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A comprehensive evaluation of the potential of semiterrestrial isopods, Ligia exotica, as a new animal food. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7213. [PMID: 33785800 PMCID: PMC8009950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The semiterrestrial isopod, Ligia exotica represents one of the oldest documented species introductions of marine organisms and is known as an intermediate form between marine and strictly terrestrial isopods. In order to explore the potential value of Ligia as an animal food source, this study focused on the growth rate under laboratory rearing conditions and conducted a detailed analysis of the overall nutrient content of the species in comparison to two other marine food media (krill and fish meal). Evaluation of the growth rate of juveniles suggests it is a relatively fast-growing species of the Ligiidae family. The essential amino acids content Ligia meal is the lowest amongst the three studied media but the proportion of flavor amino acids, and in particular taurine, was higher. The most restricted amino acids of isopod meal are methionine and cysteine. The significantly unbalanced amino acid composition of Ligia meal may affect the absorption and utilization by consumers. In terms of fatty acids, the total polyunsaturated fatty acids in the isopod is very low. A total of 12 vitamins were examined. The VK1, VE, VB2, VB3, VB5 content of isopod meal were significantly higher than those of krill meal and fish meal. Similarly, most of the 11 mineral elements are highest in the isopod meal. Ligia therefore offers potential as an alternative natural food source in animal given the growth rate under culture and the overall nutrient content. But Ligia collected in most of the field would be deemed unfit for human consumption because of the relatively low nutritional value and heavy metal content exceeding the provided standard. Further study is warranted to elucidate the biological characteristics of isopods and how its diet is reflected in its nutritional value to consumers.
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Delhoumi M, Zaabar W, Bouslama MF, Achouri MS. Effect of symbiont acquisition on growth, survival and fertility of the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus (Crustacea, Oniscidea). INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2018.1544174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majed Delhoumi
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, University of Tunis El Manar, Manar II, Tunisia
| | - Wahiba Zaabar
- Ministry of education, Ben Arous regional directorate, Ben Arous, Tunisia
| | | | - Mohamed Sghaier Achouri
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Diversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, University of Tunis El Manar, Manar II, Tunisia
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Horváthová T, Babik W, Bauchinger U. Biofilm feeding: Microbial colonization of food promotes the growth of a detritivorous arthropod. Zookeys 2016:25-41. [PMID: 27110187 PMCID: PMC4829882 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.577.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding on plant material is common among animals, but how different animals overcome the dietary deficiencies imposed by this feeding strategy is not well understood. Microorganisms are generally considered to play a vital role in the nutritional ecology of plant feeding animals. Commonly microbes living inside animal bodies are considered more important, but recent studies suggest external microbes significantly shape plant-feeding strategies in invertebrates. Here we investigate how external microbes that typically form biofilm on primary plant material affect growth rates in a terrestrial isopod species Porcellio scaber. We experimentally manipulated the amount of biofilm on three different primary diet sources and quantified growth and survival of individuals that fed on food with either a small or large amount of biofilm. In addition, we tested how dietary manipulation shapes the composition of bacterial communities in the gut. The presence of visible biofilm significantly affected the growth of isopods: individuals that fed on the primary diet source with a large amount of biofilm gained more mass than individuals feeding on a diet with marginal biofilm. Diet also significantly affected the bacterial gut community. The primary diet source mainly determined the taxonomic composition of the bacterial community in the isopod gut, whereas the amount of biofilm affected the relative abundance of bacterial taxa. Our study suggests that terrestrial isopods may cope with low-quality plant matter by feeding on biofilm, with decomposition of plant material by organisms outside of the feeding organism (here a terrestrial isopod) probably playing a major role. Future investigations may be directed towards the primary diet source, plant matter, and the secondary diet source, biofilm, and should assess if both components are indeed uptaken in detritivorous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terézia Horváthová
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesław Babik
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Karagkouni M, Sfenthourakis S, Feldman A, Meiri S. Biogeography of body size in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karagkouni
- Faculty of Zoology; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
- Department of Ichthyology & Aquatic Environment; University of Thessaly; Karditsa Greece
- University of Aegean; Mytilini Island Greece
| | | | - Anat Feldman
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Shai Meiri
- Department of Zoology; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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David JF, Handa IT. The ecology of saprophagous macroarthropods (millipedes, woodlice) in the context of global change. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 85:881-95. [PMID: 20412191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Millipedes (Diplopoda) and woodlice (Crustacea, Isopoda), with a total of about 15000 described species worldwide, contribute substantially to invertebrate biodiversity. These saprophagous macroarthropods, which are key regulators of plant litter decomposition, play an important role in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems in tropical and temperate areas. Herein we review current knowledge on the effects of climate, food quality and land cover on millipede and woodlouse species to explore their potential responses to global change. Essentially similar trends are observed in the two taxa. Experiments have shown that climate warming could result in higher rates of population growth and have positive effects on the abundance of some temperate species. This is consistent with signs of northward expansion in Europe, although the mechanisms of dispersal remain unclear. The generality of this finding is evaluated in relation to the life histories and geographical distributions of species. At low latitudes, interactions with more severe droughts are likely and could affect community composition. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels and changes in plant community composition are expected to alter leaf litter quality, a major determinant of macroarthropod fertility via the link with female adult body size. Although food quality changes have been shown to influence population growth rates significantly, it is proposed that the effects of warming will be probably more important during the coming decades. Land cover changes, mainly due to deforestation in the tropics and land abandonment in Europe, are critical to habitat specialists and could override any other effect of global change. Habitat destruction by man may be the main threat to macroarthropod species, many of which are narrow endemics. At the landscape scale, habitat heterogeneity could be a good option for conservation, even at the cost of some fragmentation. Two principal areas are identified which require further work: (i) the effects of climate change across broader geographic ranges, and on species with different ecologies and life histories; (ii) the effects of global change on both macroarthropods and their natural enemies (predators, parasites and pathogens), to improve predictions in field situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François David
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Evolutive, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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ZIMMER MARTIN. Postembryonic ontogenetic development inPorcellio scaber(Isopoda: Oniscidea): the significance of food. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2002.9652512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ziegler A, Hagedorn M, Ahearn GA, Carefoot TH. Calcium translocations during the moulting cycle of the semiterrestrial isopod Ligia hawaiiensis (Oniscidea, Crustacea). J Comp Physiol B 2006; 177:99-108. [PMID: 16927108 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-006-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial isopods moult first the posterior and then the anterior half of the body. During the moulting cycle they retain a significant fraction of cuticular calcium partly by storing it in sternal CaCO(3) deposits. We analysed the calcium content in whole Ligia hawaiiensis and the calcium distribution between the posterior, the anterior ventral, and the anterior dorsal cuticle during four stages of the moulting cycle. The results indicate that: (1) overall, about 80% of the calcium is retained and 20% is lost with the exuviae, (2) in premoult 68% of the calcium in the posterior cuticle is resorbed (23% moved to the anterior ventral cuticle, 17% to the anterior dorsal cuticle, and the remaining 28% to internal tissues), (3) after the posterior moult 83% of the calcium in the anterior cuticle is shifted to the posterior cuticle and possibly to internal storage sites, (4) following the anterior moult up to 54% of the calcium in the posterior cuticle is resorbed and used to mineralise the new anterior cuticle. (45)Ca-uptake experiments suggest that up to 80% of calcium lost with the anterior exuviae may be regained after its ingestion. Whole body calcium of Ligia hawaiiensis is only 0.7 times that of the fully terrestrial isopods. These terrestrial species can retain only 48% of whole body calcium, suggesting that the amount of calcium that can be retained by shifting it between the anterior and posterior integument is limited. We propose that fully terrestrial Oniscidea rely to a larger degree on other calcium sources like internal stores and uptake from the ingested exuviae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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Zimmer M. Nutrition in terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea): an evolutionary-ecological approach. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2002; 77:455-93. [PMID: 12475050 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793102005912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional morphology, physiology and ecology of terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) is significant in two respects. (1) Most oniscid isopods are truly terrestrial in terms of being totally independent of the aquatic environment. Thus, they have evolved adaptations to terrestrial food sources. (2) In many terrestrial ecosystems, isopods play an important role in decomposition processes through mechanical and chemical breakdown of plant litter and by enhancing microbial activity. While the latter aspect of nutrition is discussed only briefly in this review, I focus on the evolutionary ecology of feeding in terrestrial isopods. Due to their possessing chewing mouthparts, leaf litter is comminuted prior to being ingested, facilitating both enzymatic degradation during gut passage and microbial colonization of egested faeces. Digestion of food through endogenous enzymes produced in the caeca of the midgut glands (hepatopancreas) and through microbial enzymes, either ingested along with microbially colonized food or secreted by microbial endosymbionts, mainly takes place in the anterior part of the hindgut. Digestive processes include the activity of carbohydrases, proteases, dehydrogenases, esterases, lipases, arylamidases and oxidases, as well as the nutritional utilization of microbial cells. Absorption of nutrients is brought about by the hepatopancreas and/or the hindgut epithelium, the latter being also involved in osmoregulation and water balance. Minerals and metal cations are effectively extracted from the food, while overall assimilation efficiencies may be low. Heavy metals are stored in special organelles of the hepatopancreatic tissue. Nitrogenous waste products are excreted via ammonia in its gaseous form, with only little egested along with the faeces. Nonetheless, faeces are characterized by high nitrogen content and provide a favourable substrate for microbial colonization and growth. The presence of a dense microbial population on faecal material is one reason for the coprophagous behaviour of terrestrial isopods. For the same reason, terrestrial isopods prefer feeding on decaying rather than fresh leaf litter, the former also being more palatable and easier to digest. Acceptable food sources are detected through distance and contact chemoreceptors. The 'quality' of the food source determines individual growth, fecundity and mortality, and thus maintenance at the population level. Due to their physiological adaptations to feeding on and digesting leaf litter, terrestrial isopods contribute strongly to nutrient recycling during decomposition processes. Yet, many of these adaptations are still not well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zimmer
- Zoologisches Institut: Limnologie, Biologiezentrum der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Pennings SC, Carefoot TH, Zimmer M, Danko JP, Ziegler A. Feeding preferences of supralittoral isopods and amphipods. CAN J ZOOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/z00-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the feeding preferences of 3 supralittoral crustacean species in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The isopod Ligia pallasii (Brandt, 1833), the rocky-shore amphipod Traskorchestia traskiana (Stimpson, 1857), and the sandy-beach amphipod Megalorchestia californiana (Brandt, 1851) had similar feeding preferences, suggesting that feeding preferences were based on general algal traits rather than on adaptations particular to specific herbivores. No single trait clearly distinguished low- and high-preference seaweeds, although pH and phenolic compounds may have been important for two chemically defended seaweeds (Desmarestia sp. and Fucus sp., respectively). Feeding preferences of L. pallasii were affected by dietary history, but effects were minor compared with differences among seaweeds. All 3 consumers tended to prefer wrack (aged, stranded seaweeds) over fresh seaweeds of the same species. Our results suggested that increased organic and mineral contents of wrack were important in mediating these preferences, but that toughness and salt and nitrogen contents were not. Reduced levels of defensive compounds may have made wrack more palatable than fresh seaweeds in the case of the two chemically defended seaweeds.
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Escher N, Käch B, Nentwig W. Decomposition of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis maize by microorganisms and woodlice Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda). Basic Appl Ecol 2000. [DOI: 10.1078/1439-1791-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zimmer M. Surfactants in the gut fluids of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda: Oniscidea), and their interactions with phenolics. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 43:1009-1014. [PMID: 12770472 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(97)00074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluids from the gut lumen of Porcellio scaber showed significantly reduced surface tension compared to a buffer solution. Tests with several dilutions indicated that the concentration of the surface active substances (surfactants) was about 80-fold higher than the 'critical micelle concentration'. Phenolics, e.g. gallotannins, when ingested in the diet increased the surface tension of the gut fluid, indicating reduced concentrations of free surfactants. The significance of gut surfactants in P. scaber, their role in digestive processes, and their interaction with tannins in this saprophagous soil arthropod are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zimmer
- Department of Zoology-Physiological Ecology, University of Cologne, Weyertal 119, D-50931, Koln, FRG
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Weeks JM, Rainbow PS. Interspecific comparisons of relative assimilation efficiencies for zinc and cadmium in an ecological series of talitrid amphipods (Crustacea). Oecologia 1994; 97:228-235. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00323154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/1993] [Accepted: 11/09/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Donker MH, Zonneveld C, van Straalen NM. Early reproduction and increased reproductive allocation in metal-adapted populations of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Oecologia 1993; 96:316-323. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/1993] [Accepted: 08/16/1993] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effect of dietary d-amino acids on growth, survival, ammonia excretion and specific dynamic action in the supralittoral isopod, Ligia pallasii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gietzen DW, Harris AS, Carlson S, Gelperin A. Amino acids and serotonin in Limax maximum after a tryptophan devoid diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 101:143-9. [PMID: 1347723 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Animals avoid diets lacking an essential amino acid, such as tryptophan (TRP), the precursor for serotonin (5-HT). 5-HT is important in the control of feeding. 2. To study the effects of TRP deprivation, slugs were fed TRP-devoid (DEV) or control (COR) diets. 3. Food intake was depressed in DEV, as expected, but after 2 weeks, the serontonergic metacerebral giant cell in DEV was still functional. 4. Neither brain 5-HT nor plasma TRP concentration was affected. 5. Compared with food-restricted animals that had reductions in most amino acids, the DEV group sustained a marked plasma amino acid imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Gietzen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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Carefoot TH. Specific dynamic action (SDA) in the supralittoral isopod, Ligia pallasii: Identification of components of apparent SDA and effects of dietary amino acid quality and content on SDA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90224-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Carefoot TH. Specific dynamic action (SDA) in the supralittoral isopod, Ligia pallasii: Effect of ration and body size on SDA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90225-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Carefoot TH. The effect of diet quality on oxygen consumption in the supralittoral isopod Ligia pallasii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(87)90435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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