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Lin J, Jing H, Wang J, Lucien-Cabaraux JF, Yang K, Liu W, Li X. Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1396053. [PMID: 39021407 PMCID: PMC11251924 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1396053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The nutritional benefits of mare milk are attracting increasing consumer interest. Limited availability due to low yield poses a challenge for widespread adoption. Although lysine and threonine are often used to enhance protein synthesis and muscle mass in horses, their impact on mare milk yield and nutrient composition remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of lysine and threonine supplementation on 24 healthy Yili mares, mares at day 30 of lactation, over a 120-day period. The mares were divided into control and three experimental groups (six mares each) under pure grazing conditions. The control group received no amino acid supplementation, while experimental groups received varying daily doses of lysine and threonine: Group I (40 g lysine + 20 g threonine), Group II (60 g lysine + 40 g threonine), and Group III (80 g lysine + 60 g threonine). Supplementation in Group II notably increased milk yield, while Groups I and II showed higher milk fat percentages, and all experimental groups exhibited improved milk protein percentages. Additionally, blood levels of total protein, albumin, triglycerides, and glucose were reduced. Detailed analyses from Group II at peak lactation (day 60) included targeted metabolomics and microbial sequencing of milk, blood, and fecal samples. Amino acid metabolomics assessed amino acid content in mare milk and serum, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing evaluated rectal microbial composition. The results indicated that lysine and threonine supplementation significantly increased levels of threonine and creatine in the blood, and lysine, threonine, glutamine, and alanine in mare milk. Microbial analysis revealed a higher prevalence of certain bacterial families and genera, including Prevotellaceae, p_251_o5, and Rikenellaceae at the family level, and unclassified_p_251_o5, Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group at the genus level. Multi-omics analysis showed positive correlations between specific fecal genera and amino acids in mare milk. For instance, Prevotellaceae_UCG_003, unclassified Bacteroidetes_BS11_gut_group, and Corynebacterium were positively correlated with lysine, while unclassified Prevotellaceae was positively correlated with alanine and threonine, and Unclassified_Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group was positively correlated with glutamine. In summary, lysine and threonine supplementation in grazing lactating mares enhanced milk production and improved milk protein and fat quality. It is recommended that herders, veterinarians, and technicians consider amino acid content in the diet of lactating mares. The optimal supplementation levels under grazing conditions for Yili horses were determined to be 60 g lysine and 40 g threonine per day. Future research should explore the molecular mechanisms by which these amino acids influence milk protein and lipid synthesis in mare mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hongxin Jing
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | | | - Kailun Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wujun Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Exercise Physiology, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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Pitkänen O, Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Räisänen SE, Jaakkola S, Kokkonen T, Vanhatalo A. Processed fava bean as a substitute for rapeseed meal with or without rumen-protected methionine supplement in grass silage-based dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3217-3232. [PMID: 37028967 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Fava bean offers a sustainable home-grown protein source for dairy cows, but fava bean protein is extensively degraded in the rumen and has low Met concentration. We studied the effects of protein supplementation and source on milk production, rumen fermentation, N use, and mammary AA utilization. The treatments were unsupplemented control diet, and isonitrogenously given rapeseed meal (RSM), processed (dehulled, flaked, and heated) fava bean without (TFB) or with rumen-protected (RP) Met (TFB+). All diets consisted of 50% grass silage and 50% cereal-based concentrate including studied protein supplement. The control diet had 15% of crude protein and protein-supplemented diets 18%. Rumen-protected Met in TFB+ corresponded to 15 g/d of Met absorbed in the small intestine. Experimental design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with 3-wk periods. The experiment was conducted using 12 multiparous mid-lactation Nordic Red cows, of which 4 were rumen cannulated. Protein supplementation increased dry matter intake (DMI), and milk (31.9 vs. 30.7 kg/d) and milk component yields. Substituting RSM with TFB or TFB+ decreased DMI and AA intake but increased starch intake. There were no differences in milk yield or composition between RSM diet and TFB diets. Rumen-protected Met did not affect DMI, or milk or milk component yields but increased milk protein concentration in comparison to TFB. There were no differences in rumen fermentation except for increased ammonium-N concentration with the protein-supplemented diets. Nitrogen-use efficiency for milk production was lower for the supplemented diets versus control diet but tended to be greater for TFB and TFB+ versus RSM. Protein supplementation increased plasma essential AA concentration but there were no differences between TFB diets and RSM. Rumen-protected Met clearly increased plasma Met concentration (30.8 vs. 18.2 µmol/L) but did not affect other AA. Absence of differences between RSM and TFB in milk production together with limited effects of RP Met suggest that TFB is a potential alternative protein source for dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pitkänen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - S E Räisänen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - S Jaakkola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 28, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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Higgs RJ, Chase LE, Schwab CG, Sloan B, Luchini D, LaPierre PA, Van Amburgh ME. Balancing dairy cattle diets for rumen nitrogen and methionine or all essential amino acids relative to metabolizable energy. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:1826-1836. [PMID: 36710186 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Improving the ability of diet formulation models to more accurately predict AA supply while appropriately describing requirements for lactating dairy cattle provides an opportunity to improve animal productivity, reduce feed costs, and reduce N intake. The goal of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of a new version of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) to formulate diets for rumen N, Met, and all essential AA (EAA). Sixty-four high-producing dairy cattle were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 following diets in a 14-wk longitudinal study: (1) limited metabolizable protein (MP), Met, and rumen N (Base), (2) adequate Met but limited MP and rumen N (Base + M), (3) adequate Met and rumen N, but limited MP (Base + MU), and (4) adequate MP, rumen N, and balanced for all EAA (Positive). All diets were balanced to exceed requirements for ME relative to maintenance and production, assuming a nonpregnant, 650-kg animal producing 40 kg of milk at 3.05% true protein and 4.0% fat. Dietary MP was 97.2, 97.5, 102.3, and 114.1 g/kg of dry matter intake for the Base, Base + M, Base + MU, and Positive diets, respectively. Differences were observed for dry matter intake and milk yield (24.1 to 24.7 and 39.4 to 41.1 kg/d, among treatments). Energy corrected milk, fat, and true protein yield were greater (2.9, 0.13, and 0.08 kg/d, respectively) in cows fed the Positive compared with the Base diet. Using the updated CNCPS, cattle fed the Base, Base + M, and Base + MU diets were predicted to have a negative MP balance (-231, -310, and -142 g/d, respectively), whereas cattle fed the Positive diet consumed 33 g of MP/d excess to ME supply. Bacterial growth was predicted to be depressed by 16 and 17% relative to adequate N supply for the Base and Base + M diets, respectively, which corresponded with the measured lower apparent total-tract NDF degradation. The study demonstrates that improvements in lactation performances can be achieved when rumen N and Met are properly supplied and further improved when EAA supply are balanced relative to requirements. Formulation using the revised CNCPS provided predictions for these diets, which were sensitive to changes in rumen N, Met, all EAA, and by extension MP supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Higgs
- Cashmere, Christchurch, New Zealand 8022
| | - L E Chase
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C G Schwab
- Schwab Consulting LLC, 105 Doc Mac Drive, Boscobel, WI 53805; Department of Animal Science, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
| | - B Sloan
- Adisseo North America, Alpharetta, GA 30022
| | - D Luchini
- Adisseo North America, Alpharetta, GA 30022
| | - P A LaPierre
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Malacco V, Beckett L, Hilger S, Doane P, Reis R, Donkin S. Effects of increased doses of lysine in a rumen-protected form on plasma amino acid concentration and lactational performance of dairy cows fed a lysine-deficient diet. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3064-3077. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Amaro FX, Kim D, Restelatto R, Carvalho P, Arriola K, Duvalsaint EJC, Cervantes AP, Jiang Y, Agarussi MCN, Silva VP, Adesogan AT, Ferraretto LF, Staples CR, Eun JS, Moon JO, Vyas D. Lactational performance of dairy cows in response to supplementing N-acetyl-l-methionine as source of rumen-protected methionine. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2301-2314. [PMID: 34955263 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a rumen-protected source of Met, N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM), on lactational performance and nitrogen metabolism in early- to mid-lactation dairy cows. Sixty multiparous Holstein dairy cows in early lactation (27 ± 4.3 d in milk, SD) were assigned to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Cows were blocked by actual milk yield. Treatments were as follows: (1) no NALM (control); (2) 15 g/d of NALM (NALM15); (3) 30 g/d of NALM (NALM30); and (4) 45 g/d of NALM (NALM45). Diets were formulated using a Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) v.6.5 model software to meet or exceed nutritional requirements of lactating dairy cows producing 42 kg/d of milk and to undersupply metabolizable Met (control) or supply incremental amounts of NALM. The digestible Met (dMet) supply for control, NALM15, NALM30, and NALM45 were 54.7, 59.8, 64.7, and 72.2 g/d, respectively. The supply of dMet was 88, 94, 104, and 115% of dMet requirement for control, NALM15, NALM30, and NALM45, respectively. Milk yield data were collected, dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily, and milk samples were collected twice per week for 22 wk. Blood, ruminal fluid, urine, and fecal samples were collected during the covariate period and during wk 4, 8, and 16. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Institute) using covariates in the model for all variables except body weight. Linear, quadratic, and cubic contrasts were also tested. Treatments did not affect DMI, milk yield, and milk component concentration and yield; however, feed efficiency expressed as milk yield per DMI and 3.5% fat-corrected milk per DMI were quadratically affected, with greater response observed for NALM15 and NALM30 compared with control. Acetate proportion linearly increased, whereas propionate proportion linearly decreased with NALM supplementation. Blood urea nitrogen linearly decreased with NALM supplementation. Total plasma essential AA concentrations were quadratically affected, as greater values were observed for control and NALM45 than other treatments. Plasma Met concentration was quadratically affected as lower levels were observed with NALM15, whereas Met concentrations increased with NALM45 compared with control. Nitrogen utilization efficiency and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by treatment. Supplementation of NALM at 15 or 30 g/head per day resulted in the greatest improvements in feed efficiency without affecting N metabolism of early- to mid-lactation dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Amaro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - D Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R Restelatto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, 80060, Brazil
| | - P Carvalho
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, 78557, Brazil
| | - K Arriola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E J C Duvalsaint
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A P Cervantes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - M C N Agarussi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, 36570, Brazil
| | - V P Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, MG, 36570, Brazil
| | - A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J-S Eun
- BIO Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 04560, South Korea
| | - J O Moon
- BIO Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon, 04560, South Korea
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Regulation of Milk Protein Synthesis by Free and Peptide-Bound Amino Acids in Dairy Cows. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101044. [PMID: 34681143 PMCID: PMC8533557 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Milk protein (MP) synthesis in the mammary gland of dairy cows is a complex biological process. As the substrates for protein synthesis, amino acids (AAs) are the most important nutrients for milk synthesis. Free AAs (FAAs) are the main precursors of MP synthesis, and their supplies are supplemented by peptide-bound AAs (PBAAs) in the blood. Utilization of AAs in the mammary gland of dairy cows has attracted the great interest of researchers because of the goal of increasing MP yield. Supplying sufficient and balanced AAs is critical to improve MP concentration and yield in dairy cows. Great progress has been made in understanding limiting AAs and their requirements for MP synthesis in dairy cows. This review focuses on the effects of FAA and PBAA supply on MP synthesis and their underlying mechanisms. Advances in our knowledge in the field can help us to develop more accurate models to predict dietary protein requirements for dairy cows MP synthesis, which will ultimately improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency and lactation performance of dairy cows.
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Body Condition Score, Rumination, Intake, Milk Production and Milk Composition of Grazing Dairy Cows Supplemented with Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study utilised a pasture grazing based, voluntary traffic automatic milking system to investigate milk production of cows fed a pasture-based diet and supplemented with a pellet formulated with vs. without rumen-protected lysine and methionine (RPLM). The study adopted a switch-over design (over two periods of 5 and 10 weeks, respectively) and used 36 cows and equally allocated them into two experimental groups. The RPLM (Trial) pellet had 2% lower crude protein, but similar metabolizable energy content compared to the Control pellet. Pellet intake was 10.0 and 9.4 kg/day/cow. Milk yield was 36.2 and 34.4 kg/day/cow (p = 0.23), and energy corrected milk was 35.1 and 33.8 kg/day/cow (p = 0.076), and milk solids was 2.55 and 2.46 kg/cow/day (p = 0.073) in the Control and Trial groups, respectively. Milk fat%, milk protein%, milk fat: protein ratio, milking frequency and rumination time were not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). In period 1, plasma glucose was 3.1 mmol/L for both groups and milk urea were 150 and 127 mg/L in the Control and Trial groups, respectively. Both plasma glucose (as a proxy for energy supply) and milk urea (as a proxy for nitrogen use efficiency; NUE) were not different between groups (p > 0.05). This study showed that under a grazing pasture system, feeding lactating dairy cows a low protein pellet with RPLM supplementation, maintained milk production performance and NUE, compared with cows fed a high protein Control pellet diet with no RPLM. Further research should assess the long-term (seasonal) effects of feeding a diet formulated with RPLM on cow intake, health and reproductive performance.
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Zhao Y, Xie B, Gao J, Xiao M, Zhao G. Balancing the dietary ratio of nitrogen to sulfur by adding inorganic sulfur improves nitrogen retention and consequently decreases urine nitrous oxide emissions in steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lobos NE, Wattiaux MA, Broderick GA. Effect of rumen-protected lysine supplementation of diets based on corn protein fed to lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6620-6632. [PMID: 33714588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This trial tested whether rumen-protected Lys (RPL) supplementation would improve the nutritive value of rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) from corn protein. Thirty-two lactating Holstein cows were blocked by days in milk and parity into 8 squares of 4 cows each in replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares. Treatments provided all supplemental crude protein from: (1) soy protein (67% expeller soybean meal plus 33% solvent soybean meal); (2) a blend of soy and corn protein (33% expeller soybean meal, 17% solvent soybean meal, 25% corn gluten meal plus 25% distillers dried grains with solubles); (3) corn protein (50% corn gluten meal plus 50% distillers dried grains with solubles); or (4) corn protein plus RPL [diet 3 top-dressed with RPL (125 g/d of AjiPro-L Generation 1, supplying an estimated 20 g of absorbable Lys/d)]. Diets contained (dry matter basis) 22% alfalfa silage, 43% corn silage, 18% ground high-moisture and dry corn, 2.4% mineral-vitamin premix, 1.5 to 3.9% soy hulls, 15% crude protein, 30 to 32% neutral detergent fiber and predicted to contain equal rumen-degradable protein, RUP, and metabolizable protein. Cows within squares were randomly assigned to treatment sequences and fed diets for 4-wk periods before switching; production data and blood samples were collected during last 2 wk of each period. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedures of SAS. Intake was highest on diet 1, intermediate on diets 2 and 3, and lowest on diet 4; body weight gain was highest on diet 3, intermediate on diets 1 and 2 and lowest on diet 4. Intakes and body weight changes were reflected by differences in milk/dry matter intake, which was highest on diets 2 and 4 and lowest on diet 3. Milk yield was lower on diet 3 (44.3 kg/d) than on diets 1, 2, and 4 (average 45.8 kg/d) and protein yield was highest on diets 1 and 2 (average 1.35 kg/d), intermediate on diet 4 (1.30 kg/d), and lowest on diet 3 (1.25 kg/d). No effects of diet were detected on ruminal metabolites. Free nonessential amino acids and total protein AA were elevated in blood plasma on diet 3, reflecting reduced utilization for milk protein synthesis. These results indicated that 50% dilution of soybean meal RUP with that from corn protein did not reduce yield and that supplementing RPL to the corn protein-based diet increased yield 1.1 kg of milk/d and 50 g of true protein/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Lobos
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Michel A Wattiaux
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - Glen A Broderick
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706; Agricultural Research Service, USDA, US Dairy Forage Research Center, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706.
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Wang C, Liu H, Wang C, Liu J, Liu H. Effects of Dietary Rumen-Protected Betaine on Lactation Performance and Serum Metabolites of Mid-lactation Holstein Dairy Cows. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13154-13159. [PMID: 32180405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary rumen-protected betaine (RPB) supplementation, as partial replacement for methionine, on the lactation performance of mid-lactation dairy cows. A total of 36 Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to three groups [control, 20 g/day RPB, or 15 g/day rumen-protected methionine (RPM)]. The experiment was conducted over 9 weeks, with the first week for adaptation. Blood metabolites were analyzed with metabolomics in the control and RPB groups. The results revealed that the milk yield and milk protein content were higher in cows fed RPB and RPM compared to those in the control group. Concentrations of nine metabolites differed between cows in the RPB and control groups. These metabolites were mainly concentrated in six pathways, such as arginine synthesis and proline degradation and cyanoamino acid synthesis. This study revealed that RPB can spare methionine and improve lactation performance of dairy cows fed with diets moderately deficient in methionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - He Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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Amino acid transportation, sensing and signal transduction in the mammary gland: key molecular signalling pathways in the regulation of milk synthesis. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:287-297. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe mammary gland, a unique exocrine organ, is responsible for milk synthesis in mammals. Neonatal growth and health are predominantly determined by quality and quantity of milk production. Amino acids are crucial maternal nutrients that are the building blocks for milk protein and are potential energy sources for neonates. Recent advances made regarding the mammary gland further demonstrate that some functional amino acids also regulate milk protein and fat synthesis through distinct intracellular and extracellular pathways. In the present study, we discuss recent advances in the role of amino acids (especially branched-chain amino acids, methionine, arginine and lysine) in the regulation of milk synthesis. The present review also addresses the crucial questions of how amino acids are transported, sensed and transduced in the mammary gland.
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12
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Liang SL, Wei ZH, Wu JJ, Dong XL, Liu JX, Wang DM. Effect of N-acetyl-l-methionine supplementation on lactation performance and plasma variables in mid-lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5182-5190. [PMID: 30904299 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of current study was to investigate the effect of N-acetyl-l-methionine (NALM) supplementation on lactation performance and plasma variables in mid-lactating dairy cows. Forty-eight multiparous cows were blocked into 12 groups based on parity, days in milk, and milk production and were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatments: 0, 15, 30, or 60 g/d of NALM per cow to supplement the basal diet. The experiment was conducted over a 13-wk period, with the first week as adaptation. The yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, and milk lactose were increased quadratically, and energy-corrected milk yield tended to increase with increased NALM supplementation in a quadratic manner. The dry matter intake, milk protein yield, milk fat yield, contents of milk composition (protein, fat, lactose, total solids, and milk urea nitrogen), feed efficiency, and body weight change were not affected by NALM supplementation. In addition, plasma methionine concentration was increased quadratically, and proline, total nonessential AA, and total AA concentrations were significantly higher in the 30 g/d group compared with that of the control group. However, other AA and total essential AA concentrations were not affected with supplementation of NALM. Adding NALM increased concentrations of total protein and globulin in plasma, but decreased plasma urea nitrogen concentration in a quadratic manner. Meanwhile, plasma malonaldehyde concentration decreased linearly as doses of NALM addition increased. Our results suggested that the supplementation of NALM improved milk yield and protein synthesis in the liver, and lowered lipid peroxidation in mid-lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Liang
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Z H Wei
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - J J Wu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - X L Dong
- CJ International Trading Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200050, P.R. China
| | - J X Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - D M Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China.
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Fleming AJ, Estes KA, Choi H, Barton BA, Zimmerman CA, Hanigan MD. Assessing bioavailability of ruminally protected methionine and lysine prototypes. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4014-4024. [PMID: 30852023 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Met and Lys are essential AA that can limit lactational performance in dairy cattle fed protein-sufficient diets. Thus, there is industry demand for ruminally protected (RP) sources of Met and Lys. One method of providing ruminal protection for Met and Lys is lipid encapsulation. The objective of this work was to assess 3 lipid-encapsulated Met prototypes (P1, P2, and P3) and 1 Lys prototype (P4) to determine ruminal protection, small intestine absorption (experiment 1), and animal production responses (experiment 2). Ruminal protection was estimated from 8-h in situ retention during ruminal incubation and intestinal absorption from plasma appearance after an abomasal bolus of the in situ retentate. Blood samples were collected over time to determine plasma Met and Lys concentration responses compared with unprotected Lys and Met infused abomasally. The prototypes were not exposed to the total diet or subjected to typical feed handling methods before evaluation. The bioavailability of P1, P2, and P3 Met prototypes was found to be 14, 21, and 18% of the initial AA material, respectively. The RP-Lys prototype had a bioavailability of 45%. To evaluate production responses, 20 Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 2 trials (n = 10 each) in a replicated Latin square design with 14-d periods. The base diet was predicted to be deficient in metabolizable Met (-14.8 g/d) and Lys (-16.1 g/d) per the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (version 6.55). In the Met trial, the base diet was supplemented with RP-Lys to meet Lys requirements, and treatments were as follows: no added RP-Met (NCM), NCM plus Smartamine M (SM; Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA), and NCM plus P1, P2, or P3 at 148% of the Met content of SM. In the Lys trial, the base diet was supplemented with RP-Met to meet the Met requirement, and treatments were as follows: no added Lys (NCL), NCL plus AjiProL (AL; Ajinomoto Heartland Inc., Chicago, IL), and NCL plus P4 at 55, 78, or 102% of the reported absorbed Lys in AL. All products were top dressed on the diet without prior mixing or extended exposure to the rest of the diet. Milk protein concentration significantly increased when diets were supplemented with P2, P3, or SM (3.12, 3.12, and 3.11%, respectively) compared with NCM (3.02%). Only P1 (3.04%) was significantly lower than SM. Prototype P2 had the greatest numerical milk protein output response among the 3 RP-Met prototypes, suggesting that it may have had the greatest efficacy when supplemented into these rations. There was a numerical milk protein concentration response to AL and a linear increase in milk protein concentration for P4. The P4 and AL treatments resulted in comparable milk protein production regardless of P4 dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - K A Estes
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - H Choi
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - B A Barton
- Balchem Corporation, New Hampton, NY 10958
| | | | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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Chen Y, Harrison J, Bunting L. Effects of replacement of alfalfa silage with corn silage and supplementation of methionine analog and lysine-HCl on milk production and nitrogen feed efficiency in early lactating cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Abstract
During recent decades, the UK dairy industry has had to adjust to the introduction of milk quotas in 1984, the deregulation of milk markets in 1994, and accommodate changes in the demand for dairy products. The combination of these factors, in addition to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Foot and Mouth disease, and a fall in milk price has inevitably resulted in a restructuring of the industry, but also reinforced the need for all sectors of the industry to respond to the prevailing economic climate and changes in consumer preferences.
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Lean I, de Ondarza M, Sniffen C, Santos J, Griswold K. Meta-analysis to predict the effects of metabolizable amino acids on dairy cattle performance. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:340-364. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Tian W, Wu T, Zhao R, Xu J, He Y, Wang H. Responses of milk production of dairy cows to jugular infusions of a mixture of essential amino acids with or without exclusion leucine or arginine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:271-275. [PMID: 29767155 PMCID: PMC5941189 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine effects of jugular infusion of either balanced or imbalanced amino acid mixture on milk production and composition in dairy cows. Eight mid-lactation Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 5-d continuous jugular infusions of saline (CTL), essential amino acid (EAA) mixture prepared on the profile of casein (CSN, 160 g/d), EAA mixture excluding leucine (Leu) (−Leu, 163 g/d) or EAA mixture excluding arginine (Arg) (−Arg, 158 g/d) in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 infusion periods separated by a 7-d interval period. The basal diet was formulated with corn grain, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, corn silage, alfalfa hay and Chinese wildrye grass hay according to NRC (2001) and supplied 1.6 Mcal net energy for lactation (NEL) and 94.4 g metabolizable protein (MP) per kg dry matter (DM) to meet requirements for lactation. The results showed that the dry matter intake (DMI) and normal physiological status were not affected by amino acid mixture infusions. Compared with CTL treatment, the CSN treatment increased milk yield (14.9%, P < 0.001), milk lactose yield (14.5%, P = 0.001), milk fat yield (16.6%, P = 0.01), milk protein yield (18.2%, P < 0.001) and the contents of αS1-casein (αS1-CN, 11.8%, P = 0.007), β-casein (β-CN, 4.2%, P = 0.035) and κ-casein (κ-CN, 8.5%, P = 0.003). However, the −Leu and −Arg treatments had lower milk yield (6.3%, P = 0.058 and 5.7%, P = 0.073, respectively), milk protein yield (8.8%, P = 0.010 and 8.2%, P = 0.011, respectively) and the contents of αS1-CN (7.3%, P = 0.057 and 8.4%, P = 0.026, respectively), β-CN (4.2%, P = 0.033 and 3.8%, P = 0.048, respectively) and κ-CN (5.8%, P = 0.023 and 7.6%, P = 0.003, respectively) than those of the CSN treatment. Milk lactose yield (5.9%, P = 0.076) tended to decrease when Leu was removed from amino acid mixture infusate. In conclusion, the supply of casein profile can increase milk production in dairy cows, but a deficiency of Leu or Arg had negative effects on milk yield and milk protein yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tianyou Wu
- Shanghai Bright Holstan Co., Ltd, Zhabei 200436, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Shanghai Bright Holstan Co., Ltd, Zhabei 200436, China
| | - Jinhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yao He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongrong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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18
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Tucker H, Hanigan M, Escobar J, Doane P, Donkin S. Hepatic expression of aminoadipate semialdehyde synthase is unchanged by postruminal lysine supply in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1009-1018. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Imran M, Pasha TN, Shahid MQ, Babar I, Naveed Ul Haque M. Effect of increasing dietary metabolizable protein on nitrogen efficiency in Holstein dairy cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:660-665. [PMID: 28002937 PMCID: PMC5411825 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of the study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of metabolizable protein (MP) on lactation performance and nitrogen (N) efficiencies in lactating dairy cows. Methods Nine multiparous cows in mid lactation [113±25 days in milk] received three treatments in a 3×3 Latin square design with a period length of 21 days. The treatments were three diets, designed to provide similar energy and increasing supply of MP (g/d) (2,371 [low], 2,561 [medium], and 2,711 [high] with corresponding crude protein levels [%]) 15.2, 18.4, and 20.9, respectively. Results Increasing MP supplies did not modify dry matter intake, however, it increased milk protein, fat, and lactose yield linearly. Similarly, fat corrected milk increased linearly (9.3%) due to an increase in both milk yield (5.2%) and milk fat content (7.8%). No effects were observed on milk protein and lactose contents across the treatments. Milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE) decreased from 0.26 to 0.20; whereas, the metabolic efficiency of MP decreased from 0.70 to 0.60 in low to high MP supplies, respectively. The concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased linearly in response to increasing MP supplies. Conclusion Increasing MP supplies resulted in increased milk protein yield; however, a higher BUN and low MNE indicated an efficient utilization of dietary protein at low MP supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Talat Naseer Pasha
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qamer Shahid
- Department of Livestock Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Naveed Ul Haque
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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20
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Tian W, Wang HR, Wu TY, Ding LY, Zhao R, Khas E, Wang CF, Zhang FQ, Mi FY, Wang L, Ning LT. Milk protein responses to balanced amino acid and removal of Leucine and Arginine supplied from jugular-infused amino acid mixture in lactating dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:e278-e287. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - H. R. Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - T. Y. Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - L. Y. Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - R. Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - E. Khas
- College of Animal Science; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot Inner Mongolia China
| | - C. F. Wang
- College of Animal Science; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot Inner Mongolia China
| | - F. Q. Zhang
- College of Animal Science; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot Inner Mongolia China
| | - F. Y. Mi
- College of Animal Science; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot Inner Mongolia China
| | - L. Wang
- College of Animal Science; Inner Mongolia Agricultural University; Hohhot Inner Mongolia China
| | - L. T. Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Grass and Herbivores of Chongqing; Southwest University; Beibei Chongqing China
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21
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C ase S tudy : A comparison of 2 methionine sources for early lactation Holstein cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2016-01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Alstrup L, Nielsen M, Lund P, Sehested J, Larsen M, Weisbjerg M. Milk yield, feed efficiency and metabolic profiles in Jersey and Holstein cows assigned to different fat supplementation strategies. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Van Amburgh ME, Collao-Saenz EA, Higgs RJ, Ross DA, Recktenwald EB, Raffrenato E, Chase LE, Overton TR, Mills JK, Foskolos A. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: Updates to the model and evaluation of version 6.5. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6361-80. [PMID: 26142847 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New laboratory and animal sampling methods and data have been generated over the last 10 yr that had the potential to improve the predictions for energy, protein, and AA supply and requirements in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). The objectives of this study were to describe updates to the CNCPS and evaluate model performance against both literature and on-farm data. The changes to the feed library were significant and are reported in a separate manuscript. Degradation rates of protein and carbohydrate fractions were adjusted according to new fractionation schemes, and corresponding changes to equations used to calculate rumen outflows and postrumen digestion were presented. In response to the feed-library changes and an increased supply of essential AA because of updated contents of AA, a combined efficiency of use was adopted in place of separate calculations for maintenance and lactation to better represent the biology of the cow. Four different data sets were developed to evaluate Lys and Met requirements, rumen N balance, and milk yield predictions. In total 99 peer-reviewed studies with 389 treatments and 15 regional farms with 50 different diets were included. The broken-line model with plateau was used to identify the concentration of Lys and Met that maximizes milk protein yield and content. Results suggested concentrations of 7.00 and 2.60% of metabolizable protein (MP) for Lys and Met, respectively, for maximal protein yield and 6.77 and 2.85% of MP for Lys and Met, respectively, for maximal protein content. Updated AA concentrations were numerically higher for Lys and 11 to 18% higher for Met compared with CNCPS v6.0, and this is attributed to the increased content of Met and Lys in feeds that were previously incorrectly analyzed and described. The prediction of postruminal flows of N and milk yield were evaluated using the correlation coefficient from the BLUP (R(2)BLUP) procedure or model predictions (R(2)MDP) and the concordance correlation coefficient. The accuracy and precision of rumen-degradable N and undegradable N and bacterial N flows were improved with reduced bias. The CNCPS v6.5 predicted accurate and precise milk yield according to the first-limiting nutrient (MP or metabolizable energy) with a R(2)BLUP=0.97, R(2)MDP=0.78, and concordance correlation coefficient=0.83. Furthermore, MP-allowable milk was predicted with greater precision than metabolizable energy-allowable milk (R(2)MDP=0.82 and 0.76, respectively, for MP and metabolizable energy). Results suggest a significant improvement of the model, especially under conditions of MP limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Van Amburgh
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850.
| | - E A Collao-Saenz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil 75800-970
| | - R J Higgs
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - D A Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - E B Recktenwald
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - E Raffrenato
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 7600
| | - L E Chase
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - J K Mills
- Elanco Animal Health, Canastota, NY 13032
| | - A Foskolos
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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24
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Vargas L, Lana R, Silva JMD, Veloso C, Rennó L, Fonseca D. Desempenho de vacas mestiças em função de suplementação energética e proteica em dietas à base de silagem de milho. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de concentrados energéticos e proteicos sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras Holandês x Zebu, com peso corporal de 452±77kg, de terceira e quarta lactação, 80 dias pós-parto e produção de 12,8kg de leite/dia. Nove vacas foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 3x3, em períodos experimentais de 10 dias, distribuídas segundo número de lactações, sendo os tratamentos níveis de farelo de soja (FS) em substituição ao fubá de milho (FM) (0,8; 1,6 e 2,4kg/vaca dia, completando para 3,2kg/vaca dia com FM), níveis de FS ou de FM (0,8; 1,6 e 3,2kg/vaca/dia) e silagem de milho como volumoso. Somente o consumo de proteína bruta se elevou com o aumento nos níveis de FS em dietas contendo FM+FS, ao passo que os consumos diários de matéria seca (MS) e das frações nutricionais aumentaram com a elevação do FS ou FM. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes não diferiram em dietas contendo FM+FS. A digestibilidade da proteína bruta (PB) aumentou ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FS. Houve diminuição da digestibilidade da MS, MO e CNF ao passar de 0,8 para 3,2kg/dia de FM e diminuição do NDT ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FM. As exigências de NDT e PB só foram satisfeitas plenamente com 0,8+2,4kg (FM+FS) e 3,2kg de FS. As dietas contendo FM não atenderam sequer às exigências de NDT. A produção de leite e a sua composição bem como o peso corporal e a eficiência alimentar relacionada ao CMS não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A eficiência alimentar em relação ao fornecimento de concentrado decresceu quando se adicionaram níveis crescentes de FS ou FM. Tendo como volumoso a silagem de milho, o fornecimento de fubá de milho ou farelo de soja, nas quantidades analisadas neste experimento, não promove aumento da produção de leite ou de seus constituintes, sendo que a eficiência do uso do concentrado diminui ao se elevar o nível de suplementação.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.I.M. Vargas
- Laboratório de Fisiologia y Nutrición Animal - CORPOICA, Colômbia
| | - R.P. Lana
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brasil; CNPq, Brasil
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25
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Haque MN, Guinard-Flament J, Lamberton P, Mustière C, Lemosquet S. Changes in mammary metabolism in response to the provision of an ideal amino acid profile at 2 levels of metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows: Consequences on efficiency. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3951-68. [PMID: 25864055 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the modifications in mammary gland metabolism by supplying an ideal versus an imbalanced essential AA (EAA) profile at low and high metabolizable protein (or PDIE, its equivalent in the INRA feeding system). Four lactating, multiparous Holstein cows received 4 treatments composed of 2 basal diets containing 2 levels of PDIE (LP or HP) and 2 different infusions of AA mixtures (AA- or AA+) in the duodenum. The AA+ mixture contained Lys, Met, Leu, His, Ile, Val, Phe, Arg, Trp, and Glu, whereas the AA- mixture contained Glu, Pro, and Ser. The infusion mixtures were iso-PDIE. The diet plus infusions provided 13.9 versus 15.8% of crude protein that corresponded to 102 versus 118g/kg of dry matter of PDIE in LP and HP treatments, respectively. The treatments were designed as a 2×2 crossover design of 2 levels of PDIE supply (LP vs. HP) with 28-d periods. Infusions of AA in the duodenum (AA- vs. AA+) were superimposed to diet within each 28-d period according to 2×2 crossover designs with 14-d subperiods. Increasing the PDIE supply tended to increase milk protein yield; however, the efficiency of PDIE utilization decreased and the plasma urea concentration increased, indicating a higher catabolism of AA. The AA+ treatments increased milk protein yield and content similarly at both levels of protein supply. This was explained by an increase in the mammary uptake of all EAA except His and Trp. The mammary uptake of non-EAA (NEAA) was altered to the increase in EAA uptake so that the total AA uptake was almost equal to milk protein output on a nitrogen basis. The ratio between NEAA to total AA uptake decreased from 46% in LPAA- to 40% in LPAA+, HPAA-, and HPAA+ treatments. The PDIE efficiency tended to increase in the AA+ versus the AA- treatments because the NEAA supply and the amount of NEAA not used by the mammary both decreased. Nevertheless, our AA+ treatments seemed not to be the ideal profile: the mammary uptake-to-output ratio for Thr was higher than 1 in LPAA-, but it decreased to 1 in all the other treatments, suggesting that Thr was deficient in these treatments. Conversely, an excess of His was indicated because its uptake was similar in AA+ and AA- treatments. In conclusion, balancing the EAA profile increased milk protein yield and metabolizable protein efficiency at both levels of protein supply by increasing the mammary uptake of EAA and altering the NEAA uptake, leading to less AA available for catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Haque
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - J Guinard-Flament
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - P Lamberton
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - C Mustière
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - S Lemosquet
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint-Gilles, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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26
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Zanton G, Bowman G, Vázquez-Añón M, Rode L. Meta-analysis of lactation performance in dairy cows receiving supplemental dietary methionine sources or postruminal infusion of methionine. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7085-101. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Patton RA, Hristov AN, Lapierre H. Protein feeding and balancing for amino acids in lactating dairy cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2014; 30:599-621. [PMID: 25245615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article summarizes the current literature as regards metabolizable protein (MP) and essential amino acid (EAA) nutrition of dairy cattle. Emphasis has been placed on research since the publication of the National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Seventh Revised Edition (2001). Postruminal metabolism of EAA is discussed in terms of the effect on requirements. This article suggests methods for practical application of MP and EAA balance in milking dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Patton
- Nittany Dairy Nutrition Incorporated, 9355 Buffalo Road, Mifflinburg, PA 17844, USA.
| | - Alexander N Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, 324 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hélène Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, Québec J1M 0C8, Canada
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28
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Richter M, Třináctý J, Křížová L. Comparison of actual and predicted amino acid contents in the duodenal digesta of dairy cows. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201058050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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29
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Edmunds B, Südekum KH, Bennett R, Schröder A, Spiekers H, Schwarz F. The amino acid composition of rumen-undegradable protein: A comparison between forages. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4568-77. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Li W, Chang Q, Liu G, Shan A, Li F. Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles diet supplemented with rumen-protected lysine and methionine on milk production and milk amino acids in the lactating cow. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Qifa Chang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
| | - Feng Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin 150030 China
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31
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Intravenous supplementation of acetate, glucose or essential amino acids to an energy and protein deficient diet in lactating dairy goats: Effects on milk production and mammary nutrient extraction. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Haque M, Rulquin H, Lemosquet S. Milk protein responses in dairy cows to changes in postruminal supplies of arginine, isoleucine, and valine. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:420-30. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Haque M, Rulquin H, Andrade A, Faverdin P, Peyraud J, Lemosquet S. Milk protein synthesis in response to the provision of an “ideal” amino acid profile at 2 levels of metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5876-87. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Lapierre H, Lobley GE, Doepel L, Raggio G, Rulquin H, Lemosquet S. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Mammary metabolism of amino acids in dairy cows1,2. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:1708-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Lapierre
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8 Canada
| | - G. E. Lobley
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, United Kingdom
| | - L. Doepel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - G. Raggio
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1M 0C8 Canada
| | - H. Rulquin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1080 Dairy Production, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - S. Lemosquet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1080 Dairy Production, INRA, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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Lapierre H, Holtrop G, Calder A, Renaud J, Lobley G. Is d-methionine bioavailable to the dairy cow? J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:353-62. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Chen ZH, Broderick GA, Luchini ND, Sloan BK, Devillard E. Effect of feeding different sources of rumen-protected methionine on milk production and N-utilization in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:1978-88. [PMID: 21426989 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to quantify production responses of lactating dairy cows to supplying absorbable Met as isopropyl-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMBi), or rumen-protected Met (RPM, Smartamine M; Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA) fed with or without 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB), and to determine whether Met supplementation will allow the feeding of reduced dietary crude protein (CP). Seventy cows were blocked by parity and days in milk into 14 blocks and randomly assigned within blocks to 1 of the 5 dietary treatments based on alfalfa and corn silages plus high-moisture corn: 1 diet with 15.6% CP and no Met source (negative control); 3 diets with 15.6% CP plus 0.17% HMBi, 0.06% RPM + 0.10% HMB, or 0.06% RPM alone; and 1 diet with 16.8% CP and no Met supplement (positive control). Assuming that 50% of ingested HMBi was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and 80% of the Met in RPM was absorbed at intestine, the HMBi and RPM supplements increased metabolizable Met supply by 9 g/d and improved the Lys:Met ratio from 3.6 to 3.0. After a 2-wk covariate period during which all cows received the same diet, cows were fed test diets continuously for 12 wk. Diet did not affect dry matter intake (mean ± SD, 25.0±0.3 kg/d), body weight gain (0.59±0.2 kg/d), or milk yield (41.7±0.6 kg/d). However, feeding HMBi increased yield of energy-corrected milk and milk content of protein and solids-not-fat. Moreover, trends were observed for increased milk fat content and yield of fat and true protein on all 3 diets containing supplemental Met. Apparent N efficiency (milk N/N intake) was highest on the RPM treatment. Feeding 16.8% CP without a Met source elevated milk urea N and urinary excretion of urea N and total N and reduced apparent N efficiency from 34.5 to 30.2%, without improving production. Overall results suggested that feeding HMBi or RPM would give similar improvements in milk production and N utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Chen
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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37
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Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nürnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HHD, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:1539-50. [PMID: 20338431 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Milk production in dairy cows has dramatically increased over the past few decades. The selection for higher milk yield affects the partitioning of available nutrients, with more energy being allocated to milk synthesis and less to physiological processes essential to fertility and fitness. In this study, the abundance of numerous milk metabolites in early and late lactation was systematically investigated, with an emphasis on metabolites related to energy metabolism. The aim of the study was the identification and correlation of milk constituents to the metabolic status of the cows. To investigate the influence of lactation stage on physiological and metabolic variables, 2 breeds of different productivity were selected for investigation by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We could reliably quantify 44 different milk metabolites. The results show that biomarkers such as acetone and beta-hydroxybutyrate are clearly correlated to the metabolic status of the individual cows during early lactation. Based on these data, the selection of cows that cope well with the metabolic stress of early lactation should become an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Klein
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Str. 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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38
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Vyas D, Erdman R. Meta-analysis of milk protein yield responses to lysine and methionine supplementation. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5011-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Preynat A, Lapierre H, Thivierge MC, Palin MF, Matte JJ, Desrochers A, Girard CL. Effects of supplements of folic acid, vitamin B12, and rumen-protected methionine on whole body metabolism of methionine and glucose in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:677-89. [PMID: 19164680 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment was undertaken to determine the effects of dietary supplements of rumen-protected methionine and intramuscular injections of folic acid and vitamin B(12), given 3 wk before to 16 wk after calving, on glucose and methionine metabolism of lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 6 blocks of 4 cows each according to their previous milk production. Within each block, 2 cows were fed a diet estimated to supply methionine as 1.83% metabolizable protein, equivalent to 76% of methionine requirement, whereas the 2 other cows were fed the same diet supplemented daily with 18 g of rumen-protected methionine. Within each diet, the cows were administrated either no vitamin supplement or weekly intramuscular injections of 160 mg of folic acid plus 10 mg of vitamin B(12.) To investigate metabolic changes at 12 wk of lactation, glucose and methionine kinetics were measured by isotope dilution using infusions of 3[U-(13)C]glucose, [(13)C]NaHCO(3) and 3[1-(13)C,(2)H(3)] methionine. Milk and plasma concentrations of folic acid and vitamin B(12) increased with vitamin injections. Supplementary B-vitamins increased milk production from 34.7 to 38.9 +/- 1.0 kg/d and increased milk lactose, protein, and total solids yields. Whole-body glucose flux tended to increase with vitamin supplementation with a similar quantitative magnitude as the milk lactose yield increase. Vitamin supplementation increased methionine utilization for protein synthesis through increased protein turnover when methionine was deficient and through decreased methionine oxidation when rumen-protected methionine was fed. Vitamin supplementation decreased plasma concentrations of homocysteine independently of rumen-protected methionine feeding, although no effect of vitamin supplementation was measured on methionine remethylation, but this could be due to the limitation of the technique used. Therefore, the effects of these B-vitamins on lactation performance were not mainly explained by methionine economy because of a more efficient methylneogenesis but were rather related to increased glucose availability and changes in methionine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Preynat
- Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, Centre de Recherche sur le Bovin Laitier et le Porc, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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40
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Responses in mammary and splanchnic metabolism to altered lysine supply in dairy cows. Animal 2009; 3:360-71. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108003571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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41
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Rulquin H, Graulet B, Delaby L, Robert JC. Effect of different forms of methionine on lactational performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 89:4387-94. [PMID: 17033026 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methionine is one of the first limiting AA in dairy cows. The use of rumen-protected Met to correct deficient diets is limited by the lack of a product that could be incorporated into a pelleted concentrate. The main objective of this trial was to test, at practical doses (approximately 10 g of absorbable Met), the efficacy of 2 forms of pelletable Met hydroxy analogs, D,L-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid (HMB) and the isopropyl ester of HMB (HMBi), to provide Met to cows, especially for milk protein synthesis, compared with a negative control and to Smartamine M (SmM). These treatments were tested according to a 4 x 4 Latin square in 16 Holstein cows. Plasma Met concentrations were increased by 110 and 65% that of the control value after HMBi and SmM treatments, respectively. Milk protein yield increased by 32 and 41 g/d for HMBi and SmM, respectively. D,L-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid supplementation did not improve Met availability to the cows for milk protein synthesis. The HMBi treatment induced an increase in 15:0 in milk at the expense of a general reduction in even-numbered short-and medium-chain fatty acids. Moreover, HMBi and SmM supplements led to an increase in the saturation level of C18 fatty acids consistent with the improvement of Met supply. It was concluded that HMBi is a new "rumen-protected" form of Met that can be supplied to cows integrated into pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rulquin
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Production du Lait, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France
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42
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Socha M, Schwab C, Putnam D, Whitehouse N, Garthwaite B, Ducharme G. Extent of Methionine Limitation in Peak-, Early-, and Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1996-2010. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Baldi A, Cheli F, Pinotti L, Pecorini C. Nutrition in mammary gland health and lactation: Advances over eight Biology of Lactation in Farm Animals meetings1. J Anim Sci 2008; 86:3-9. [PMID: 17644785 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, numerous studies have investigated the mechanisms controlling nutrient availability and metabolism in the mammary gland and how dietary interventions can influence these processes. The development of in vivo and in vitro systems made it possible to explore the trafficking and metabolic fate of nutrients and how these are influenced by hormones. To improve the quality and safety of milk products, attention has focused on improving animal health in general and mammary gland health in particular and also on enhancing the milk content of natural bioactive milk components that promote the health of human neonates and adults. In the past, attempts to probe the relationship among nutrition, animal health, and animal products were limited to administering single dietary components and investigating their biochemical and metabolic effects. Today, we have genomics, proteomics, and related technologies that allow us to pursue more holistic investigational strategies. These new technologies are providing new insights into interactions among nutrition, lactation, and product quality. The aim of this paper is to review advances in nutritional support of mammary gland function and health as presented in 14 yr of Biology of Lactation in Farm Animals (BOLFA) meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baldi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Technology for Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy.
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44
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Lund P, Weisbjerg M, Hvelplund T. Profile of digested feed amino acids from untreated and expander treated feeds estimated using in situ methods in dairy cows. Livest Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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45
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Effects of rumen-protected choline supplementation on milk production and choline supply of periparturient dairy cows. Animal 2008; 2:1595-601. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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46
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Urea and short-chain fatty acids metabolism in Holstein cows fed a low-nitrogen grass-based diet. Animal 2008; 2:500-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108001547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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47
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Kleinschmit DH, Schingoethe DJ, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF. Dried distillers grains plus solubles with corn silage or alfalfa hay as the primary forage source in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:5587-99. [PMID: 18024751 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine multiparous (250 +/- 6 d in milk) and 3 primiparous (204 +/- 6 d in milk) Holstein cows were utilized in a 3 x 3 Latin square design to evaluate the lactation performance of cows fed a diet containing dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) with either corn silage or alfalfa hay as forage. Cows were fed total mixed diets containing corn silage (CS), 50% corn silage and 50% alfalfa hay (CSAH), or alfalfa hay (AH) as the forage source. All diets had a 50:50 forage-to-concentrate ratio, contained 15% DDGS, and were formulated to be equal in metabolizable protein. Dry matter intake increased when cows were fed CSAH (24.9 kg/d) compared with CS (21.9 kg/d) and AH (20.9 kg/d). Yields of milk (26.5, 28.4, 29.0 kg/d for CS, CSAH, and AH, respectively) increased linearly as proportions of alfalfa fed increased but 4% fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk were not affected by treatment. Feed efficiency (1.28, 1.23, and 1.45 kg of energy-corrected milk/kg of intake) improved when AH was fed compared with CS or CSAH. Milk fat concentration (3.67, 3.55, and 3.49%) decreased linearly when alfalfa replaced corn silage, but was observed only in primiparous cows, not multiparous cows. Milk protein concentration (3.32, 3.29, and 3.29%) was not affected by diet although yield (0.90, 0.96, and 0.98 kg/d) tended to increase linearly when alfalfa was added to the diet. This may have been due to an increase in essential amino acid (AA) availability and uptake by the mammary gland or to greater crude protein intake in cows fed AH. In addition, replacing corn silage with alfalfa increased the uptake of Lys by the mammary gland. Methionine was the first-limiting AA based on the transfer efficiency of AA in arterial plasma to milk protein. However, Lys was the first-limiting AA in CS and CSAH and Met was first limiting in AH for mammary gland extraction efficiency of AA from plasma. In conclusion, replacing corn silage with alfalfa hay in diets containing 15% DDGS increased milk yield and tended to increase milk protein yield linearly in cows during late lactation. Feeding alfalfa hay as the sole forage source improved feed efficiency compared with diets containing corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Kleinschmit
- Dairy Science Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007-0647, USA.
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FROELICH C, DÍAZ IZABALA, RICKE S. POTENTIAL RAPID BIOASSAY FOR ALIMET® USING A METHIONINEESCHERICHIA COLIAUXOTROPH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2002.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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50
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Brusemeister F, Sudekum KH. Rumen-protected choline for dairy cows: the in situ evaluation of a commercial source and literature evaluation of effects on performance and interactions between methionine and choline metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1051/animres:2006002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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