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Manickasamy MK, Kumar A, BharathwajChetty B, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Alqahtani A, Unnikrishnan J, Bishayee A, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Synergistic enhancement: Exploring the potential of piperine in cancer therapeutics through chemosensitization and combination therapies. Life Sci 2024; 354:122943. [PMID: 39117139 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in chemotherapy, effective treatments for advanced cancer stages remain largely elusive due to chemoresistance. Resistance to anticancer agents in cancer cells can arise through various mechanisms, including multi-drug resistance, inhibition of apoptosis, modification of drug targets, and enhancement of DNA repair capabilities. Consequently, there is a critical need for agents that can suppress the molecular signatures responsible for drug resistance. Piperine, an active alkaloid extracted from Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), is one such agent that has been extensively studied for its potential in addressing chronic diseases, including cancer. Piperine's antineoplastic properties are mediated through the regulation of numerous key cellular signaling pathways and the modulation of various biological processes. Its capability to enhance drug bioavailability and counteract mechanisms of drug resistance, such as the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP-1), emphasizes its potential as an adjunct in cancer therapy. Research across various cancer types has demonstrated piperine's role in chemosensitization by targeting P-gp and MRP-1 and altering drug-metabolizing enzymes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of piperine's pharmacological characteristics and its capacity to modulate several cellular signaling pathways involved in drug resistance. Furthermore, the review emphasizes how piperine, when used in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic agents or natural compounds, can enhance therapeutic effects, leading to improved outcomes in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Manickasamy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Bandari BharathwajChetty
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Athba Alqahtani
- Research Centre, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jyothsna Unnikrishnan
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, United States of America
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India.
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Dludla PV, Cirilli I, Marcheggiani F, Silvestri S, Orlando P, Muvhulawa N, Moetlediwa MT, Nkambule BB, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Hlengwa N, Hanser S, Ndwandwe D, Marnewick JL, Basson AK, Tiano L. Bioactive Properties, Bioavailability Profiles, and Clinical Evidence of the Potential Benefits of Black Pepper ( Piper nigrum) and Red Pepper ( Capsicum annum) against Diverse Metabolic Complications. Molecules 2023; 28:6569. [PMID: 37764345 PMCID: PMC10534530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of food-derived products, including the regular intake of pepper, is increasingly evaluated for its potential benefits in protecting against diverse metabolic complications. The current study made use of prominent electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to retrieve clinical evidence linking the intake of black and red pepper with the amelioration of metabolic complications. The findings summarize evidence supporting the beneficial effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), including its active ingredient, piperine, in improving blood lipid profiles, including reducing circulating levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in overweight and obese individuals. The intake of piperine was also linked with enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by increasing serum levels of superoxide dismutase while reducing those of malonaldehyde and C-reactive protein in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Evidence summarized in the current review also indicates that red pepper (Capsicum annum), together with its active ingredient, capsaicin, could promote energy expenditure, including limiting energy intake, which is likely to contribute to reduced fat mass in overweight and obese individuals. Emerging clinical evidence also indicates that pepper may be beneficial in alleviating complications linked with other chronic conditions, including osteoarthritis, oropharyngeal dysphagia, digestion, hemodialysis, and neuromuscular fatigue. Notably, the beneficial effects of pepper or its active ingredients appear to be more pronounced when used in combination with other bioactive compounds. The current review also covers essential information on the metabolism and bioavailability profiles of both pepper species and their main active ingredients, which are all necessary to understand their potential beneficial effects against metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (D.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (N.H.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (L.T.)
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (L.T.)
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (L.T.)
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (L.T.)
| | - Ndivhuwo Muvhulawa
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (D.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (M.T.M.); (S.E.M.-M.)
| | - Marakiya T. Moetlediwa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (M.T.M.); (S.E.M.-M.)
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (M.T.M.); (S.E.M.-M.)
| | - Nokulunga Hlengwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (N.H.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Sidney Hanser
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - Duduzile Ndwandwe
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; (N.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Jeanine L. Marnewick
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Albertus K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; (N.H.); (A.K.B.)
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.); (S.S.); (P.O.); (L.T.)
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Ziegenhagen R, Heimberg K, Lampen A, Hirsch-Ernst KI. Safety Aspects of the Use of Isolated Piperine Ingested as a Bolus. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092121. [PMID: 34574230 PMCID: PMC8467119 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperine is a natural ingredient of Piper nigrum (black pepper) and some other Piper species. Compared to the use of pepper for food seasoning, piperine is used in food supplements in an isolated, concentrated form and ingested as a bolus. The present review focuses on the assessment of the possible critical health effects regarding the use of isolated piperine as a single ingredient in food supplements. In human and animal studies with single or short-term bolus application of isolated piperine, interactions with several drugs, in most cases resulting in increased drug bioavailability, were observed. Depending on the drug and extent of the interaction, such interactions may carry the risk of unintended deleteriously increased or adverse drug effects. Animal studies with higher daily piperine bolus doses than in human interaction studies provide indications of disturbance of spermatogenesis and of maternal reproductive and embryotoxic effects. Although the available human studies rarely reported effects that were regarded as being adverse, their suitability for detailed risk assessment is limited due to an insufficient focus on safety parameters apart from drug interactions, as well as due to the lack of investigation of the potentially adverse effects observed in animal studies and/or combined administration of piperine with other substances. Taken together, it appears advisable to consider the potential health risks related to intake of isolated piperine in bolus form, e.g., when using certain food supplements.
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Turrini E, Sestili P, Fimognari C. Overview of the Anticancer Potential of the "King of Spices" Piper nigrum and Its Main Constituent Piperine. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E747. [PMID: 33256185 PMCID: PMC7761056 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main limits of current anticancer therapy are relapses, chemoresistance, and toxic effects resulting from its poor selectivity towards cancer cells that severely impair a patient's quality of life. Therefore, the discovery of new anticancer drugs remains an urgent challenge. Natural products represent an excellent opportunity due to their ability to target heterogenous populations of cancer cells and regulate several key pathways involved in cancer development, and their favorable toxicological profile. Piper nigrum is one of the most popular spices in the world, with growing fame as a source of bioactive molecules with pharmacological properties. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anticancer potential of Piper nigrum and its major active constituents-not limited to the well-known piperine-whose undeniable anticancer properties have been reported for different cancer cell lines and animal models. Moreover, the chemosensitizing effects of Piper nigrum in association with traditional anticancer drugs are depicted and its toxicological profile is outlined. Despite the promising results, human studies are missing, which are crucial for supporting the efficacy and safety of Piper nigrum and its single components in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Turrini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti 26, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
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Piperine: A comprehensive review of methods of isolation, purification, and biological properties. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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6
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Ren T, Zuo Z. Role of piperine in CNS diseases: pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:849-867. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1672658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Ren
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Praneetha P, Balhara A, Ladumor MK, Singh DK, Patil A, Preethi J, Pokharkar S, Deshpande AY, Giri S, Singh S. Characterization of stable and reactive metabolites of piperine formed on incubation with human liver microsomes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:738-749. [PMID: 31368246 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black pepper, though commonly employed as a spice, has many medicinal properties. It consists of volatile oils, alkaloids, pungent resins, etc., of which piperine is a major constituent. Though safe at low doses, piperine causes alteration in the activity of drug metabolising enzymes and transporters at high dose and is known to precipitate liver toxicity. It has a potential to form reactive metabolite(s) (RM) owing to the presence of structural alerts, such as methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP), α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group (Michael acceptor), and piperidine. The present study was designed to detect and characterize stable and RM(s) of piperine formed on in vitro incubation with human liver microsomes. The investigation of RMs was done with the aid of trapping agents, viz, glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The samples were analysed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) using Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap. Full scan MS followed by data-dependent MS2 (Full MS-ddMS2 ) mode was used to establish mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways of protonated piperine and its metabolites. In total, four stable metabolites and their isomers (M1a-c, M2a-b, M3a-c, and M4a-b) were detected. Their formation involved removal of carbon (3, M1a-c), hydroxylation (2, M2a-b), hydroxylation with hydrogenation (3, M3a-c), and dehydrogenation (2, M4a-b). Out of these metabolites, M1, M2, and M3 are reported earlier in the literature, but their isomers and two M4 variants are novel. In addition, six novel conjugates of RMs, including three GSH conjugates of m/z 579 and three NAC conjugates of m/z 435, were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pammi Praneetha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Mayur K Ladumor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Amol Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Jalvadi Preethi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Sunil Pokharkar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Giri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
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Ren T, Wang Q, Li C, Yang M, Zuo Z. Efficient brain uptake of piperine and its pharmacokinetics characterization after oral administration. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1249-1257. [PMID: 29160763 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1405293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Piperine, the major biological active component in black pepper has been associated with miscellaneous pharmacological effects, especially on central nervous system. To correlate with its neurological activity, a comprehensive pharmacokinetic profile of piperine in brain, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration in rats was investigated in this study. 2. It was noted that piperine could efficiently penetrate and homogeneously distribute into brain with similar pharmacokinetics profiles in each region. In addition, piperine concentrations in brain and plasma were found to be comparable with brain to plasma area under curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0→∞) ratios of 0.95 and 1.10 for total concentration and unbound concentrations, respectively. Piperine also demonstrated high affinity toward brain tissue (98.4-98.5%) and plasma protein (96.2-97.8%) leading to a brain distribution volume of 36.32 ± 1.40 ml/g brain. Moreover, its efficient membrane permeability (P app values of 5.41 ± 0.40 × 10- 5 cm/s and 4.78 ± 0.16 × 10- 5 cm/s for basolateral to apical and apical to basolateral transport in Caco-2 monolayer model) and limited hepatic metabolism (Clint of 8.15 μl/min/mg) could also contribute to its quick and high extent brain exposure. 3. In summary, this study for the first time demonstrated high brain penetration potency of piperine could be resulted from its high brain tissue affinity and membrane permeability together with its limited liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Ren
- a School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong , ROC
| | - Qianwen Wang
- a School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong , ROC
| | - Chenrui Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong , ROC
| | - Mengbi Yang
- a School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong , ROC
| | - Zhong Zuo
- a School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong , ROC
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Piperine's mitigation of obesity and diabetes can be explained by its up-regulation of the metabolic rate of resting muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13009-13014. [PMID: 27799519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607536113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identify a target for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes, the consumption of calories by an increase in the metabolic rate of resting skeletal muscle. The metabolic rate of skeletal muscle can be increased by shifting myosin heads from the super-relaxed state (SRX), with a low ATPase activity, to a disordered relaxed state (DRX), with a higher ATPase activity. The shift of myosin heads was detected by a change in fluorescent intensity of a probe attached to the myosin regulatory light chain in skinned skeletal fibers, allowing us to perform a high-throughput screen of 2,128 compounds. The screen identified one compound, which destabilized the super-relaxed state, piperine (the main alkaloid component of black pepper). Destabilization of the SRX by piperine was confirmed by single-nucleotide turnover measurements. The effect was only observed in fast twitch skeletal fibers and not in slow twitch fibers or cardiac tissues. Piperine increased ATPase activity of skinned relaxed fibers by 66 ± 15%. The Kd was ∼2 µM. Piperine had little effect on the mechanics of either fully active or resting muscle fibers. Previous work has shown that piperine can mitigate both obesity and type 2 diabetes in rodent models of these conditions. We propose that the increase in resting muscle metabolism contributes to these positive effects. The results described here show that up-regulation of resting muscle metabolism could treat obesity and type 2 diabetes and that piperine would provide a useful lead compound for the development of these therapies.
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Safety and efficacy of pyridine and pyrrole derivatives belonging to chemical group 28 when used as flavourings for all animal species. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Thiel A, Etheve S, Fabian E, Leeman W, Plautz J. Using in vitro/in silico data for consumer safety assessment of feed flavoring additives – A feasibility study using piperine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tomy MJ, Sharanya CS, Dileep KV, Prasanth S, Sabu A, Sadasivan C, Haridas M. Derivatives form better lipoxygenase inhibitors than piperine: in vitro and in silico study. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 85:715-21. [PMID: 25327968 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Piperine is a secondary metabolite of black pepper. Its uses in medicine were already studied. However, its derivatives have not gained considerable attention. In the presented study, the Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity of piperine and its derivatives, piperonylic acid, piperic acid, and piperonal have been assessed and compared by enzyme kinetics, ITC and molecular modeling experiments. The presented investigations expressed that all the studied compounds inhibited LOX by binding at its active site. The IC(50) values of these compounds were deduced from the kinetics data and found to be 85.79, 43.065, 45.17, and 50.78 μm for piperine, piperonylic acid, piperic acid, and piperonal, respectively. The binding free energies obtained from ITC experiments were -7.47, -8.33, -8.09, and -7.86 kcal/mol for piperine, piperonylic acid, piperic acid, and piperonal, respectively. Similarly, the glide scores obtained for piperine, piperonylic acid, piperic acid, and piperonal were -7.28, -10.32, -10.72, and -9.57 kcal/mol, respectively. The results of ITC and molecular modeling experiments suggested that piperonylic acid and piperonal exhibit stronger binding at the active site than piperine does. From the presented studies, it could be concluded that derivatives of piperine may be of higher significance than piperine for certain medicinal applications, implicating (Ayurvedic) fermented herbal drugs with piperine in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muringayil J Tomy
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience and Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, 670661, India
| | - Chelankara S Sharanya
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience and Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, 670661, India
| | - Kalarickal V Dileep
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience and Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, 670661, India
| | - Shankar Prasanth
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience and Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, 670661, India
| | - Abudulhameed Sabu
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience and Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, 670661, India
| | - Chittalakkottu Sadasivan
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience and Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, 670661, India
| | - Madathilkovilakathu Haridas
- Inter University Centre for Bioscience and Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, 670661, India
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 303, Revision 1 (FGE.303Rev1): Spilanthol from chemical group 30. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Liu H, Luo R, Chen X, Liu J, Bi Y, Zheng L, Wu X. Tissue distribution profiles of three antiparkinsonian alkaloids from Piper longum L. in rats determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 928:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Yusuf M, Khan M, Khan RA, Ahmed B. Preparation, characterization,in vivoand biochemical evaluation of brain targeted Piperine solid lipid nanoparticles in an experimentally induced Alzheimer’s disease model. J Drug Target 2012; 21:300-311. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.747529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 300 (FGE.300): One cyclo‐aliphatic amide from chemical group 33. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 303 (FGE.303): Spilanthol from chemical group 30. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Srinivasan K. Black pepper and its pungent principle-piperine: a review of diverse physiological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 47:735-48. [PMID: 17987447 DOI: 10.1080/10408390601062054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the most widely used among spices. It is valued for its distinct biting quality attributed to the alkaloid, piperine. Black pepper is used not only in human dietaries but also for a variety of other purposes such as medicinal, as a preservative, and in perfumery. Many physiological effects of black pepper, its extracts, or its major active principle, piperine, have been reported in recent decades. Dietary piperine, by favorably stimulating the digestive enzymes of pancreas, enhances the digestive capacity and significantly reduces the gastrointestinal food transit time. Piperine has been demonstrated in in vitro studies to protect against oxidative damage by inhibiting or quenching free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Black pepper or piperine treatment has also been evidenced to lower lipid peroxidation in vivo and beneficially influence cellular thiol status, antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes in a number of experimental situations of oxidative stress. The most far-reaching attribute of piperine has been its inhibitory influence on enzymatic drug biotransforming reactions in the liver. It strongly inhibits hepatic and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Piperine has been documented to enhance the bioavailability of a number of therapeutic drugs as well as phytochemicals by this very property. Piperine's bioavailability enhancing property is also partly attributed to increased absorption as a result of its effect on the ultrastructure of intestinal brush border. Although initially there were a few controversial reports regarding its safety as a food additive, such evidence has been questionable, and later studies have established the safety of black pepper or its active principle, piperine, in several animal studies. Piperine, while it is non-genotoxic, has in fact been found to possess anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Srinivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
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Wang SM, Dou GF, Li Q, Liu T, Meng ZY, Lou YQ, Zhang GL. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of 3,4-dichlorophenyl-propenoyl-sec.-butylamine in rats by high performance liquid chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:92-100. [PMID: 17141584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolism of 3,4-dichlorophenyl-propenoyl-sec.-butylamine (3,4-DCPB), a novel antiepileptic drug, were investigated after its oral administration to rats (100 mg/kg) by HPLC. The absorption and elimination of 3,4-DCPB were rapid. 3,4-DCPB was found to undergo extensive metabolism as the major route of elimination. Structures of the metabolites present in rat plasma were identified with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). It was concluded that 3,4-DCPB was involved in the multiple metabolic pathways (hydrolysis, dealkylation and oxidation) and the hydrolysis product, 3,4-dichloro-cinnamic acid (M1) appeared to be the major metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School, Beijing University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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Verma J, Joshi A. Rapid HPTLC method for identification and quantification of curcumin, piperine and thymol in an ayurvedic formulation. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2006. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.19.2006.5.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Srinivasan K. Spices as influencers of body metabolism: an overview of three decades of research. Food Res Int 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bajad S, Coumar M, Khajuria R, Suri OP, Bedi KL. Characterization of a new rat urinary metabolite of piperine by LC/NMR/MS studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 19:413-21. [PMID: 12907292 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(03)00143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potential of piperine, an active alkaloid of black and long peppers, to increase the bioavailability of drugs in humans is of great clinical significance owing to its omnipresence in food. In an attempt to further study the reported differences in its metabolism in rats and humans, a new major urinary metabolite was detected in rat urine and plasma using HPLC. The metabolite was partially purified using reverse phase column chromatography on Sephadex((R))-LH 20 and characterized as 5-(3, 4-methylenedioxy phenyl)-2E,4E-pentadienoic acid-N-(3-yl propionic acid)-amide with the help of LC/NMR/positive ESI-MS studies. Complete mass fragmentation pattern could be assigned with MS/MS studies. The metabolite has a unique structure compared to the previously reported metabolites in that it retains methylenedioxy ring and conjugated double bonds while the piperidine ring is modified to form propionic acid group. Mechanism of formation of the metabolite by oxidation and cleavage of piperidine ring is proposed. Kidney appears to be the major excretion route for piperine metabolites in rats as no metabolite could be detected in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bajad
- Pharmacology Division, Regional Research Laboratory, Canal Road, Jammu, 180 001, India.
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Bajad S, Khajuria RK, Suri OP, Bedi KL. Characterisation of a new minor urinary metabolite of piperine, an omnipresent food component, by LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bajad S, Singla AK, Bedi KL. Liquid chromatographic method for determination of piperine in rat plasma: application to pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 776:245-9. [PMID: 12138007 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Piperine, a major alkaloid of Piper longum and Piper nigrum has been reported to have several pharmacological/toxicological effects. Though a number of methods for analysis of this omnipresent food component in pepper fruits are available, its analysis in body fluids has been largely neglected. A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of piperine in rat plasma is presented in this communication. Analysis was performed using a Symmetry C(18) column (250x4.6 mm) by isocratic elution with 25 mM KH(2)PO(4) (pH 4.5)-acetonitrile (35:65) and UV detection at 340 nm. The calibration plot was linear over the range studied (2-2000 ng) with correlation coefficient of 0.9984. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 1 ng/ml and 3 ng/ml, respectively. Good overall recovery (85.5+/-6%) was obtained with 4 ml ethyl acetate and extraction time of 3 min. Intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation was found to be less than 7.5%. Plasma concentration-time profile of piperine in a conscious rat implanted with jugular vein cannula was obtained using this method. The method is simple, sensitive and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Bajad
- Pharmacology Division, Regional Research Laboratory, Canal Road, Jammu 180 001, India.
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Chu CY, Chang JP, Wang CJ. Modulatory effect of piperine on benzo[a]pyrene cytotoxicity and DNA adduct formation in V-79 lung fibroblast cells. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32:373-7. [PMID: 8206433 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Piperine, a major component of black pepper and long peppers, has been reported previously to have an effect on the activation and deactivation of some exogenous substances. In the present study, piperine was found to promote DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in cultured V-79 lung fibroblast cells. The V-79 cells were treated with a non-toxic dose of piperine (1-20 microM) plus 10 microM B[a]P, or pretreated with piperine for 30 min or 2 hr prior to the administration of 10 microM B[a]P. B[a]P cytotoxicity was potentiated significantly by piperine under each experimental condition. The relative plating efficiency (RPE) was 71% when V-79 cells were exposed to 10 microM B[a]P alone. When the culture was exposed to B[a]P plus piperine or pretreated with piperine for 30 min prior to the administration of B[a]P, the RPE values were 63 and 44% (P < 0.001), respectively. Pretreatment with piperine for 2 hr had no significant effect (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the lowest activities (P < 0.05) of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDP-GTase) of piperine-treated V-79 cells occurred 30 min to 1 hr after the piperine pretreatment. Pretreatment of V-79 cells with piperine also caused an increase in the covalent binding of B[a]P-diol-epoxide to DNA, 2.3 times greater than that of the V-79 cells without piperine treatment. These results suggest that the promotion by piperine of B[a]P-induced cytotoxicity in V-79 lung fibroblast cells is due to mechanisms that decrease the activities of GST and UDP-GTase and increase the formation of a B[a]P-DNA adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Chu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Chung-Shan Medical and Dental College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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