12.5, 25 and 90 mg kg(-1)/day for 28 days) in rats. Plasma concentrations of theophylline increased dose-dependently in both single and repeated doses, and there were no differences due to effects of 28-times repeated administration. Neither single dose at 50 mg kg(-1)nor repeated dose at 12.5 mg kg(-1)/day injections of theophylline showed toxic signs, in which plasma concentrations of theophylline were less than 110 and 22.5 microg ml(-1), respectively. Theophylline induced myocardial fibrosis in 25 mg kg(-1)/day and more treated groups: in which plasma concentrations of theophylline were more than 50 microg ml(-1). At doses of 100 mg kg(-1)(single) and 90 mg kg(-1)/day (repeated), theophylline caused tachypnea and excitement of movement. Each theophylline concentration in plasma was more than 194 microg ml(-1)in single 100 mg kg(-1)and 162 microg ml(-1)in repeated 90 mg kg(-1)/day injections, respectively. Death was observed at a dose of 200 mg kg(-1), in which the plasma concentration of theophylline was more than 264 microg ml(-1). Moreover, the recovery period from signs of toxic poisoning to normality in the 200 mg kg(-1)treated group was greater than that in the 150 mg kg(-1)and less treated groups. The results indicated that the in vivo toxicity of theophylline is highly dependent on plasma concentrations in rats which received single and also repeated doses of theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Onodera
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.
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Slotkin TA, Seidler FJ. Antimitotic and cytotoxic effects of theophylline in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 64:259-67. [PMID: 11200776 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026508605951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cancer cell lines, including MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, exhibit mitotic inhibition by cAMP. In earlier work, we found that the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline, reduced the number of cells and altered cellular morphology. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of theophylline on macromolecule synthesis and indices of cell viability. Theophylline evoked a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in DNA synthesis. However, the net decrease in cell number was greater than that predicted solely from mitotic arrest. Assessment of protein synthesis indicated a second effect of theophylline separable from that on DNA synthesis. This was confirmed by decreased cell viability and adhesion. Exposure of the cells to the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, IBMX, in concentrations that produced inhibition of DNA synthesis equivalent to that seen with theophylline, elicited a smaller reduction in cell number. Theophylline also evoked specific changes in the expression or function of membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase activity, effects that are likely to contribute to sustained reactivity of these cells to other cAMP-related inhibitors of cell proliferation, such as isoproterenol. The multiple pharmacologic properties of theophylline, producing mitotic inhibition, cytotoxicity and altered signaling in MDA-MB-231 cells, may provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Jafari M, Rabbani A. Dose and time dependent effects of caffeine on superoxide release, cell survival and DNA fragmentation of alveolar macrophages from rat lung. Toxicology 2000; 149:101-8. [PMID: 10967407 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of two concentration ranges of the cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, caffeine, on alveolar macrophage function was investigated by measuring survival rate, superoxide anion production and DNA fragmentation. The results show caffeine induced apoptosis in alveolar macrophages in a dose dependent manner. The survival rate of the cells exposed to low concentrations of caffeine (<5 mM) increased remarkably with a peak at 2.5 mM. At this concentration, caffeine failed to affect superoxide anion production and DNA degradation. However, at higher concentrations (5-20 mM), at which the viability was higher than the control, a significant increase in both superoxide production and DNA degradation, as judged by agarose gel and diphenylamine reaction, was obtained for 3 and 24 h of culture. The effect of caffeine on survival rate was also time dependent. At low caffeine concentrations, macrophages survived with a viability of 90-97% after 3 days. At moderate concentrations, the cells maintained viability up to 24 h but at concentrations higher than 20 mM, caffeine inhibited cell survival and killed a fraction of the population. The results suggest that low concentrations of caffeine prevent apoptosis of macrophages, whereas at moderate concentrations caffeine induces apoptosis in these cells. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanism of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jafari
- Faculty of Medicine, Baghiyatollah University, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Chen QC, Mou SF, Hou XP, Ni ZM. Simultaneous determination of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline in foods and pharmaceutical preparations by using ion chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Shannon M. Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia and plasma catecholamine activity after severe theophylline intoxication. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 1994; 32:41-7. [PMID: 8308948 DOI: 10.3109/15563659409000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To determine if differences in the rate of hypokalemia and hyperglycemia between victims of acute versus chronic theophylline intoxication relate to alterations in plasma catecholamine activity, we evaluated plasma catechols in three groups of patients: victims of acute theophylline intoxication (n = 10), chronic theophylline overmedication (n = 3), and healthy controls (n = 6). There were no differences in peak serum theophylline concentration between acute and chronic groups (86.6 vs 73.0 mcg/mL, p = NS). Among those with acute intoxication mean (+/- SEM) serum potassium was 2.80 +/- .16 mEq/L while mean serum glucose was 208 +/- 26 mg/dL. In contrast, those with chronic intoxication had a mean serum potassium of 4.10 +/- .70 mEq/L with a mean serum glucose of 139 mg/dL (p < .0001 and p < .04 for between-group potassium and glucose, respectively). Potassium and glucose concentrations of those with chronic theophylline intoxication were similar to those of controls. Plasma epinephrine was higher in those with acute theophylline intoxication than in victims of chronic overmedication and controls (282 vs 133 vs 58 pg/mL, p < .003). Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine in contrast were significantly higher in those with chronic overmedication than in those with acute intoxication and controls (norepinephrine 1395 vs 965 vs 268 pg/mL, p < .008; dopamine 198 vs 148 vs 39 pg/mL, p < .009). These data suggest that the pattern of glucose and potassium disturbances after acute theophylline intoxication parallel differences in plasma epinephrine concentrations. This supports theories that hypokalemia is the result of enhanced beta-2 receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shannon
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Wilkinson JM, Pollard I. Accumulation of theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine in the fetal rat brain following a single oral dose of caffeine. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 75:193-9. [PMID: 8261611 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the disposition of caffeine and its metabolites, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine in the 20-day fetal and adult brains following a single maternal dose of 5 or 25 mg/kg caffeine. Brains and plasma were collected 5 and 30 min, and 1, 3, 8 and 24 h after dosing. It was found that fetal and adult caffeine AUC (area under the concentration-time curve) values did not differ between the brain and plasma at either dose. Caffeine's primary metabolites theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine did, however, accumulate in the fetal brain at both doses resulting in a 3-fold increase in brain metabolite exposure compared to fetal circulatory levels. In contrast to the fetus, metabolite AUC values after a dose of 25 mg/kg were found to be lower in the brains of adults compared with plasma. This suggests that caffeine's primary metabolites might be selectively excluded from the adult brain. In conclusion we have shown that, unlike the adult, the fetal rat brain accumulates theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine when exposed to caffeine doses comparable to those attainable by normal human consumption. Since many aspects of caffeine metabolism are similar in the rat and human, we suggested that particular attention should be paid to the consumption of caffeine during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wilkinson
- School of biological sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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41
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Zeruesenay D, Siegmund W, Franke G, Zschiesche M. Circadian time-dependent kinetics of theophylline and its modulation by phenobarbital pretreatment in rats. Chronobiol Int 1993; 10:81-6. [PMID: 8500192 DOI: 10.1080/07420529309059695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of theophylline (TPH, 10 mg/kg i.v.) were assessed in rats (natural light-dark span, June 9-10) after i.p. pretreatment with saline and 80 mg/kg phenobarbital (PB), respectively, for 3 consecutive days at either 07:00 h or at 19:00 h. Serum concentrations of TPH were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. No significant differences of the elimination rates of TPH could be found between the times of TPH administration (clearance: 1.17 +/- 0.17 ml/kg/min at 07:00 h vs. 1.23 +/- 0.17 ml/kg/min at 19:00 hours). PB premedication markedly accelerated TPH elimination. The increase in clearance values was more expressed when TPH was injected at 07:00 h than at 19:00 h (2.48 +/- 0.67 vs. 2.06 +/- 0.41 ml/kg/min, p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zeruesenay
- Gondar College of Medical Sciences, Addis Abada University, Ethiopia
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Babich H, Borenfreund E. Cytotoxic and morphological effects of phenylpropanolamine, caffeine, nicotine, and some of their metabolites studied In vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 1992; 6:493-502. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(92)90060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/1991] [Revised: 04/14/1992] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Blanchard J, Weber CW, Shearer LE. Methylxanthine levels in breast milk of lactating women of different ethnic and socioeconomic classes. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1992; 13:187-96. [PMID: 1576327 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510130305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary caffeine and dimethylxanthine concentrations in breast milk of 40 mothers from different ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Their diets and drug intake were not restricted in any way. Each nursing mother provided a fasting and a combined breast-milk sample each day for 3 consecutive days. No significant differences were found in intake levels of any of the methylxanthines among the groups tested. No significant differences were found among the four groups in breast-milk levels of caffeine, theobromine, or paraxanthine. However, the mean theophylline milk levels were significantly higher on 2 of the 3 days examined in Anglo-American woman compared to Hispanic-American women. Socioeconomic and ethnic variables were also compared among the four groups. The daily amounts of methylxanthines found in the breast milk of this free-living population of mothers do not appear to present clinically significant amounts to the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blanchard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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Parra P, Limon A, Ferre S, Guix T, Jane F. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of caffeine, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine in rat brain and serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 570:185-90. [PMID: 1797825 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine and its metabolites theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine have been determined in rat brain and serum samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The recovery, 85-103%, allowed quantification by external standard methods. The variability was found to be less than 3 and 7% for intra-day and inter-day assays, respectively. The detection limit, 1.57 ng of methylxanthines on column, allowed the determination of 62.5 ng/g or ml in biological material. Rats treated with 30 mg/kg caffeine (subcutaneously) were sacrificed at different times (1, 6, 12 and 24 h). Higher concentrations of methylxanthines (specially paraxanthine) were observed in the striatum than in the rest of the brain, and it was also observed that the clearance of methylxanthines was faster in serum than in brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parra
- Departament de Farmacologia y Psquiatria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de Sant Pau, Spain
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Gabelova A, Slamenova D, Bohusova T. Study of the biological effects of theophylline on V79 cells: viability, membrane permeability, and metabolic cooperation. Cell Biol Toxicol 1991; 7:183-92. [PMID: 1716177 DOI: 10.1007/bf00122830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of theophylline, a specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, on gap junction-mediated intercellular communication between Chinese hamster V79 cells was examined. It was found that addition of theophylline to coculture of 6-thioguanine-resistant (TGr) and 6-thioguanine-sensitive (TGs) V79 cells significantly increased the recovery of TGr cells. This finding indicates an inhibition of metabolic cooperation of V79 cells by theophylline. Theophylline was tested at concentrations less than 0.3 mg/ml, which were neither cytotoxic (after short or continuous exposure) nor inhibited the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. At the tested concentrations, no change was found in the membrane permeability of cells. Theophylline did not increase the incorporation of glucose into the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gabelova
- Department of Mutagenesis and Chemical Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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Gaspari F, Bonati M. Interspecies metabolism and pharmacokinetic scaling of theophylline disposition. Drug Metab Rev 1990; 22:179-207. [PMID: 2272287 DOI: 10.3109/03602539009041084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Gaspari
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Bergamo & Milano, Italy
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