1
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Peterman DJ, Byron ML. Encoding spatiotemporal asymmetry in artificial cilia with a ctenophore-inspired soft-robotic platform. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:066002. [PMID: 39255824 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad791c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
A remarkable variety of organisms use metachronal coordination (i.e. numerous neighboring appendages beating sequentially with a fixed phase lag) to swim or pump fluid. This coordination strategy is used by microorganisms to break symmetry at small scales where viscous effects dominate and flow is time-reversible. Some larger organisms use this swimming strategy at intermediate scales, where viscosity and inertia both play important roles. However, the role of individual propulsor kinematics-especially across hydrodynamic scales-is not well-understood, though the details of propulsor motion can be crucial for the efficient generation of flow. To investigate this behavior, we developed a new soft robotic platform using magnetoactive silicone elastomers to mimic the metachronally coordinated propulsors found in swimming organisms. Furthermore, we present a method to passively encode spatially asymmetric beating patterns in our artificial propulsors. We investigated the kinematics and hydrodynamics of three propulsor types, with varying degrees of asymmetry, using Particle Image Velocimetry and high-speed videography. We find that asymmetric beating patterns can move considerably more fluid relative to symmetric beating at the same frequency and phase lag, and that asymmetry can be passively encoded into propulsors via the interplay between elastic and magnetic torques. Our results demonstrate that nuanced differences in propulsor kinematics can substantially impact fluid pumping performance. Our soft robotic platform also provides an avenue to explore metachronal coordination at the meso-scale, which in turn can inform the design of future bioinspired pumping devices and swimming robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Peterman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Margaret L Byron
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
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2
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Cevik S, Peng X, Beyer T, Pir MS, Yenisert F, Woerz F, Hoffmann F, Altunkaynak B, Pir B, Boldt K, Karaman A, Cakiroglu M, Oner SS, Cao Y, Ueffing M, Kaplan OI. WDR31 displays functional redundancy with GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) ELMOD and RP2 in regulating IFT complex and recruiting the BBSome to cilium. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201844. [PMID: 37208194 PMCID: PMC10200814 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct intraflagellar transport (IFT) assembly at the ciliary base and the IFT turnaround at the ciliary tip are key for the IFT to perform its function, but we still have poor understanding about how these processes are regulated. Here, we identify WDR31 as a new ciliary protein, and analysis from zebrafish and Caenorhabditis elegans reveals the role of WDR31 in regulating the cilia morphology. We find that loss of WDR-31 together with RP-2 and ELMD-1 (the sole ortholog ELMOD1-3) results in ciliary accumulations of IFT Complex B components and KIF17 kinesin, with fewer IFT/BBSome particles traveling along cilia in both anterograde and retrograde directions, suggesting that the IFT/BBSome entry into the cilia and exit from the cilia are impacted. Furthermore, anterograde IFT in the middle segment travels at increased speed in wdr-31;rpi-2;elmd-1 Remarkably, a non-ciliary protein leaks into the cilia of wdr-31;rpi-2;elmd-1, possibly because of IFT defects. This work reveals WDR31-RP-2-ELMD-1 as IFT and BBSome trafficking regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebiha Cevik
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tina Beyer
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mustafa S Pir
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Yenisert
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Franziska Woerz
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffmann
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Betul Altunkaynak
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Betul Pir
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Asli Karaman
- Science and Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Miray Cakiroglu
- Science and Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Sadik Oner
- Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Science and Advanced Technology Application and Research Center, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Oktay I Kaplan
- Rare Disease Laboratory, School of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
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3
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Kang M, Lee D, Bae H, Jeong HE. Magnetoresponsive Artificial Cilia Self-Assembled with Magnetic Micro/Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55989-55996. [PMID: 36503219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biological cilia have exquisitely organized dynamic ultrafine structures with submicron diameters and exceptional aspect ratios, which are self-assembled with ciliary proteins. However, the construction of artificial cilia with size and dynamic functions comparable to biological cilia remains highly challenging. Here, we propose a self-assembly technique that generates magnetoresponsive artificial cilia with a highly ordered 3D structural arrangement using vapor-phase magnetic particles of varying sizes and shapes. We demonstrate that both monodispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Fe microparticles can be assembled layer-by-layer vertically in patterned magnetic fields, generating both "nanoscale" or "microscale" artificial cilia, respectively. The resulting cilia display several structural features, such as diameters of single particle resolution, controllable diameters and lengths spanning from nanometers to micrometers, and accurate positioning. We further demonstrate that both the magnetic nanocilia and microcilia can dynamically and immediately actuate in response to modulated magnetic fields while providing different stroke ranges and actuation torques. Our strategy provides new possibilities for constructing artificial nano- and microcilia with controlled 3D morphology and dynamic field responsiveness using magnetic particles of varied sizes and shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Bae
- Ecological Technology Team, Division of Ecological Application Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Eui Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li C, Liu M, Yao Y, Zhang B, Peng Z, Chen S. Locust-Inspired Direction-Dependent Transport Based on a Magnetic-Responsive Asymmetric-Microplate-Arrayed Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23817-23825. [PMID: 35548931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the highly efficient jumping mechanism of locusts, a magnetic-responsive asymmetric-microplate-arrayed surface is designed. Elastic energy can be stored in the microplate and rapidly released by loading and removing a magnetic field. Similar to the bouncing behavior of the locust, objects deposited on the surface of the microplate-arrayed surface will bounce suddenly. It is found that the continuous transport behavior can be induced in the moving magnetic field and the direction-dependent transport is well achieved by preparing the secondary microstructure. The results show that both the weight and transport velocity of the transported object in the forward transport direction are much greater than those in the reverse transport direction. Furthermore, the anisotropic transport property can be strengthened with the increase of the height of the secondary structure. Such surfaces can transport objects with either soft or hard stiffness, as well as objects with different geometric configurations, and the transport path can be arbitrarily programmed. Based on the transport mechanism, a flexible microconvey belt is further designed, which can transport objects in any controlled direction. Such a simple technique can provide new design ideas for directional microtransport requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yin Yao
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhilong Peng
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Velasco E, Delicado‐Miralles M, Hellings PW, Gallar J, Van Gerven L, Talavera K. Epithelial and sensory mechanisms of nasal hyperreactivity. Allergy 2022; 77:1450-1463. [PMID: 35174893 DOI: 10.1111/all.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
"Nasal hyperreactivity" is a key feature in various phenotypes of upper airway diseases, whereby reactions of the nasal epithelium to diverse chemical and physical stimuli are exacerbated. In this review, we illustrate how nasal hyperreactivity can result from at least three types of mechanisms: (1) impaired barrier function, (2) hypersensitivity to external and endogenous stimuli, and (3) potentiation of efferent systems. We describe the known molecular basis of hyperreactivity related to the functional impairment of epithelial cells and somatosensory innervation, and indicate that the thermal, chemical, and mechanical sensors determining hyperreactivity in humans remain to be identified. We delineate research directions that may provide new insights into nasal hyperreactivity associated with rhinitis/rhinosinusitis pathophysiology and therapeutics. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying nasal hyperreactivity is essential for the treatment of rhinitis according to the precepts of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Velasco
- Instituto de Neurociencias Universidad Miguel Hernández‐CSIC San Juan de Alicante Spain
- The European University of Brain and Technology‐Neurotech EU San Juan de Alicante Spain
| | | | - Peter W. Hellings
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias Universidad Miguel Hernández‐CSIC San Juan de Alicante Spain
- The European University of Brain and Technology‐Neurotech EU San Juan de Alicante Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante San Juan de Alicante Spain
| | - Laura Van Gerven
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology Research KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine KU Leuven, VIB‐KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research Leuven Belgium
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6
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Li C, Wang S, Liu M, Peng Z, Zhang B, Chen S. Directional Transportation on Microplate-Arrayed Surfaces Driven via a Magnetic Field. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37655-37664. [PMID: 34342222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Directional transportation on micro/nanostructure-arrayed surfaces driven by an external field has attracted increasing attention in numerous domains, and this has led to significant progress in this field. In this study, an efficient method for high-speed transportation of solid objects is proposed based on magnetically responsive microplate arrays with a high aspect ratio. The transport speed is approximately an order of magnitude higher than the existing value. In addition, the speed of the transported objects can be controlled appropriately by the speed of the magnet. Besides, objects with varying shapes and sizes can be transported in both air and water. Further investigation of the transport mechanism reveals a rapid release of the elastic strain energy stored in the microplate. Hence, using this energy, the object can bounce forward quickly. The proposed technique and design aid not only in studies on more efficient, intelligent, or even programmed micro/nanotransportation but also in micro/nanomanipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Li
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhilong Peng
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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7
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Zhang S, Cui Z, Wang Y, den Toonder JMJ. Metachronal actuation of microscopic magnetic artificial cilia generates strong microfluidic pumping. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3569-3581. [PMID: 32845950 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00610f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological cilia that generate fluid flow or propulsion are often found to exhibit a collective wavelike metachronal motion, i.e. neighboring cilia beat slightly out-of-phase rather than synchronously. Inspired by this observation, this article experimentally demonstrates that microscopic magnetic artificial cilia (μMAC) performing a metachronal motion can generate strong microfluidic flows, though, interestingly, the mechanism is different from that in biological cilia, as is found through a systematic experimental study. The μMAC are actuated by a facile magnetic setup, consisting of an array of rod-shaped magnets. This arrangement imposes a time-dependent non-uniform magnetic field on the μMAC array, resulting in a phase difference between the beatings of adjacent μMAC, while each cilium exhibits a two-dimensional whip-like motion. By performing the metachronal 2D motion, the μMAC are able to generate a strong flow in a microfluidic chip, with velocities of up to 3000 μm s-1 in water, which, different from biological cilia, is found to be a result of combined metachronal and inertial effects, in addition to the effect of asymmetric beating. The pumping performance of the metachronal μMAC outperforms all previously reported microscopic artificial cilia, and is competitive with that of most of the existing microfluidic pumping methods, while the proposed platform requires no physical connection to peripheral equipment, reduces the usage of reagents by minimizing "dead volumes", avoids undesirable electrical effects, and accommodates a wide range of different fluids. The 2D metachronal motion can also generate a flow with velocities up to 60 μm s-1 in pure glycerol, where Reynolds number is less than 0.05 and the flow is primarily caused by the metachronal motion of the μMAC. These findings offer a novel solution to not only create on-chip integrated micropumps, but also design swimming and walking microrobots, as well as self-cleaning and antifouling surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhong Zhang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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8
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Zhang S, Zhang R, Wang Y, Onck PR, den Toonder JMJ. Controlled Multidirectional Particle Transportation by Magnetic Artificial Cilia. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10313-10323. [PMID: 32806065 PMCID: PMC7450663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of particles in a controllable manner is highly desirable in many applications. Inspired by biological cilia, this article experimentally and numerically demonstrates a versatile particle transportation platform consisting of arrays of magnetic artificial cilia (MAC) actuated by a rotating magnet. By performing a tilted conical motion, the MAC are capable of transporting particles on their tips, along designated directions that can be fully controlled by the externally applied magnetic field, in both liquid and air, at high resolution (particle precision), with varying speeds and for a range of particle sizes. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of the controlled particle transportation is studied in depth by combining experiments with numerical simulations. The results show that the adhesion and friction between the particle and the cilia are essential ingredients of the mechanism underlying the multidirectional transportation. This work offers an advanced solution to controllably transport particles along designated paths in any direction over a surface, which has potential applications in diverse fields including lab-on-a-chip devices, in vitro biomedical sciences, and self-cleaning and antifouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhong Zhang
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rongjing Zhang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick R. Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhang S, Zuo P, Wang Y, Onck P, Toonder JMJD. Anti-Biofouling and Self-Cleaning Surfaces Featured with Magnetic Artificial Cilia. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27726-27736. [PMID: 32476404 PMCID: PMC7303956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The fouling of surfaces submerged in a liquid is a serious problem for many applications including lab-on-a-chip devices and marine sensors. Inspired by the versatility of cilia in manipulating fluids and particles, it is experimentally demonstrated that surfaces partially covered with magnetic artificial cilia (MAC) have the capacity to efficiently prevent attachment and adhesion of real biofouling agents-microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Actuation of the MAC resulted in over 99% removal of the algae for two different scenarios: (1) actuating the MAC immediately after injecting the algae into a microfluidic chip, demonstrating antifouling and (2) starting to actuate the MAC 1 week after injecting the algae into the chip and leaving them to grow in static conditions, showing self-cleaning. It is shown that the local and global flows generated by the actuated MAC are substantial, resulting in hydrodynamic shear forces acting on the algae, which are likely to be key to efficient antifouling and self-cleaning. These findings and insights will potentially lead to novel types of self-cleaning and antifouling strategies, which may have a relevant practical impact on different fields and applications including lab-on-a-chip devices and water quality analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhong Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pan Zuo
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Onck
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. den Toonder
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Audino JA, Serb JM, Marian JEAR. Phylogeny and anatomy of marine mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) reveal convergent evolution of siphon traits. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Convergent morphology is a strong indication of an adaptive trait. Marine mussels (Mytilidae) have long been studied for their ecology and economic importance. However, variation in lifestyle and phenotype also make them suitable models for studies focused on ecomorphological correlation and adaptation. The present study investigates mantle margin diversity and ecological transitions in the Mytilidae to identify macroevolutionary patterns and test for convergent evolution. A fossil-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis of Mytilidae is inferred based on five genes for 33 species (19 genera). Morphological variation in the mantle margin is examined in 43 preserved species (25 genera) and four focal species are examined for detailed anatomy. Trait evolution is investigated by ancestral state estimation and correlation tests. Our phylogeny recovers two main clades derived from an epifaunal ancestor. Subsequently, different lineages convergently shifted to other lifestyles: semi-infaunal or boring into hard substrate. Such transitions are correlated with the development of long siphons in the posterior mantle region. Two independent origins are reconstructed for the posterior lobules on the inner fold, which are associated with intense mucociliary transport, suggesting an important cleansing role in epifaunal mussels. Our results reveal new examples of convergent morphological evolution associated with lifestyle transitions in marine mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Audino
- Department of Zoology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeanne M Serb
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Dr., Ames, IA, USA
| | - José Eduardo A R Marian
- Department of Zoology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Detailed comparative anatomy of the Pinnidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia) reveals further unusual mantle specializations. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Audino JA, Marian JEAR. Form and function of tentacles in pteriomorphian bivalves. J Morphol 2019; 281:33-46. [PMID: 31750976 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tentacles are remarkable anatomical structures in invertebrates for their diversity of form and function. In bivalves, tentacular organs are commonly associated with protective, secretory, and sensory roles. However, anatomical details are available for only a few species, rendering the diversity and evolution of bivalve tentacles still obscure. In Pteriomorphia, a clade including oysters, scallops, pearl oysters, and relatives, tentacles are abundant and diverse. We investigated tentacle anatomy in the group to understand variation, infer functions, and investigate patterns in tentacle diversity. Six species from four pteriomorphian families (Ostreidae, Pinnidae, Pteriidae, and Spondylidae) were collected and thoroughly investigated with integrative microscopy techniques, including histology, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Tentacles can be classified as middle fold tentacles (MFT) and inner fold tentacles (IFT) according to their position with respect to the folds of the mantle margin. While MFT morphology indicates intense secretion of mucosubstances, no evidence for secretory activity was found for IFT. However, both tentacle types have appropriate ciliary distribution and length to promote mucus transportation for cleaning and lubrication. Protective and sensory functions are discussed based on different lines of evidence, including secretion, cilia distribution, musculature, and innervation. Our results support the homology of MFT and IFT only for Pterioidea and Ostreoidea, considering their morphology, the presence of ciliated receptors at the tips, and branched innervation pattern. This is in accordance with recent phylogenetic hypotheses that support the close relationship between these superfamilies. In contrast, major structural differences indicate that MFT and IFT are probably not homologous across all pteriomorphians. By applying integrative microscopy, we were able to reveal anatomical elements that are essential for the understanding of homology and function when dealing with such superficially similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Audino
- Department of Zoology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Hess S, Eme L, Roger AJ, Simpson AGB. A natural toroidal microswimmer with a rotary eukaryotic flagellum. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1620-1626. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Audino JA, Marian JEAR. Comparative and functional anatomy of the mantle margin in ark clams and their relatives (Bivalvia: Arcoidea) supports association between morphology and life habits. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Audino
- Department of Zoology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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15
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Butterfield NJ. Oxygen, animals and aquatic bioturbation: An updated account. GEOBIOLOGY 2018; 16:3-16. [PMID: 29130581 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Butterfield
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Mera H, Bourne DG. Disentangling causation: complex roles of coral-associated microorganisms in disease. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:431-449. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaka Mera
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - David G. Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science; PMB 3, Townsville, Queensland 4810 Australia
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17
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Xu L, Jiang Y. Cilium height difference between strokes is more effective in driving fluid transport in mucociliary clearance: A numerical study. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2015; 12:1107-1126. [PMID: 26280187 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is the first line of defense in our airway. The purpose of this study is to identify and study key factors in the cilia motion that influence the transport ability of the mucociliary system. Using a rod-propel-fluid model, we examine the effects of cilia density, beating frequency, metachronal wavelength, and the extending height of the beating cilia. We first verify that asymmetry in the cilia motion is key to developing transport in the mucus flow. Next, two types of asymmetries between the effective and recovery strokes of the cilia motion are considered, the cilium beating velocity difference and the cilium height difference. We show that the cilium height difference is more efficient in driving the transport, and the more bend the cilium during the recovery stroke is, the more effective the transport would be. It is found that the transport capacity of the mucociliary system increases with cilia density and cilia beating frequency, but saturates above by a threshold value in both density and frequency. The metachronal wave that results from the phase lag among cilia does not contribute much to the mucus transport, which is consistent with the experimental observation of Sleigh (1989). We also test the effect of mucus viscosity, whose value is found to be inversely proportional to the transport ability. While multiple parts have to interplay and coordinate to allow for most effective mucociliary clearance, our findings from a simple model move us closer to understanding the effects of the cilia motion on the efficiency of this clearance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States.
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18
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Nadeem S, Sadaf H. Theoretical Analysis of Cu-Blood Nanofluid for Metachronal Wave of Cilia Motion in a Curved Channel. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:447-454. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2401972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Liu L, Shastry S, Byan-Parker S, Houser G, K Chu K, Birket SE, Fernandez CM, Gardecki JA, Grizzle WE, Wilsterman EJ, Sorscher EJ, Rowe SM, Tearney GJ. An autoregulatory mechanism governing mucociliary transport is sensitive to mucus load. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:485-93. [PMID: 24937762 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0499ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance, characterized by mucus secretion and its conveyance by ciliary action, is a fundamental physiological process that plays an important role in host defense. Although it is known that ciliary activity changes with chemical and mechanical stimuli, the autoregulatory mechanisms that govern ciliary activity and mucus transport in response to normal and pathophysiological variations in mucus are not clear. We have developed a high-speed, 1-μm-resolution, cross-sectional imaging modality, termed micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT), which provides the first integrated view of the functional microanatomy of the epithelial surface. We monitored invasion of the periciliary liquid (PCL) layer by mucus in fully differentiated human bronchial epithelial cultures and full thickness swine trachea using μOCT. We further monitored mucociliary transport (MCT) and intracellular calcium concentration simultaneously during invasion of the PCL layer by mucus using colocalized μOCT and confocal fluorescence microscopy in cell cultures. Ciliary beating and mucus transport are up-regulated via a calcium-dependent pathway when mucus causes a reduction in the PCL layer and cilia height. When the load exceeds a physiological limit of approximately 2 μm, this gravity-independent autoregulatory mechanism can no longer compensate, resulting in diminished ciliary motion and abrogation of stimulated MCT. A fundamental integrated mechanism with specific operating limits governs MCT in the lung and fails when periciliary layer compression and mucus viscosity exceeds normal physiologic limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Liu
- 1 Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, and
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20
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Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based projections that serve a wide variety of essential functions in animal cells. Defects in cilia structure or function have recently been found to underlie diverse human diseases. While many eukaryotic cells possess only one or two cilia, some cells, including those of many unicellular organisms, exhibit many cilia. In vertebrates, multiciliated cells are a specialized population of post-mitotic cells decorated with dozens of motile cilia that beat in a polarized and synchronized fashion to drive directed fluid flow across an epithelium. Dysfunction of human multiciliated cells is associated with diseases of the brain, airway and reproductive tracts. Despite their importance, multiciliated cells are relatively poorly studied and we are only beginning to understand the mechanisms underlying their development and function. Here, we review the general phylogeny and physiology of multiciliation and detail our current understanding of the developmental and cellular events underlying the specification, differentiation and function of multiciliated cells in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Brooks
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Patterson Labs, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas at Austin, Patterson Labs, 2401 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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21
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Balazs AC, Bhattacharya A, Tripathi A, Shum H. Designing Bioinspired Artificial Cilia to Regulate Particle-Surface Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1691-700. [PMID: 26270368 DOI: 10.1021/jz5004582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological cilia play a critical role in a stunning array of vital functions, from enabling marine organisms to trap food and expel fouling agents to facilitating the effective transport of egg cells in mammals. Inspired by the performance of these microscopic, hair-like filaments, researchers are synthesizing artificial cilia for use in lab-on-a-chip devices. There have, however, been few attempts to harness the artificial cilia to regulate the movement of particulates in these devices. Here, we review recent computational studies on the interactions between actuated artificial cilia and microscopic particles, showing that these cilia are effective at transporting both rigid and deformable particles in microchannels. The findings also reveal that these beating filaments can be used to separate microparticles based on their size and stiffness. Importantly, these studies indicate that artificial cilia can be used to prevent fouling by a wide variety of agents because they can expel both passive particulates and active swimmers from the underlying surface. These results can help guide experimental efforts to fully exploit artificial cilia in controlling particle motion within fluid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Balazs
- †Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Amitabh Bhattacharya
- ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- §Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Henry Shum
- †Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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22
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Rygg AD, van Duin ACT, Craven BA. Molecular dynamics simulations of water/mucus partition coefficients for feeding stimulants in fish and the implications for olfaction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72271. [PMID: 24023732 PMCID: PMC3759373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The odorant partition coefficient is a physicochemical property that has been shown to dramatically influence odorant deposition patterns in the mammalian nose, leading to a chromatographic separation of odorants along the sensory epithelium. It is unknown whether a similar phenomenon occurs in fish. Here we utilize molecular dynamics simulations, based on a simplified molecular model of olfactory mucus, to calculate water/mucus partition coefficients for amino acid odorants (alanine, glycine, cysteine, and valine) that are known to elicit feeding behavior in fish. Both fresh water and salt water environments are considered. In fresh water, all four amino acids prefer the olfactory mucus phase to water, and the partition coefficient is shown to correlate with amino acid hydrophobicity. In salt water, a reversal in odorant partitioning is found, where each of the feeding stimulants (except glycine) prefer the water phase to olfactory mucus. This is due to the interactions between the salt ions and the odorant molecules (in the water phase), and between the salt and simplified mucin (in the olfactory mucus phase). Thus, slightly different odorant deposition patterns may occur in the fish olfactory organ in fresh and salt water environments. However, in both underwater environments we found that the variation of the water/mucus odorant partition coefficient is approximately one order of magnitude, in stark contrast to air/mucus odorant partition coefficients that can span up to six orders of magnitude. We therefore anticipate relatively similar deposition patterns for most amino acid odorants in the fish olfactory chamber. Thus, in contrast to terrestrial species, living in an underwater environment may preclude appreciable chromatographic odorant separation that may be used for spatial coding of odor identity across the olfactory epithelium. This is consistent with the reported lack of spatial organization of olfactory receptor neurons in the fish olfactory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D. Rygg
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADR); (BAC)
| | - Adri C. T. van Duin
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brent A. Craven
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ADR); (BAC)
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23
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Tripathi A, Bhattacharya A, Balazs AC. Size selectivity in artificial cilia-particle interactions: mimicking the behavior of suspension feeders. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:4616-21. [PMID: 23496689 DOI: 10.1021/la400318f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the ability of marine suspension feeders to selectively capture small particles by their hairlike cilia, we simulate the interaction between artificial cilia and microscopic particles of different sizes to determine if a purely synthetic system can display analogous size-selective behavior. Our computational approach specifically models the capture of particles suspended in the surrounding fluid by adhesive filaments, which are anchored by one end to a surface. Via this model, we show that this size selectivity can arise as a result of adhesive and hydrodynamic interactions in the system. The substantial reduction in the mobility of the large particles near surfaces leads to a failure in capturing large particles. Using a simple analytical model, we show that the balance of hydrodynamic and adhesive forces favors capture of particles below a critical size for a given cilia-particle interaction. Our findings provide guidelines for designing artificial cilia that can be used for sorting and transporting particles within microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tripathi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 1249, Benedum Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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24
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Liu L, Chu KK, Houser GH, Diephuis BJ, Li Y, Wilsterman EJ, Shastry S, Dierksen G, Birket SE, Mazur M, Byan-Parker S, Grizzle WE, Sorscher EJ, Rowe SM, Tearney GJ. Method for quantitative study of airway functional microanatomy using micro-optical coherence tomography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54473. [PMID: 23372732 PMCID: PMC3553101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a high resolution form of optical coherence tomography, termed micro-OCT (μOCT), for investigating the functional microanatomy of airway epithelia. μOCT captures several key parameters governing the function of the airway surface (airway surface liquid depth, periciliary liquid depth, ciliary function including beat frequency, and mucociliary transport rate) from the same series of images and without exogenous particles or labels, enabling non-invasive study of dynamic phenomena. Additionally, the high resolution of μOCT reveals distinguishable phases of the ciliary stroke pattern and glandular extrusion. Images and functional measurements from primary human bronchial epithelial cell cultures and excised tissue are presented and compared with measurements using existing gold standard methods. Active secretion from mucus glands in tissue, a key parameter of epithelial function, was also observed and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Liu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kengyeh K. Chu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Grace H. Houser
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bradford J. Diephuis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yao Li
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Wilsterman
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Suresh Shastry
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gregory Dierksen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Birket
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Marina Mazur
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Byan-Parker
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - William E. Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Sorscher
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMR); (GJT)
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMR); (GJT)
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25
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Nakamura Y, Konishi M, Ohishi K, Kusaka C, Tame A, Hatada Y, Fujikura K, Nakazawa M, Fujishima M, Yoshida T, Maruyama T. Mucus Glycoproteins Selectively Secreted from Bacteriocytes in Gill Filaments of the Deep-Sea Clam <i>Calyptogena okutanii</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2013.34019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Bhattacharya A, Buxton GA, Usta OB, Balazs AC. Propulsion and trapping of microparticles by active cilia arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3217-3226. [PMID: 22233228 DOI: 10.1021/la204845v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We model the transport of a microscopic particle via a regular array of beating elastic cilia, whose tips experience an adhesive interaction with the particle's surface. At optimal adhesion strength, the average particle velocity is maximized. Using simulations spanning a range of cilia stiffness and cilia-particle adhesion strength, we explore the parameter space over which the particle can be "released", "propelled", or "trapped" by the cilia. We use a lower-order model to predict parameters for which the cilia are able to "propel" the particle. This is the first study that shows how both stiffness and adhesion strength are crucial for manipulation of particles by active cilia arrays. These results can facilitate the design of synthetic cilia that integrate adhesive and hydrodynamic interactions to selectively repel or trap particulates. Surfaces that are effective at repelling particulates are valuable for antifouling applications, while surfaces that can trap and, thus, remove particulates from the solution are useful for efficient filtration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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27
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Siddiqui AM, Haroon T, Rani M, Ansari AR. An analysis of the flow of a power law fluid due to ciliary motion in an infinite channel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12573-011-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Podolsky RD. Temperature and water viscosity: physiological versus mechanical effects on suspension feeding. Science 2010; 265:100-3. [PMID: 17774697 DOI: 10.1126/science.265.5168.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Water viscosity is inversely related to temperature. This simple physical relation couples two potential influences on organism performance. Seawater viscosity was manipulated, with and without temperature, to distinguish the physiological and mechanical effects of temperature on suspension feeding by ciliated echinoderm larvae. Change in viscosity alone accounted for half of the decline in the feeding rate at lower temperature. High viscosity shifted ingestion toward larger particles, which suggests that viscosity affects particle capture as well as rates of water processing. Temperature-induced change in viscosity, therefore, impacts suspension feeding independently of physiology and has implications for many small-scale biological processes.
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29
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Ghosh R, Buxton GA, Usta OB, Balazs AC, Alexeev A. Designing oscillating cilia that capture or release microscopic particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2963-8. [PMID: 19799457 DOI: 10.1021/la902926w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We use computational modeling to capture the three-dimensional interactions between oscillating, synthetic cilia and a microscopic particle in a fluid-filled microchannel. The synthetic cilia are elastic filaments that are tethered to a substrate and are actuated by a sinusoidal force, which is applied to their free ends. The cilia are arranged in a square pattern, and a neutrally buoyant particle is initially located between these filaments. Our computational studies reveal that, depending on frequency of the beating cilia, the particle can be either driven downward toward the substrate or driven upward and expelled into the fluid above the cilial layer. This behavior mimics the performance of biological cilia used by certain marine animals to extract suspended food particles. The findings uncover a new route for controlling the deposition of microscopic particles in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Ghosh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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30
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Abstract
Flow into and around the olfactory chamber of a fish determines how odorant from the fish's immediate environment is transported to the sensory surface (olfactory epithelium) lining the chamber. Diffusion times in water are long, even over comparatively short distances (millimetres). Therefore, transport from the external environment to the olfactory epithelium must be controlled by processes that rely on convection (i.e. the bulk flow of fluid). These include the beating of cilia lining the olfactory chamber and the relatively inexpensive pumping action of accessory sacs. Flow through the chamber may also be induced by an external flow. Flow over the olfactory epithelium appears to be laminar. Odorant transfer to the olfactory epithelium may be facilitated in several ways: if the olfactory organs are mounted on stalks that penetrate the boundary layer; by the steep velocity gradients generated by beating cilia; by devices that deflect flow into the olfactory chamber; by parallel arrays of olfactory lamellae; by mechanical agitation of the chamber (or olfactory stalks); and by vortices. Overall, however, our knowledge of the hydrodynamics of fish olfaction is far from complete. Several areas of future research are outlined.
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31
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Gheber L, Korngreen A, Priel Z. Effect of viscosity on metachrony in mucus propelling cilia. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2000; 39:9-20. [PMID: 9453710 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1998)39:1<9::aid-cm2>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we report that increasing the viscosity of the medium caused not only a decrease in the ciliary beat frequency but also changes in the metachrony and correlation between cilia. The study was performed using double and triple simultaneous photoelectric measurements on cultured ciliary cells from the frog esophagus in the viscosity range of 1-2,000 cp. We observed that increasing the viscosity intensified the fluctuations in all the measured parameters. Ciliary beat frequency decreased moderately. Even at quite high viscosities (circa 2000 cp.), cilia were still active with beating frequencies of 3-5 Hz. In addition, the degree of correlation between cilia parallel to the effective stroke direction (ESD) decreased, while that perpendicular to the ESD at a low range of viscosities remained unchanged and even increased at high viscosities. Medium viscosities in the range of 30-1,500 cp. altered the metachronal wave properties of cultured frog esophagus. The metachronal wavelength increased by up to 50%, and the wave direction changed towards more orthoplectic type of coordination. According to our recently suggested model [Gheber and Priel, 1990: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 16:167-181], these effects can be explained by a decrease in the temporal asymmetry of the ciliary beat. Since similar results were observed in water propelling cilia of Paramecium subjected to medium viscosity ranges of up to 40 cp. [Machemer, 1972: J. Exp. Biol. 57:239-259], we conclude that hydrodynamic interactions govern the metachronal wave properties of both mucus and water propelling cilia, though mucus propelling cilia, with their better adaptation to increased load, are affected at much higher viscosities than water propelling cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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32
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Abstract
This article summarizes the current state of the scientific and clinical knowledge that relates to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Although PCD is a rare disease with a prevalence of 1 in 20,000 it has a well recognized morbidity. It is believed that an accurate diagnosis and the application of appropriate management can significantly reduce this morbidity. The cilia themselves are highly complicated organelles that perform important functions, particularly in the respiratory and reproductive tracts, and they have been the focus of many years of research. Our current knowledge of ciliary function and mucociliary clearance is summarized, and the relationship with laterality defects is discussed. A phenotype resembling PCD is also seen in animal models, and some of these are described before reviewing the clinical aspects of PCD in humans and new developments in the field that may have implications for the future investigation and management of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meeks
- Rayne Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
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33
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Agius AM, Wake M, Pahor AL, Smallman LA. Smoking and middle ear ciliary beat frequency in otitis media with effusion. Acta Otolaryngol 1995; 115:44-9. [PMID: 7762384 DOI: 10.3109/00016489509133345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The middle ear mucociliary system has been shown to play an important role in clearing middle ear effusions. There is conflicting epidemiological evidence, however, as to whether exposure to tobacco smoke plays a significant role in persistence of middle ear effusion in patients with otherwise normal mucociliary function. Samples of middle ear mucosa from 33 patients with persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) were taken at myringotomy, together with corresponding nasal brushings. The aim of this study was to observe the mean ear ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and to compare it with nasal ciliary activity. Nasal brushings were collected from 33 age and sex matched non-smoking controls with no history of nasal atopy or topical nasal treatment. Ear CBF in OME was significantly reduced in comparison to paired nasal samples (p < 0.001). Ear CBF in adult OME patients who smoked or in children who were passive smokers was significantly less than in patients who were not exposed to cigarette smoke (p < 0.01). This study indicates that impaired ciliary function due to tobacco smoke exposure is an aetiological factor in persistent OME.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Agius
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dudley Road Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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34
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Gheber L, Priel Z. Metachronal activity of cultured mucociliary epithelium under normal and stimulated conditions. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1994; 28:333-45. [PMID: 7954860 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970280407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we measured in real time the metachronism and degree of correlation between beating cilia from cultured mucociliary epithelium. The method is based on simultaneous measurement of ciliary beat frequency, phase shifts, and correlation factors in two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the effective stroke direction (ESD). From the phase shifts the lengths of wave components, and consequently the metachronal wavelength and direction, were evaluated. On active ciliary areas of cultured frog esophagus under normal conditions, a relatively high degree of correlation is observed, but cilia are more correlated in direction parallel to ESD which is also the direction of the mucus propulsion. The length of the wave component parallel to ESD is more than twice as large as that of the perpendicular component. The metachronal wavelength was found to be in the range of 5-9 microns, and the direction of the wave propagation was in the range of 90 degrees-125 degrees clockwise to the ESD. When ciliary beat frequency was rapidly increased by extracellular ATP or acetylcholine, only minor effects were observed on the degree of correlation between beating cilia. The length of the wave component parallel to ESD showed the most dramatic effect increasing up to tenfold. The perpendicular to ESD component was not affected by the stimulation. Consequently, the metachronism became more laeoplectic with the angle between the ESD and the wave directions decreasing by 10 degrees-30 degrees, and the metachronal wavelength remained unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Takeyama K, Tamaoki J, Chiyotani A, Tagaya E, Konno K. Effect of macrolide antibiotics on ciliary motility in rabbit airway epithelium in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993; 45:756-8. [PMID: 7901376 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb07104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have studied ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of rabbit cultured tracheal epithelium by a photoelectric method in-vitro. Addition of erythromycin and roxithromycin increased CBF in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas clarithromycin was without effect. The rank order potency of macrolide was roxithromycin > erythromycin >> clarithromycin. The roxithromycin-induced increase in CBF was not altered by propranolol, AA-861, or verapamil, but partially attenuated by indomethacin. Roxithromycin increased intracellular cAMP concentrations. These results suggest that certain macrolides can stimulate airway ciliary motility probably via prostaglandin- and cAMP-dependent regulatory pathways, which may affect mucociliary transport function in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takeyama
- First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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Chiyotani A, Tamaoki J, Sakai N, Isono K, Kondo M, Konno K. Thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619 stimulates ciliary motility of rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. PROSTAGLANDINS 1992; 43:111-20. [PMID: 1311864 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(92)90080-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate whether thromboxane A2 (TxA2), one of the important arachidonic acid metabolites that may play a role in the development of airway inflammation, affects respiratory ciliary motility and, if so, what the mechanism of action is, we measured ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of rabbit cultured tracheal epithelium in response to U46619, a TxA2 mimetic agonist, by a photoelectric method. Addition of U46619 (10(-5) M) increased CBF from 17.7 +/- 0.7 to 22.8 +/- 1.4 Hz (mean +/- SE, p less than 0.01) within 5 min, which was followed by a decline to the baseline value by 10 min. This effect was concentration-dependent, the maximal increase from the baseline value and the drug concentration required to produce a half-maximal effect (EC50) being 26.9 +/- 4.6% (p less than 0.01) and 3 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The U46619-induced increase in CBF was abolished by SQ29548, and TxA2 receptor antagonist, and inhibited by verapamil, a Ca(2+)-entry blocker, and H-7, a protein kinase C inhibitor. These results suggest that TxA2 stimulates ciliary motility through the activation of airway epithelial TxA2 receptors, and that this effect may be exerted from Ca(2+)-influx and protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chiyotani
- First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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Ciliary specializations in branchial stigmatal cells of protochordates. Tissue Cell 1992; 24:229-41. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(92)90096-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/1991] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tamaoki J, Chiyotani A, Yamauchi F, Takeuchi S, Takizawa T. Ambroxol inhibits Na+ absorption by canine airway epithelial cells in culture. J Pharm Pharmacol 1991; 43:841-3. [PMID: 1687582 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of ambroxol on ion transport functions of airway mucosa, we measured bioelectric properties of canine cultured tracheal epithelium under short-circuit conditions in-vitro. Addition of ambroxol to the submucosal but not to the mucosal solution in an Ussing chamber decreased short-circuit current, transepithelial potential difference and cell conductance. The ambroxol-induced decrease in short-circuit current was not affected by bumetanide or diphenylamine-2-carboxylate, but it was abolished by pretreatment of cells with amiloride. These results suggest that ambroxol may selectively inhibit Na+ absorption by airway epithelium, thereby increasing water composition in airway surface fluid and reducing mucus viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tamaoki
- First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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