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Huovinen M, Ietta F, Repo J, Paulesu L, Vähäkangas K. The effect of ethanol and nicotine on ER stress in human placental villous explants. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100081. [PMID: 35814289 PMCID: PMC9256831 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine increased the GRP78/BiP protein in first trimester and term placental villous explants. Nicotine can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress in human placenta. Placental villous explants can be isolated from first trimester and term placenta to compare responses to toxic compounds.
Pregnant mothers continue smoking and drinking during pregnancy. To clarify the mechanisms of nicotine and ethanol toxicity during development, we have examined their effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human first trimester and term placental explants. First trimester and term human placental explants were treated with ethanol (2 ‰) or nicotine (15 µM), or their combination. The ER stress markers glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78/BiP) and inositol requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α) were analyzed by immunoblotting. A statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) of GRP78/BiP by nicotine was noted in first trimester placental explants at 48 h, and in term placental explants at 24 h. Ethanol did not change protein expression of GRP78/BiP in either first trimester or term placental explants. IRE1α increased, although not statistically significantly, by all treatments in both first trimester and term placental explants. Thus, regardless of the known structural and functional differences in early and late placenta, both responded very similarly to the toxic compounds studied. These data support our earlier results in BeWo cells (Repo et al., 2014) implicating that nicotine induces ER stress in human placenta and may interfere with placental functions potentially disrupting fetal growth and development.
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McGrath-Morrow SA, Gorzkowski J, Groner JA, Rule AM, Wilson K, Tanski SE, Collaco JM, Klein JD. The Effects of Nicotine on Development. Pediatrics 2020; 145:peds.2019-1346. [PMID: 32047098 PMCID: PMC7049940 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of noncombustible nicotine-containing products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Of increasing popularity are e-cigarettes that can deliver high doses of nicotine over short periods of time. These devices have led to a rise in nicotine addiction in adolescent users who were nonsmokers. Use of noncombustible nicotine products by pregnant mothers is also increasing and can expose the developing fetus to nicotine, a known teratogen. In addition, young children are frequently exposed to secondhand and thirdhand nicotine aerosols generated by e-cigarettes, with little understanding of the effects these exposures can have on health. With the advent of these new nicotine-delivery systems, many concerns have arisen regarding the short- and long-term health effects of nicotine on childhood health during all stages of development. Although health studies on nicotine exposure alone are limited, educating policy makers and health care providers on the potential health effects of noncombustible nicotine is needed because public acceptance of these products has become so widespread. Most studies evaluating the effects of nicotine on health have been undertaken in the context of smoke exposure. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies strongly indicate that nicotine exposure alone can adversely affect the nervous, respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems, particularly when exposure occurs during critical developmental periods. In this review, we have included both preclinical and clinical studies to identify age-related health effects of nicotine exposure alone, examining the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Julie Gorzkowski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois
| | - Judith A. Groner
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana M. Rule
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Wilson
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Susanne E. Tanski
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire; and
| | - Joseph M. Collaco
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and
| | - Jonathan D. Klein
- Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, Illinois;,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Aydın A, Tugcu G. Toxicological assessment of epinephrine and norepinephrine by analog approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:726-732. [PMID: 29913233 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epinephrine and norepinephrine have been used in the management of anaphylactic reactions and cardiac resuscitation, along with treatment of asthma and glaucoma extensively, but their toxicological profiles are not yet completed. Based on this circumstance, various toxicological endpoints of epinephrine and norepinephrine were explored. Since there is a paucity of some endpoints' data, readacross was applied to fill the data gaps using analog approach. Along with structural similarity, biological and mechanistic plausibility were also considered in analog selection. The similarity justification and supporting experimental data were provided for uncertainty evaluation. Short term repeated dose toxicity values as NOAEL and LOAEL belonging to epinephrine were used to estimate the repeated dose toxicity of norepinephrine. The in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity tests were considered representative of genotoxicity. Both chemicals are showed to be non-genotoxic. They are experimentally reported to cause developmental and reproductive toxicity. For the carcinogenicity endpoint, a conclusion could not be reached because similar compounds were seen to show conflicting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Aydın
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 34755, Ataşehir, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gulcin Tugcu
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 34755, Ataşehir, İstanbul, Turkey
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Zhou J, Liu F, Yu L, Xu D, Li B, Zhang G, Huang W, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Wang H. nAChRs-ERK1/2-Egr-1 signaling participates in the developmental toxicity of nicotine by epigenetically down-regulating placental 11β-HSD2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 344:1-12. [PMID: 29486207 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) activity which inactivates maternal glucocorticoids is associated with poor fetal growth and a higher risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. This study aimed to elucidate the epigenetically regulatory mechanism of nicotine on placental 11β-HSD2 expression. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered 1.0 mg/kg nicotine subcutaneously twice a day from gestational day 9 to 20. The results showed that prenatal nicotine exposure increased corticosterone levels in the placenta and fetal serum, disrupted placental morphology and endocrine function, and reduced fetal bodyweight. Meanwhile, histone modification abnormalities (decreased acetylation and increased di-methylation of histone 3 Lysine 9) on the HSD11B2 promoter and lower-expression of 11β-HSD2 were observed. Furthermore, the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α4/β2, the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1), and the expression of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) were increased in the nicotine groups. In human BeWo cells, nicotine decreased 11β-HSD2 expression, increased nAChRα9 expression, and activated ERK1/2/Elk-1/Egr-1 signaling in the concentration (0.1-10 μM)-dependent manner. Antagonism of nAChRs, inhibition of ERK1/2 and Egr-1 knockdown by siRNA were able to block/abrogate the effects of nicotine on histone modification and expression of 11β-HSD2. Taken together, nicotine can impair placental structure and function, and induce fetal developmental toxicity. The underlying mechanism involves histone modifications and down-regulation of 11β-HSD2 through nAChRs/ERK1/2/Elk-1/Egr-1 signaling, which increases active glucocorticoids levels in the placenta and fetus, and eventually inhibits the fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fulin Liu
- Department of Gynaecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Luting Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Anand M, Singh L, Agarwal P, Saroj R, Taneja A. Pesticides exposure through environment and risk of pre-term birth: a study from Agra city. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 42:471-477. [PMID: 29250999 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1413107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pre-term birth is an increasingly prevalent complex condition with multiple risk factors including environmental pollutants. Evidences linking organochlorine pesticides with adverse pregnancy outcomes are inconsistent for link between organochlorine pesticides and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We performed a case-control study of 50 cases of full-term births and 40 cases of pre-term births in this study. Placental organochlorine pesticides like metabolites of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane that is, (p,p-DDE, p,p-DDT and o,p-DDD) and isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (α, β, γ and δ HCH) were analyzed by gas chromatography. Although the mean levels of pesticide were found higher in the placenta of the women with pre-term delivery cases placentas, but only α-HCH, total-HCH, p,p-DDE and total-DDT were found statistically significant. It was observed that pesticide exposed women were approximately 1.7 times more likely to deliver pre-term baby as compare to pregnant women that were not exposed to any pesticides. We also observed that increasing maternal age reduced the risk of having pre-term birth (OR = 0.99). Among all pesticides, α-HCH was found to be strongest isomer to induce premature baby birth (p < 0.001). This study found that pregnant women's age and chronic disease, baby's weight at the time of birth and α-HCH were important risk factors for pre-term births.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anand
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
| | - L Singh
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
| | - P Agarwal
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
| | - R Saroj
- b Division of Bio-statistics, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - A Taneja
- a Department of Chemistry , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University , Agra , India
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England LJ, Aagaard K, Bloch M, Conway K, Cosgrove K, Grana R, Gould TJ, Hatsukami D, Jensen F, Kandel D, Lanphear B, Leslie F, Pauly JR, Neiderhiser J, Rubinstein M, Slotkin TA, Spindel E, Stroud L, Wakschlag L. Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:176-189. [PMID: 27890689 PMCID: PMC5965681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J England
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele Bloch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Grana
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Frances Jensen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denise Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenae Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eliot Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Laura Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Carter RC, Wainwright H, Molteno CD, Georgieff MK, Dodge NC, Warton F, Meintjes EM, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Alcohol, Methamphetamine, and Marijuana Exposure Have Distinct Effects on the Human Placenta. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:753-64. [PMID: 27038593 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on placental development, but few studies have examined these effects in humans. Little is known about effects of prenatal exposure to methamphetamine, marijuana, and cigarette smoking on placental development. METHODS Placentas were collected from 103 Cape Coloured (mixed ancestry) pregnant women recruited at their first antenatal clinic visit in Cape Town, South Africa. Sixty-six heavy drinkers and 37 nondrinkers were interviewed about their alcohol, cigarette smoking, and drug use at 3 antenatal visits. A senior pathologist, blinded to exposure status, performed comprehensive pathology examinations on each placenta using a standardized protocol. In multivariable regression models, effects of prenatal exposure were examined on placental size, structure, and presence of infections and meconium. RESULTS Drinkers reported a binge pattern of heavy drinking, averaging 8.0 drinks/occasion across pregnancy on 1.4 d/wk. 79.6% smoked cigarettes; 22.3% used marijuana; and 17.5% used methamphetamine. Alcohol exposure was related to decreased placental weight and a smaller placenta-to-birthweight ratio. By contrast, methamphetamine was associated with larger placental weight and a larger placenta-to-birthweight ratio. Marijuana was also associated with larger placental weight. Alcohol exposure was associated with increased risk of placental hemorrhage. Prenatal alcohol, drug, and cigarette use were not associated with chorioamnionitis, villitis, deciduitis, or maternal vascular underperfusion. Alcohol and cigarette smoking were associated with a decreased risk of intrauterine passing of meconium, a sign of acute fetal stress and/or hypoxia; methamphetamine, with an increased risk. CONCLUSIONS This is the first human study to show that alcohol, methamphetamine, and marijuana were associated with distinct patterns of pathology, suggesting different mechanisms mediating their effects on placental development. Given the growing body of evidence linking placental abnormalities to neurodevelopmental deficits, these findings may be important in the long-term teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol and drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Colin Carter
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Helen Wainwright
- Department of Pathology (National Health Laboratory Service), University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christopher D Molteno
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Neil C Dodge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Fleur Warton
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ernesta M Meintjes
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joseph L Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Anto SK, Koyada N, Khan S, Jena G. α-Lipoic acid attenuates transplacental nicotine-induced germ cell and oxidative DNA damage in adult mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:585-593. [PMID: 27658139 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking during pregnancy is associated with numerous fetal and developmental complications and reproductive dysfunctions in the offspring. Nicotine is one of the key chemicals of tobacco responsible for addiction. The present study was aimed to investigate the protective role of α-lipoic acid (ALA) during the transplacental nicotine-induced germ cell and DNA damage in the offspring of Swiss mice. METHODS Pregnant mice were treated with nicotine (20 mg/kg/day) in drinking water from 10 to 20 days of gestation period, and ALA (120 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for the same period. Endpoint of evaluation includes general observations at delivery and throughout the study, litter weight and size, sperm count and sperm head morphology, while structural damages and protein expression were assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Maternal nicotine exposure led to decreased growth rate, litter and testicular weight, testosterone level, 3β-HSD expression and sperm count as well as increased sperm head abnormalities, micronucleus frequency and 8-oxo-dG positive cells, and the effects have been restored by ALA supplementation. CONCLUSIONS The present study clearly demonstrated that ALA ameliorates nicotine-associated oxidative stress, DNA damage and testicular toxicity in the offspring by improving steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis and sperm count.
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9
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Kidder IJ, Mudery JA, Barreda S, Taska DJ, Bailey EF. Evaluating the control: minipump implantation and breathing behavior in the neonatal rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:615-22. [PMID: 27402557 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated genioglossus (GG) gross motoneuron morphology, electromyographic (EMG) activities, and respiratory patterning in rat pups allowed to develop without interference (unexposed) and pups born to dams subjected to osmotic minipump implantation in utero (saline-exposed). In experiment 1, 48 Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Charles-River Laboratories), ages postnatal day 7 (P7) through postnatal day 10 (P10), were drawn from two experimental groups, saline-exposed (n = 24) and unexposed (n = 24), and studied on P7, P8, P9, or P10. Pups in both groups were sedated (Inactin hydrate, 70 mg/kg), and fine-wire electrodes were inserted into the GG muscle of the tongue and intercostal muscles to record EMG activities during breathing in air and at three levels of normoxic hypercapnia [inspired CO2 fraction (FiCO2 ): 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09]. Using this approach, we assessed breathing frequency, heart rate, apnea type, respiratory event types, and respiratory stability. In experiment 2, 16 rat pups were drawn from the same experimental groups, saline-exposed (n = 9) and unexposed (n = 7), and used in motoneuron-labeling studies. In these pups a retrograde dye was injected into the GG muscle, and the brain stems were subsequently harvested and sliced. Labeled GG motoneurons were identified with microscopy, impaled, and filled with Lucifer yellow. Double-labeled motoneurons were reconstructed, and the number of primary projections and soma volumes were calculated. Whereas pups in each group exhibited the same number (P = 0.226) and duration (P = 0.093) of respiratory event types and comparable motoneuron morphologies, pups in the implant group exhibited more central apneas and respiratory instability relative to pups allowed to develop without interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Kidder
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Jordan A Mudery
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Santiago Barreda
- Department of Linguistics, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - David J Taska
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - E Fiona Bailey
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
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10
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Comparative Evaluation of the Impact of Subacute Exposure of Smokeless Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke on Rat Testis. Int J Reprod Med 2015; 2015:676245. [PMID: 26634225 PMCID: PMC4655053 DOI: 10.1155/2015/676245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 30-day exposure to tobacco smoke (TS), smokeless tobacco (ST), and nicotine on reproductive parameters and oxidative biomarkers in prepubertal and adult male rats. Sperm motility was reduced by 77.5 and 89.0% in TS and ST exposed prepubertal rats and 71.1 and 86.4% in adult rats, respectively. Sperm count was also reduced by 64.7 and 89.9% in prepubertal rats and 64.9 and 47.0% in adult rats, respectively. Nicotine decreased sperm motility (82.2%) and count (62.6%) in prepubertal rats but caused no effect in adult rats. There were no changes in sperm morphology; testosterone was decreased, while LH and FSH were increased in exposed rats, when compared with control. Malondialdehyde levels in testes of exposed rats were increased, and GSH, SOD, and catalase were altered. Results indicate that subacute exposure of tobacco products alters sperm characteristics in a rank order of ST > TS > nicotine, which may be linked to increase in oxidative stress in the testis.
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11
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Dougan MM, Field AE, Rich-Edwards JW, Hankinson SE, Glynn RJ, Willett WC, Michels KB. Is grand-parental smoking associated with adolescent obesity? A three-generational study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:531-7. [PMID: 26388349 PMCID: PMC4800484 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Data from previous studies consistently suggest that maternal smoking is positively associated with obesity later in life. Whether this association persists across generations is unknown. We examined whether grand-parental smoking was positively associated with overweight status in adolescence. SUBJECT/METHODS Participants were grandmother-mother-child triads in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II), the Nurses Mothers' Cohort Study and the Growing up Today Study (GUTS). Grandmothers provided information on their and their partner's smoking during pregnancy with the child's mother. Information on child's weight and height at ages 12 (N=3094) and 17 (N=3433) was obtained from annual or biennial GUTS questionnaires. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of being overweight or obese, relative to normal weight. RESULTS Grand-maternal smoking during pregnancy was not associated with overweight status in adolescence. After adjusting for covariates, the OR of being overweight or obese relative to normal weight at age 12 years in girls whose grandmothers smoked 15+ cigarettes daily during pregnancy was 1.21 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-1.98; P(trend)=0.31) and 1.07 (0.65-1.77; P(trend)=0.41) in boys. Grand-paternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with being overweight or obese at age 12 in girls only, but not at age 17 for either sex: the OR for being overweight or obese at age 12 was 1.38 (95% CI 1.01-1.89; P(trend)=0.03) in girls and 1.31 (95% CI 0.97-1.76; P(trend)=0.07) in boys. Among children of non-smoking mothers, the OR for granddaughter obesity for grand-paternal smoking was attenuated and no longer significant (OR 1.28 (95% CI 0.87-1.89; P(trend)=0.18)). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the association between maternal smoking and offspring obesity may not persist beyond the first generation. However, grand-paternal smoking may affect the overweight status of the granddaughter, likely through the association between grand-paternal smoking and maternal smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Dougan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A E Field
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J W Rich-Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S E Hankinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - R J Glynn
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W C Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K B Michels
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Anand M, Agarwal P, Singh L, Taneja A. Persistent organochlorine pesticides and oxidant/antioxidant status in the placental tissue of the women with full-term and pre-term deliveries. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In India pre-term birth is the leading cause of death of infants and this number is continuously increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Anand
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
| | - P. Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
| | - L. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
| | - A. Taneja
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University
- Agra-282002
- India
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13
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Li J, Bo L, Zhang P, Gao Q, Li L, Tang J, Wu C, Li D, Xiao J, Chen J, Tao J, Mao C, Xu Z. Exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and altered learning and memory in the rat offspring. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 17:661-6. [PMID: 25239954 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prenatal exposure to nicotine can cause many fetal developmental problems. This study determined the influence of nicotine during pregnancy on the development of cognitive behavior in the offspring. METHODS Nicotine was administered to pregnant rats through implanted osmotic mini-pumps at 6mg/kg/day and flow rate of 60 μl/day for whole pregnancy from gestational day 4. Fetal and offspring body and brain weight was measured. Learning and memory were tested in adult offspring with Morris water maze; Learning and memory-related receptors were measured. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to prenatal nicotine (PN) not only caused fetal growth restriction, but also had long-term effects on learning and memory in the offspring. The PN offspring exhibited longer escape latency regardless of sex. The number of passing the platform was significantly less in the PN offspring than that of the control. The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) in the hippocampus was significantly increased, whereas alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) protein was decreased with unchanged α7 nAChR mRNA in the PN offspring. CONCLUSION The data provided novel information on the PN-affected development in learning and memory in the offspring, suggesting that α7 nAChR and NMDAR1 in the hippocampus might be the targets for actions of PN in association with memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Le Bo
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pengjie Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chonglong Wu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianping Xiao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianying Tao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
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14
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Lacy RT, Mactutus CF, Harrod SB. Prenatal IV nicotine exposure produces a sex difference in sensorimotor gating of the auditory startle reflex in adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:153-61. [PMID: 21145386 PMCID: PMC3312379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with auditory processing deficits in children; these effects have been confirmed with animal models of continuous high-dose prenatal nicotine exposure. The present experiments utilized a novel, low-dose, intermittent, intravenous (IV) gestational nicotine exposure model to investigate potential deficits on the preattentive process of sensorimotor gating, as indexed by prepulse inhibition (PPI), in preweanling and adult rat offspring. Pregnant dams received bolus IV injections of nicotine (0.05 mg/kg/injection) 3×/day on gestational days 8-21. Auditory and tactile stimulus modalities were probed with tone and air puff prepulse stimuli, respectively. These prepulse stimuli preceded a 100 dB(A) startle tone by six different interstimulus intervals (ISIs; 0, 8, 40, 80, 120, 4000 ms) to define a curve of response inhibition. The magnitude of PPI increased with age, from 59 to 81% inhibition. Preweanlings (PNDs 14 and 18) and adults (PND 75) gestationally exposed to nicotine exhibited altered startle responding relative to controls, but the nature of the deficit became more localized at later ages. The entire curve of response inhibition in preweanlings exposed to prenatal nicotine (PND 14) was shifted up relative to controls, and notably, did not interact with prepulse stimulus modality, suggesting a generalized increased sensorimotor responsiveness as a function of prenatal nicotine. At PND 18, a shift in the response curve across all ISIs was again noted, but varied as a function of prepulse stimulus modality; the increased sensorimotor responsiveness was specific to the auditory, but not tactile, sensory modality. In adulthood, male and female animals prenatally exposed to nicotine were differentially sensitive to modulation by the ISIs, relative to control male and female animals. Specifically, despite robust PPI, adult females exposed to gestational nicotine were relatively insensitive to changes in ISI from 8 to 120 ms; in contrast, the robust PPI of nicotine-exposed males demonstrated a clear focal point of inhibition at 40 ms. These findings indicate that a low, daily dosing of IV prenatal nicotine produces long-lasting alterations in auditory PPI. An important implication of this research is that "chipping" with smoked-tobacco products during pregnancy may produce enduring changes in sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Lacy
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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15
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Gandley RE, Jeyabalan A, Desai K, McGonigal S, Rohland J, DeLoia JA. Cigarette exposure induces changes in maternal vascular function in a pregnant mouse model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1249-56. [PMID: 20164208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00274.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is associated with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal growth restriction. The objective of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy in a mouse model affects the functional properties of maternal uterine, mesenteric, and renal arteries as a possible mechanism for growth restriction. C57Bl/CJ mice were exposed to whole body sidestream smoke for 4 h/day. Smoke particle exposure was increased from day 4 of gestation until late pregnancy (day 16-19), with mean total suspended particle levels of 63 mg/m(3), representative of moderate-to-heavy smoking in humans. Uterine, mesenteric, and renal arteries from late-pregnant and virgin mice were isolated and studied in a pressure-arteriograph system (n = 23). Plasma cotinine was measured by ELISA. Fetal weights were significantly reduced in smoke-exposed compared with control fetuses (0.88 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.08 g, P < 0.02), while litter sizes were not different. Endothelium-mediated relaxation responses to methacholine were significantly impaired in both the uterine and mesenteric vasculature of pregnant mice exposed to cigarette smoke during gestation. This difference was not apparent in isolated renal arteries from pregnant mice exposed to cigarette smoke; however, relaxation was significantly reduced in renal arteries from smoke-exposed virgin mice. In conclusion, we found that passive cigarette smoke exposure is associated with impaired vascular relaxation of uterine and mesenteric arteries in pregnant mice. Functional maternal vascular perturbations during pregnancy, specifically impaired peripheral and uterine vasodilation, may contribute to a mechanism by which smoking results in fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Gandley
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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16
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Hui P, Rui C, Liu Y, Xu F, Wu J, Wu L, Chen Y, Liao J, Mao C, Xu Z. Remodeled salt appetite in rat offspring by perinatal exposure to nicotine. Appetite 2009; 52:492-7. [PMID: 19162104 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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17
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Lazinski MJ, Shea AK, Steiner M. Effects of maternal prenatal stress on offspring development: a commentary. Arch Womens Ment Health 2008; 11:363-75. [PMID: 18975045 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-008-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with major physiological changes and adaptation to these changes is crucial for normal fetal development. Heightened emotional stress during pregnancy may interfere with the necessary adaptation and lead to dysregulation of the two major stress response systems: the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). Negative effects on the fetus of such maladaptation have been documented in both animals and humans and range from poor birth outcomes to negative impacts on neurodevelopment, as well as long term emotional and behavioural disturbances. Conversely, it has been hypothesized that low levels of maternal prenatal stress may actually have an adaptive value for the offspring. Investigation of these associations employing physiological markers and repeated measures throughout pregnancy and postpartum of both the mother and the offspring, is required in order to understand the various effects of prenatal stress on the development of the offspring. It is also crucial to explore the possibility of variable periods of vulnerability throughout gestation. The aim of this commentary is to reexamine the current literature on the ill-effects of maternal stress during pregnancy on the offspring and to explore avenues for future treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marysia J Lazinski
- Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Mao C, Yuan X, Zhang H, Lv J, Guan J, Miao L, Chen L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xu Z. The effect of prenatal nicotine on mRNA of central cholinergic markers and hematological parameters in rat fetuses. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:467-75. [PMID: 18407449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated the influence of nicotine on fetal development. This study determined the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1) in the forebrain and hindbrain following chronic prenatal nicotine exposure in the rat fetus (maternal rats were subcutaneously injected with nicotine at different gestation periods). We also measured the effect of chronic nicotine exposure on fetal blood pO(2), pCO(2), pH, Na(+) and K(+) concentrations, as well as lactic acid levels. Maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy was associated with a decrease in fetal pO(2) coupled with a significant increase in pCO(2) and lactic acid as well as restricted fetal growth. Additionally, maternal nicotine administration also reduced ChAT, VAChT, and CHT1 mRNA levels in the fetal brain. Nicotine-induced fetal hypoxic responses and reduced cholinergic marker expression in the brain were more severe when nicotine was started in early gestation. Our results provide new information about the effects of repeated exposure to nicotine in utero on the expression of central ChAT, VAChT, and CHT1 in the rat fetus. These results indicate that repeated hypoxic episodes or/and a direct effect of nicotine on the central cholinergic system during pregnancy may contribute to brain developmental problems in fetal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Mao
- Perinatal Biology Center, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
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19
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Bainbridge SA, Smith GN. The effect of nicotine on in vitro placental perfusion pressure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 84:953-7. [PMID: 17111041 DOI: 10.1139/y06-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking throughout pregnancy is associated with several negative outcomes, of which an increased incidence of intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is most pronounced. Gestationally age-matched infants born to smoking mothers are, on average, 200 g lighter at birth, per pack smoked per day. The mechanisms and specific tobacco compounds responsible for the increased risk of IUGR among smokers have yet to be identified; however, it is widely accepted that smoking women have compromised placental perfusion throughout gestation due to the vasoconstricting effect of nicotine on uterine and placental blood vessels. Despite the universal acceptance of this theory, very little work has been completed to date examining the vasoactive properties of nicotine within the human placenta. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nicotine on placental vascular function. Normal-term human placentae were obtained after elective cesarean sections. An in vitro placental perfusion system was used; increasing doses of nicotine (20-240 ng/mL) were added to either the maternal (n = 5) or fetal (n = 3) circulation. The basal feto-placental perfusion pressure was 39.87 +/- 4.3 mmHg and was not affected by nicotine. This finding supports the hypotheses that nicotine does not directly affect placental microvascular function and that any contribution to fetal growth restriction is likely at the level of placental function (i.e., amino acid transport) and (or) uterine vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon A Bainbridge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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20
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Myllynen P, Pasanen M, Pelkonen O. Human placenta: a human organ for developmental toxicology research and biomonitoring. Placenta 2005; 26:361-71. [PMID: 15850640 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant mothers are exposed to a wide variety of foreign chemicals. This exposure is most commonly due to maternal medication, lifestyle factors, such as smoking, drug abuse, and alcohol consumption, or occupational and environmental sources. Foreign compounds may interfere with placental functions at many levels e.g. signaling, production and release of hormones and enzymes, transport of nutrients and waste products, implantation, cellular growth and maturation, and finally, at the terminal phase of placental life, i.e. delivery. Placental responses may also be due to pharmaco-/toxicodynamic responses to foreign chemicals, e.g. hypoxia. On the other hand, placental xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes can detoxify or activate foreign chemicals, and transporters either enhance or prevent cellular accumulation and transfer across the placenta. The understanding of what xenobiotics do to the placenta and what the placenta does to the xenobiotics should provide the basis for the use of placenta as a tool to investigate and predict some aspects of developmental toxicity. This review aims to give an update of the fate and behavior of xenobiotics in the placenta from the viewpoint of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Their response levels will be described according to gestational status and methods used. The effects of foreign chemicals on placental metabolizing enzymes will be discussed. Also, interactions in the transporter protein level will be covered. The role of the placenta in contributing to developmental effects and fetotoxicity will be examined. The toxicological effects of maternal medications, smoking, and environmental exposures (dioxins, pesticides) as well as some possibilities for biomonitoring will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Myllynen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland.
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21
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Lips KS, Brüggmann D, Pfeil U, Vollerthun R, Grando SA, Kummer W. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat and human placenta. Placenta 2004; 26:735-46. [PMID: 16226123 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy causes low birth weight, premature delivery, neonatal morbidity, and mortality. Nicotine is a main pathogenic compound of cigarette smoke, and depresses active amino-acid uptake by human placental villi. It binds to the acetylcholine binding site of the alpha-subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Eight different neuronal nAChR alpha-subunits have been identified in mammals. Here, we investigated their localisation and distribution in the human and rat placenta by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The mRNAs of all alpha-subunits are expressed in the human and rat placenta. Immunohistochemically, subunits alpha2-5, alpha7, alpha9 and alpha10 are localised in different combinations in rat cytotrophoblast, human and rat syncytiotrophoblast, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, Hofbauer cells, human amnion epithelium and rat visceral yolk sac epithelium. Thus, all human and rat placental cell types exhibit receptor subunits with binding sites for the endogenous ligand ACh and nicotine. ACh is suggested to be an important placental signalling molecule that, through stimulation of nAChR, controls the uptake of nutrients, blood flow and fluid volume in placental vessels, and the vascularisation during placental development. Chronic stimulation of nAChR by nicotine might result in unbalanced receptor activation or functional desensitisation followed by the known pathological effects of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lips
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
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22
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Vaglenova J, Birru S, Pandiella NM, Breese CR. An assessment of the long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenicity of prenatal nicotine exposure. Behav Brain Res 2004; 150:159-70. [PMID: 15033289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2003] [Revised: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 07/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy adversely affects prenatal and postnatal growth and increases the risk of developmental and behavioral deficits in children and adolescents. In the present study, the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure (infused at 6mg/kg/day) and maternal withdraw during neonatal development, was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats on an array of behavioral tasks during different stages of ontogenesis. Offspring of both genders were monitored for exploratory, locomotor, and novelty-seeking activity, anxiety, and learning and memory in an active-avoidance task. Nicotine-exposed animals showed growth retardation, hyperactivity, and poor adaptation in a new environment, increased level of anxiety during the early adolescent period, and robust cognitive deficits in early adulthood. In addition, the deficits were generally more severe in the female nicotine-exposed offspring. Cross-fostering also revealed that while maternal behavior and nicotine withdraw did not affect postnatal somatic growth retardation or cognitive ability of the offspring; measures of exploration and adaptation in a new environment were impacted during the post-weanling and early adolescence period. Nicotine-exposed offspring, and the saline-treated offspring cross-fostered to nicotine-exposed mothers, showed higher measures of anxiety in the elevated plus-maze and decreased novelty-seeking behavior on the hole-board apparatus. These studies demonstrated that prenatal nicotine exposure produced significant long-term developmental and behavioral teratogenic effects. The study design provides a model system for studying the mechanism(s) responsible for the decline in central nervous system function following prenatal nicotine exposure, as well as that of other neurological and behavioral teratogens during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Vaglenova
- Department of Pharmacal Sciences, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 401 Walker Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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23
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is the single largest modifiable risk for pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality in the US. Addiction to nicotine prevents many pregnant women who wish to quit smoking from doing so. The safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation during pregnancy have not been well studied. Nicotine is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as a Pregnancy Category D drug. Animal studies indicate that nicotine adversely affects the developing fetal CNS, and nicotine effects on the brain may be involved in the pathophysiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It has been assumed that the cardiovascular effects of nicotine resulting in reduced blood flow to the placenta (uteroplacental insufficiency) is the predominant mechanism of the reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Short term high doses of nicotine in pregnant animals do adversely affect the maternal and fetal cardiovascular systems. However, studies of the acute effects of NRT in pregnant humans indicate that nicotine alone has minimal effects upon the maternal and fetal cardiovascular systems. Cigarette smoking delivers thousands of chemicals, some of which are well documented reproductive toxins (e.g. carbon monoxide and lead). A myriad of cellular and molecular biological abnormalities have been documented in placentas, fetuses, and newborns of pregnant women who smoke. The cumulative abnormalities produced by the various toxins in cigarette smoke are probably responsible for the numerous adverse reproductive outcomes associated with smoking. It is doubtful that the reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoking is primarily related to nicotine. We recommend the following. Efficacy trials of NRT as adjunctive therapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy should be conducted. The initial dose of nicotine in NRT should be similar to the dose of nicotine that the pregnant woman received from smoking. Intermittent-use formulations of NRT (gum, spray, inhaler) are preferred because the total dose of nicotine delivered to the fetus will be less than with continuous-use formulations (transdermal patch). A national registry for NRT use during pregnancy should be created to prospectively collect obstetrical outcome data from NRT efficacy trials and from individual use. The goal of this registry would be to determine the safety of NRT use during pregnancy, especially with respect to uncommon outcomes such as placental abruption. Finally, our review of the data indicate that minimal amounts of nicotine are excreted into breast milk and that NRT can be safely used by breast-feeding mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-1220, USA
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24
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Buschatz D, Schlüter B, Zernikow B, Trowitzsch E. Interkorrelation von epidemiologischen und polysomnographischen Risikofaktoren des plötzlichen Säuglingstodes. SOMNOLOGIE 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-999-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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