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Nishiyama A, Tanaka S, Tuszynski JA. Quantum Brain Dynamics and Virtual Reality. Biosystems 2024; 242:105259. [PMID: 38936537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In this paper we propose a control theory of manipulating holograms in Quantum Brain Dynamics (QBD) involving our subjective experiences, i.e. qualia. We begin with the Lagrangian density in QBD and extend our theory to a hierarchical model involving multiple layers covering the neocortex. We adopt reservoir computing approach or morphological computation to manipulate waveforms of holograms involving our subjective experiences. Numerical simulations performed indicate that the convergence to target waveforms of holograms is realized by external electric fields in QBD in a hierarchy. Our theory can be applied to non-invasive neuronal stimulation of the neocortex and adopted to check whether or not our brain adopts the language of holography. In case the protocol in a brain is discovered and the brain adopts the language of holography, our control theory will be applied to develop virtual reality devices by which our subjective experiences provided by the five senses in the form of qualia are manipulated non-invasively. Then, the information content of qualia might be directly transmitted into our brain without passing through sensory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin, I-1029, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada; Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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2
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Nishiyama A, Tanaka S, Tuszynski JA, Tsenkova R. Holographic Brain Theory: Super-Radiance, Memory Capacity and Control Theory. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2399. [PMID: 38397075 PMCID: PMC10889214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate Quantum Electrodynamics corresponding to the holographic brain theory introduced by Pribram to describe memory in the human brain. First, we derive a super-radiance solution in Quantum Electrodynamics with non-relativistic charged bosons (a model of molecular conformational states of water) for coherent light sources of holograms. Next, we estimate memory capacity of a brain neocortex, and adopt binary holograms to manipulate optical information. Finally, we introduce a control theory to manipulate holograms involving biological water's molecular conformational states. We show how a desired waveform in holography is achieved in a hierarchical model using numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0851, Japan
- Yunosato Aquaphotomics Lab, Hashimoto 648-0086, Japan
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-1029 Turin, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Aquaphotomics Research Department, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0851, Japan
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3
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Bongard J, Levin M. There’s Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010110. [PMID: 36975340 PMCID: PMC10046700 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The applicability of computational models to the biological world is an active topic of debate. We argue that a useful path forward results from abandoning hard boundaries between categories and adopting an observer-dependent, pragmatic view. Such a view dissolves the contingent dichotomies driven by human cognitive biases (e.g., a tendency to oversimplify) and prior technological limitations in favor of a more continuous view, necessitated by the study of evolution, developmental biology, and intelligent machines. Form and function are tightly entwined in nature, and in some cases, in robotics as well. Thus, efforts to re-shape living systems for biomedical or bioengineering purposes require prediction and control of their function at multiple scales. This is challenging for many reasons, one of which is that living systems perform multiple functions in the same place at the same time. We refer to this as “polycomputing”—the ability of the same substrate to simultaneously compute different things, and make those computational results available to different observers. This ability is an important way in which living things are a kind of computer, but not the familiar, linear, deterministic kind; rather, living things are computers in the broad sense of their computational materials, as reported in the rapidly growing physical computing literature. We argue that an observer-centered framework for the computations performed by evolved and designed systems will improve the understanding of mesoscale events, as it has already done at quantum and relativistic scales. To develop our understanding of how life performs polycomputing, and how it can be convinced to alter one or more of those functions, we can first create technologies that polycompute and learn how to alter their functions. Here, we review examples of biological and technological polycomputing, and develop the idea that the overloading of different functions on the same hardware is an important design principle that helps to understand and build both evolved and designed systems. Learning to hack existing polycomputing substrates, as well as to evolve and design new ones, will have massive impacts on regenerative medicine, robotics, and computer engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bongard
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(617)-627-6161
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Schroer MA, Schewa S, Gruzinov AY, Rönnau C, Lahey-Rudolph JM, Blanchet CE, Zickmantel T, Song YH, Svergun DI, Roessle M. Probing the existence of non-thermal Terahertz radiation induced changes of the protein solution structure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22311. [PMID: 34785744 PMCID: PMC8595702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades discussions were taking place on the existence of global, non-thermal structural changes in biological macromolecules induced by Terahertz (THz) radiation. Despite numerous studies, a clear experimental proof of this effect for biological particles in solution is still missing. We developed a setup combining THz-irradiation with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which is a sensitive method for detecting the expected structural changes. We investigated in detail protein systems with different shape morphologies (bovine serum albumin, microtubules), which have been proposed to be susceptible to THz-radiation, under variable parameters (THz wavelength, THz power densities up to 6.8 mW/cm2, protein concentrations). None of the studied systems and conditions revealed structural changes detectable by SAXS suggesting that the expected non-thermal THz-induced effects do not lead to alterations of the overall structures, which are revealed by scattering from dissolved macromolecules. This leaves us with the conclusion that, if such effects are present, these are either local or outside of the spectrum and power range covered by the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Schroer
- grid.475756.20000 0004 0444 5410European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation C/O DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany ,grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Present Address: Nanoparticle Process Technology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Siawosch Schewa
- University of Applied Sciences Luebeck, Moenkhofer Weg 239, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andrey Yu. Gruzinov
- grid.475756.20000 0004 0444 5410European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation C/O DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rönnau
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute of Physics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Clement E. Blanchet
- grid.475756.20000 0004 0444 5410European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation C/O DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Zickmantel
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute of Physics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Young-Hwa Song
- grid.4562.50000 0001 0057 2672Institute of Physics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dmitri I. Svergun
- grid.475756.20000 0004 0444 5410European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation C/O DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Roessle
- University of Applied Sciences Luebeck, Moenkhofer Weg 239, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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Nasedkin A, Ermilova I, Swenson J. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of tubulin heterodimers explain the motion of a microtubule. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2021; 50:927-940. [PMID: 34215900 PMCID: PMC8448678 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential parts of the cytoskeleton that are built by polymerization of tubulin heterodimers into a hollow tube. Regardless that their structures and functions have been comprehensively investigated in a modern soft matter, it is unclear how properties of tubulin heterodimer influence and promote the self-assembly. A detailed knowledge of such structural mechanisms would be helpful in drug design against neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes etc. In this work atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the fundamental dynamics of tubulin heterodimers in a sheet and a short microtubule utilizing well-equilibrated structures. The breathing motions of the tubulin heterodimers during assembly show that the movement at the lateral interface between heterodimers (wobbling) dominates in the lattice. The simulations of the protofilament curvature agrees well with recently published experimental data, showing curved protofilaments at polymerization of the microtubule plus end. The tubulin heterodimers exposed at the microtubule minus end were less curved and displayed altered interactions at the site of sheet closure around the outmost heterodimers, which may slow heterodimer binding and polymerization, providing a potential explanation for the limited dynamics observed at the minus end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Nasedkin
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Inna Ermilova
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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6
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Bajic V, Misic N, Stankovic I, Zaric B, Perry G. Alzheimer's and Consciousness: How Much Subjectivity Is Objective? Neurosci Insights 2021; 16:26331055211033869. [PMID: 34350401 PMCID: PMC8295942 DOI: 10.1177/26331055211033869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Does Alzheimer Disease show a decline in cognitive functions that relate to the awareness of external reality? In this paper, we will propose a perspective that patients with increasing symptoms of AD show a change in the awareness of subjective versus objective representative axis of reality thus consequently move to a more internal like perception of reality. This paradigm shift suggests that new insights into the dynamicity of the conscious representation of reality in the AD brain may give us new clues to the very early signs of memory and self-awareness impairment that originates from, in our view the microtubules. Dialog between Adso and William, in Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose, Third Day: Vespers. "But how does it happen," I said with admiration, "that you were able to solve the mystery of the library looking at it from the outside, and you were unable to solve it when you were inside?" "Thus, God knows the world, because He conceived it in His mind, as if it was from the outside, before it was created, and we do not know its rule, because we live inside it, having found it already made."
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladan Bajic
- Department of Radiobiology and
Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ivana Stankovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and
Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bozidarka Zaric
- Department of Radiobiology and
Molecular Genetics, Vinca Institute, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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7
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Han Z, Chai W, Wang Z, Xiao F, Dai J. Quantum energy levels of glutamate modulate neural biophotonic signals. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:343-356. [PMID: 33721274 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and it plays an essential and important role in neural functions. Current studies have shown that glutamate can induce neural biophotonic activity and transmission, which may involve the mechanism of photon quantum brain; however, it is unclear whether such a mechanism follows the principle of quantum mechanics. Here we show that the action of glutamate on its receptors leads to a decrease in its quantum energy levels, and glutamate then partially or completely loses its function to further induce the biophotonic activity in mouse brain slices. The reduced quantum energy levels of glutamate can be restored by direct-current electrical discharges and the use of energy transfer of chloroplast photosynthesis; hence, the quantum energy recovered glutamate can again induce significant biophotonic activity. Furthermore, the changes in quantum energy levels of glutamate are related to the exchange and transfer of electron energy on its active hydrogen atom. These findings suggest that the glutamate-induced neural biophotonic signals may be involved in the transfer of the quantum energy levels of glutamate, which implies a quantum mechanism of neurotransmitter action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Han
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering (WINN), South-Central University for Nationalities, Minzu Dadao 182, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Weitai Chai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering (WINN), South-Central University for Nationalities, Minzu Dadao 182, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering (WINN), South-Central University for Nationalities, Minzu Dadao 182, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fangyan Xiao
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering (WINN), South-Central University for Nationalities, Minzu Dadao 182, Wuhan, 430074, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering (WINN), South-Central University for Nationalities, Minzu Dadao 182, Wuhan, 430074, China. .,Department of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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8
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Dynamics and Physics of Integrin Activation in Tumor Cells by Nano-Sized Extracellular Ligands and Electromagnetic Fields. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2217:197-233. [PMID: 33215383 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0962-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are stress-sensing proteins expressed on the surface of cells. They regulate bidirectional signal transduction during cell-cell or cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts. Integrins link the ECM with the cytoplasm through interaction with their ligands. Biophysically, such interactions can be understood as changes in stress fields at specific integrin stress-sensing domains, such as the MIDAS and ADMIDAS domains. Stress changes between ligands and cytoskeletal structures are involved in cancer cell growth by altering signal transduction pathways dependent on integrin activation. In this chapter, previous results regarding integrin activation and tumor cell growth using nanoparticles (NPs) of different materials, sizes and shapes are placed within a framework of polarized NPs in the ECM by external electromagnetic fields, in which the synergic action between polarized NPs and electromagnetic fields activates the integrins. Small size NPs activate integrins via the polar component of the dipole force between NPs and integrin sensing stress sites, while large size NPs exercise a similar action via the radial component. A quantum electrodynamic model also accounts for ECM overstressing by electromagnetic mode trapping between coherent symmetric and antisymmetric quantum states.
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Kent JB, Jin L, Li XJ. Quantifying Biofield Therapy through Biophoton Emission in a Cellular Model. JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION : A PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION 2020; 34:434-454. [PMID: 33223611 PMCID: PMC7676814 DOI: 10.31275/20201691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Biofield therapy has shown positive results over a broad range of pathology from preclinical research to human studies. However, biofield therapy investigation is limited by an inability to quantify the therapeutic effect. This study aimed to measure the effects Reiki had on mice intervertebral disc (IVD) cells compared with sham and to quantify Reiki by measuring photon emission. We treated mice IVD cells with ten-minute sessions of either Reiki or sham on three successive days. During treatment, we placed the cells in a specifically constructed box with an installed photomultiplier tube (PMT). Reiki significantly increased the photon emission of the cells post-treatment compared with Reiki pre-treatment and sham (p < 0.05). Real time PCR (RT PCR) showed an increase in collagen II and aggrecan (p < 0.05). We present a means to quantify biofield therapy by measuring the post-treatment photon emission. We concurrently demonstrate Reiki's effect on the anabolic healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Kent
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia Athletics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia USA
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia
| | - Xudong Joshua Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Health System
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10
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Nishiyama A, Tanaka S, Tuszynski JA. Nonequilibrium quantum brain dynamics. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiq.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Nishiyama A, Tanaka S, Tuszynski JA. Non-Equilibrium Quantum Electrodynamics in Open Systems as a Realizable Representation of Quantum Field Theory of the Brain. ENTROPY 2019; 22:e22010043. [PMID: 33285818 PMCID: PMC7516467 DOI: 10.3390/e22010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We derive time evolution equations, namely the Klein-Gordon equations for coherent fields and the Kadanoff-Baym equations in quantum electrodynamics (QED) for open systems (with a central region and two reservoirs) as a practical model of quantum field theory of the brain. Next, we introduce a kinetic entropy current and show the H-theorem in the Hartree-Fock approximation with the leading-order (LO) tunneling variable expansion in the 1st order approximation for the gradient expansion. Finally, we find the total conserved energy and the potential energy for time evolution equations in a spatially homogeneous system. We derive the Josephson current due to quantum tunneling between neighbouring regions by starting with the two-particle irreducible effective action technique. As an example of potential applications, we can analyze microtubules coupled to a water battery surrounded by a biochemical energy supply. Our approach can be also applied to the information transfer between two coherent regions via microtubules or that in networks (the central region and the N res reservoirs) with the presence of quantum tunneling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (A.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Shigenori Tanaka
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; (A.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada
- DIMEAS, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
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12
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Abstract
We derive time evolution equations, namely the Schrödinger-like equations and the Klein–Gordon equations for coherent fields and the Kadanoff–Baym (KB) equations for quantum fluctuations, in quantum electrodynamics (QED) with electric dipoles in 2+1 dimensions. Next we introduce a kinetic entropy current based on the KB equations in the first order of the gradient expansion. We show the H-theorem for the leading-order self-energy in the coupling expansion (the Hartree–Fock approximation). We show conserved energy in the spatially homogeneous systems in the time evolution. We derive aspects of the super-radiance and the equilibration in our single Lagrangian. Our analysis can be applied to quantum brain dynamics, that is QED, with water electric dipoles. The total energy consumption to maintain super-radiant states in microtubules seems to be within the energy consumption to maintain the ordered systems in a brain.
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13
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Li T, Tang H, Zhu J, Zhang JH. The finer scale of consciousness: quantum theory. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:585. [PMID: 31807566 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Consciousness is a multidisciplinary problem that has puzzled all human beings since the origin of human life. Being defined in various pointcuts by philosophers, biologists, physicists, and neuroscientists, the definitive explanation of consciousness is still suspending. The nature of consciousness has taken great evolution by centering on the behavioral and neuronal correlates of perception and cognition, for example, the theory of Neural Correlates of Consciousness, the Global Workspace Theory, the Integrated Information Theory. While tremendous progress has been achieved, they are not enough if we are to understand even basic facts-how and where does the consciousness emerge. The Quantum mechanics, a thriving branch of physics, has an inseparable relationship with consciousness (e.g., observer effect) since Planck created this subject and its derived quantum consciousness theory can perfectly fill this gap. In this review, we briefly introduce some consciousness hypotheses derived from quantum mechanics and focus on the framework of orchestrated objective reduction (Orch-OR), including its principal points and practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jianhong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, the Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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14
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Latif WA, Ggha S. Understanding Neurobehavioural Dynamics: A Close-Up View on Psychiatry and Quantum Mechanics. Malays J Med Sci 2019; 26:147-156. [PMID: 30914902 PMCID: PMC6419875 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2019.26.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are prevalent throughout the world and causes heavy burden on mankind. Alone in US, billions of dollars are used for treatment purposes annually. Although advances in treatment strategies had witnessed recently, however the efficacy and overall outcome weren’t quite promising. In neurobehavioural sciences, old problems survive through ages and with psychiatric disease, the phenomenon turns intensely complex. While our understanding of brain is mostly based on concepts of particle physics, its functions largely follow the principles of quantum mechanics. The current therapeutics relies on understanding of brain as a material entity that turns to be one of the chief reasons for the unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. Collectively, as mankind we are suffering huge loss due to the least effective treatment strategies. Even though we just begin to understand about how brain works, we also do not know much about quantum mechanics and how subatomic particles behave with quantum properties. Though it is apparent that quantum properties like particle and wave function duality coincides with the fundamental aspects of brain and mind duality, thus must share some common basis. Here in this article, an opinion is set that quantum mechanics in association with brain and more specifically psychiatry may take us towards a better understanding about brain, behaviour and how we approach towards treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wani Ab Latif
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shadab Ggha
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Mamani S, Shi L, Ahmed T, Karnik R, Rodríguez-Contreras A, Nolan D, Alfano R. Transmission of classically entangled beams through mouse brain tissue. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800096. [PMID: 30027681 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light transmission of Laguerre-Gaussian vector vortex beams in different local regions in mouse brain tissue is investigated. Transmittance is measured in the ballistic and diffusive regions with various polarizations states and orbital angular momentums (OAM). The transmission change observed with structured light other than linear polarization is attributed to chiroptical phenomena from the chiral brain media and the handedness of the light. For instance, classically entangled beams showed higher transmittance and constant value dependency on OAM modes than linear modes did. Also, circular polarization beam transmittance showed strong increase with topical charge OAM ( ℓ), which could be attributed to chiroptical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mamani
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Tahmid Ahmed
- Brooklyn Technical High School, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Romir Karnik
- The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Daniel Nolan
- Corning Research and Development Corporation, Sullivan Park, Corning, NY, USA
| | - Robert Alfano
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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16
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Fields RD. The First Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, 1971: Reflections Approaching the 50th Anniversary of the Society's Formation. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9311-9317. [PMID: 30242052 PMCID: PMC6209842 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3598-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the Society for Neuroscience in 1969 was a scientific landmark, remarkable for the conceptual transformation it represented by uniting all fields touching on the nervous system. The scientific program of the first annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, held in Washington, DC in 1971, is summarized here. By reviewing the scientific program from the vantage point of the 50th anniversary of the Society for Neuroscience, the trajectory of research now and into the future can be tracked to its origins, and the impact that the founding of the Society has had on basic and biomedical science is evident. The broad foundation of the Society was firmly cast at this first meeting, which embraced the full spectrum of science related to the nervous system, emphasized the importance of public education, and attracted the most renowned scientists of the day who were drawn together by a common purpose and eagerness to share research and ideas. Some intriguing areas of investigation discussed at this first meeting blossomed into new branches of research that flourish today, but others dwindled and have been largely forgotten. Technological developments and advances in understanding of brain function have been profound since 1971, but the success of the first meeting demonstrates how uniting scientists across diversity fueled prosperity of the Society and propelled the vigorous advancement of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Douglas Fields
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20904
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17
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Tonello L, Gashi B, Scuotto A, Cappello G, Cocchi M, Gabrielli F, Tuszynski JA. The gastrointestinal-brain axis in humans as an evolutionary advance of the root-leaf axis in plants: A hypothesis linking quantum effects of light on serotonin and auxin. J Integr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jin-170048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bekim Gashi
- Department of Biology, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, 10000, Kosovo
| | | | | | | | | | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2J1, Canada
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18
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Bettinger JS. Comparative approximations of criticality in a neural and quantum regime. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 131:445-462. [PMID: 29031703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under a variety of conditions, stochastic and non-linear systems with many degrees of freedom tend to evolve towards complexity and criticality. Over the last decades, a steady proliferation of models re: far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics of metastable, many-valued systems arose, serving as attributes of a 'critical' attractor landscape. Building off recent data citing trademark aspects of criticality in the brain-including: power-laws, scale-free (1/f) behavior (scale invariance, or scale independence), critical slowing, and avalanches-it has been conjectured that operating at criticality entails functional advantages such as: optimized neural computation and information processing; boosted memory; large dynamical ranges; long-range communication; and an increased ability to react to highly diverse stimuli. In short, critical dynamics provide a necessary condition for neurobiologically significant elements of brain dynamics. Theoretical predictions have been verified in specific models such as Boolean networks, liquid state machines, and neural networks. These findings inspired the neural criticality hypothesis, proposing that the brain operates in a critical state because the associated optimal computational capabilities provide an evolutionarily advantage. This paper develops in three parts: after developing the critical landscape, we will then shift gears to rediscover another inroad to criticality via stochastic quantum field theory and dissipative dynamics. The existence of these two approaches deserves some consideration, given both neural and quantum criticality hypotheses propose specific mechanisms that leverage the same phenomena. This suggests that understanding the quantum approach could help to shed light on brain-based modeling. In the third part, we will turn to Whitehead's actual entities and modes of perception in order to demonstrate a concomitant logic underwriting both models. In the discussion, I briefly motivate a reading of criticality and its properties as responsive to the characterization of tenets from Eastern wisdom traditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Sterling Bettinger
- Johns Hopkins University, Center for Talented Youth, Baltimore, MD, United States; Center for Process Studies, Claremont, CA, United States.
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19
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Gare A. Chreods, homeorhesis and biofields: Finding the right path for science through Daoism. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 131:61-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Salari V, Rahnama M, Tuszynski JA. Dissipationless Transfer of Visual Information From Retina to the Primary Visual Cortex in the Human Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03379582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, the experiments on photosynthetic systems via “femto-second laser spectroscopy” methods have indicated that a “quantum-coherence” in the system causes a highly efficient transfer of energy to the “reaction center” (efficiency is approximately equal to 100%). A recent experiment on a single neuron has indicated that it can conduct light. Also, a re-emission of light from both photosynthetic systems and single neurons has been observed, which is called “delayed luminescence”. This can be supposed as a possibility for dissipationless transfer of visual information to the human brain. In addition, a long-range Fröhlich coherence in microtubules can be a candidate for efficient transfer of light through “noisy” and complex structures of the human brain. From an informational point of view it is a legitimate question to ask how human brain can receive subtle external quantum information of photons intact when photons are in a quantum superposition and pass through very noisy and complex pathways from the eye to the brain? Here, we propose a coherent model in which quantum states of photons can be rebuilt in the human brain.
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21
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Gunji YP, Shinohara S, Haruna T, Basios V. Inverse Bayesian inference as a key of consciousness featuring a macroscopic quantum logical structure. Biosystems 2016; 152:44-65. [PMID: 28041845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the dualism between mind and matter and to implement consciousness in science, a physical entity has to be embedded with a measurement process. Although quantum mechanics have been regarded as a candidate for implementing consciousness, nature at its macroscopic level is inconsistent with quantum mechanics. We propose a measurement-oriented inference system comprising Bayesian and inverse Bayesian inferences. While Bayesian inference contracts probability space, the newly defined inverse one relaxes the space. These two inferences allow an agent to make a decision corresponding to an immediate change in their environment. They generate a particular pattern of joint probability for data and hypotheses, comprising multiple diagonal and noisy matrices. This is expressed as a nondistributive orthomodular lattice equivalent to quantum logic. We also show that an orthomodular lattice can reveal information generated by inverse syllogism as well as the solutions to the frame and symbol-grounding problems. Our model is the first to connect macroscopic cognitive processes with the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics with no additional assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio-Pegio Gunji
- Department of Intermedia Art and Science, School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Shuji Shinohara
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taichi Haruna
- Department of Planetology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Rokkod-dai 1-1, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Vasileios Basios
- Department of Statistical Physics and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Possible existence of optical communication channels in the brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36508. [PMID: 27819310 PMCID: PMC5098150 DOI: 10.1038/srep36508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that many fundamental questions in neuroscience are still open, it seems pertinent to explore whether the brain might use other physical modalities than the ones that have been discovered so far. In particular it is well established that neurons can emit photons, which prompts the question whether these biophotons could serve as signals between neurons, in addition to the well-known electro-chemical signals. For such communication to be targeted, the photons would need to travel in waveguides. Here we show, based on detailed theoretical modeling, that myelinated axons could serve as photonic waveguides, taking into account realistic optical imperfections. We propose experiments, both in vivo and in vitro, to test our hypothesis. We discuss the implications of our results, including the question whether photons could mediate long-range quantum entanglement in the brain.
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23
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Kafatos MC, Chevalier G, Chopra D, Hubacher J, Kak S, Theise ND. Biofield Science: Current Physics Perspectives. Glob Adv Health Med 2015; 4:25-34. [PMID: 26665039 PMCID: PMC4654779 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2015.011.suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the biofield hypothesis and its scientific literature. Evidence for the existence of the biofield now exists, and current theoretical foundations are now being developed. A review of the biofield and related topics from the perspective of physical science is needed to identify a common body of knowledge and evaluate possible underlying principles of origin of the biofield. The properties of such a field could be based on electromagnetic fields, coherent states, biophotons, quantum and quantum-like processes, and ultimately the quantum vacuum. Given this evidence, we intend to inquire and discuss how the existence of the biofield challenges reductionist approaches and presents its own challenges regarding the origin and source of the biofield, the specific evidence for its existence, its relation to biology, and last but not least, how it may inform an integrated understanding of consciousness and the living universe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaétan Chevalier
- The Earthing Institute and Psy-Tek Laboratory, Encinitas, California (Dr Chevalier)
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Chopra Foundation and University of California, San Diego (Dr Chopra)
| | - John Hubacher
- Pantheon Research Inc, Culver City, California (Mr Hubacher)
| | - Subhash Kak
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater (Dr Kak)
| | - Neil D Theise
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Theise)
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24
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Globus G. Heideggerian dynamics and the monadological role of the 'between': A crossing with quantum brain dynamics. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:324-31. [PMID: 26193172 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heideggerian theory is retrieved as a dynamics, the "Godly event" of das Ereignis ("enowning"), which is unexpectedly compatible with a version of quantum brain dynamics. In both the "between" (das Zwischen) has the fundamental role of the dis-closure that is Existenz. Heidegger's harsh critique of technology and science does not apply to revolutionary quantum brain dynamics. The crossing between Heidegger and quantum brain dynamics, as well as one fundamental ontological difference, illuminates both. To our surprise this difference turns out, contra Heidegger, to be monadological. The monadological conception is applied to long-standing problematics of measurement in quantum physics and consciousness in philosophy. Heideggerian Existenz is affirmed as fundamentally non-computational but is reformulated as a dynamical process of monadological dis-closure that radically deconstructs transcendent world.
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25
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Friesen DE, Craddock TJA, Kalra AP, Tuszynski JA. Biological wires, communication systems, and implications for disease. Biosystems 2014; 127:14-27. [PMID: 25448891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules, actin, and collagen are macromolecular structures that compose a large percentage of the proteins in the human body, helping form and maintain both intracellular and extracellular structure. They are biological wires and are structurally connected through various other proteins. Microtubules (MTs) have been theorized to be involved in classical and quantum information processing, and evidence continues to suggest possible semiconduction through MTs. The previous Dendritic Cytoskeleton Information Processing Model has hypothesized how MTs and actin form a communication network in neurons. Here, we review information transfer possibilities involving MTs, actin, and collagen, and the evidence of an organism-wide high-speed communication network that may regulate morphogenesis and cellular proliferation. The direct and indirect evidence in support of this hypothesis, and implications for chronic diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Friesen
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Travis J A Craddock
- Center for Psychological Studies, Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; Clinical Systems Biology Group, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Aarat P Kalra
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
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26
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Eskandari Sedighi G, Riazi GH, Vaez Mahdavi MR, Cheraghi T, Atarod D, Rafiei S. Chronic, Long-Term Social Stress Can Cause Decreased Microtubule Protein Network Activity and Dynamics in Cerebral Cortex of Male Wistar Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:579-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Tang R, Dai J. Biophoton signal transmission and processing in the brain. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 139:71-5. [PMID: 24461927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transmission and processing of neural information in the nervous system plays a key role in neural functions. It is well accepted that neural communication is mediated by bioelectricity and chemical molecules via the processes called bioelectrical and chemical transmission, respectively. Indeed, the traditional theories seem to give valuable explanations for the basic functions of the nervous system, but difficult to construct general accepted concepts or principles to provide reasonable explanations of higher brain functions and mental activities, such as perception, learning and memory, emotion and consciousness. Therefore, many unanswered questions and debates over the neural encoding and mechanisms of neuronal networks remain. Cell to cell communication by biophotons, also called ultra-weak photon emissions, has been demonstrated in several plants, bacteria and certain animal cells. Recently, both experimental evidence and theoretical speculation have suggested that biophotons may play a potential role in neural signal transmission and processing, contributing to the understanding of the high functions of nervous system. In this paper, we review the relevant experimental findings and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of biophoton signal transmission and processing in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendong Tang
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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28
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Buljan VA, Holsinger RMD, Brown D, Bohorquez-Florez JJ, Hambly BD, Delikatny EJ, Ivanova EP, Banati RB. Spinodal decomposition and the emergence of dissipative transient periodic spatio-temporal patterns in acentrosomal microtubule multitudes of different morphology. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2013; 23:023120. [PMID: 23822485 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have studied a spontaneous self-organization dynamics in a closed, dissipative (in terms of guansine 5'-triphosphate energy dissipation), reaction-diffusion system of acentrosomal microtubules (those nucleated and organized in the absence of a microtubule-organizing centre) multitude constituted of straight and curved acentrosomal microtubules, in highly crowded conditions, in vitro. Our data give experimental evidence that cross-diffusion in conjunction with excluded volume is the underlying mechanism on basis of which acentrosomal microtubule multitudes of different morphologies (straight and curved) undergo a spatial-temporal demix. Demix is constituted of a bifurcation process, manifested as a slow isothermal spinodal decomposition, and a dissipative process of transient periodic spatio-temporal pattern formation. While spinodal decomposition is an energy independent process, transient periodic spatio-temporal pattern formation is accompanied by energy dissipative process. Accordingly, we have determined that the critical threshold for slow, isothermal spinodal decomposition is 1.0 ± 0.05 mg/ml of microtubule protein concentration. We also found that periodic spacing of transient periodic spatio-temporal patterns was, in the overall, increasing versus time. For illustration, we found that a periodic spacing of the same pattern was 0.375 ± 0.036 mm, at 36 °C, at 155th min, while it was 0.540 ± 0.041 mm at 31 °C, and at 275th min after microtubule assembly started. The lifetime of transient periodic spatio-temporal patterns spans from half an hour to two hours approximately. The emergence of conditions of macroscopic symmetry breaking (that occur due to cross-diffusion in conjunction with excluded volume) may have more general but critical importance in morphological pattern development in complex, dissipative, but open cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlado A Buljan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia.
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29
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Holographic View of the Brain Memory Mechanism Based on Evanescent Superluminal Photons. INFORMATION 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/info3030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Plankar M, Brežan S, Jerman I. The principle of coherence in multi-level brain information processing. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 111:8-29. [PMID: 22986048 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Synchronisation has become one of the major scientific tools to explain biological order at many levels of organisation. In systems neuroscience, synchronised subthreshold and suprathreshold oscillatory neuronal activity within and between distributed neuronal assemblies is acknowledged as a fundamental mode of neuronal information processing. Coherent neuronal oscillations correlate with all basic cognitive functions, mediate local and long-range neuronal communication and affect synaptic plasticity. However, it remains unclear how the very fast and complex changes of functional neuronal connectivity necessary for cognition, as mediated by dynamic patterns of neuronal synchrony, could be explained exclusively based on the well-established synaptic mechanisms. A growing body of research indicates that the intraneuronal matrix, composed of cytoskeletal elements and their binding proteins, structurally and functionally connects the synapses within a neuron, modulates neurotransmission and memory consolidation, and is hypothesised to be involved in signal integration via electric signalling due to its charged surface. Theoretical modelling, as well as emerging experimental evidence indicate that neuronal cytoskeleton supports highly cooperative energy transport and information processing based on molecular coherence. We suggest that long-range coherent dynamics within the intra- and extracellular filamentous matrices could establish dynamic ordered states, capable of rapid modulations of functional neuronal connectivity via their interactions with neuronal membranes and synapses. Coherence may thus represent a common denominator of neurophysiological and biophysical approaches to brain information processing, operating at multiple levels of neuronal organisation, from which cognition may emerge as its cardinal manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Plankar
- BION Institute, Stegne 21, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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31
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Craddock TJA, Tuszynski JA, Hameroff S. Cytoskeletal signaling: is memory encoded in microtubule lattices by CaMKII phosphorylation? PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002421. [PMID: 22412364 PMCID: PMC3297561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is attributed to strengthened synaptic connections among particular brain neurons, yet synaptic membrane components are transient, whereas memories can endure. This suggests synaptic information is encoded and 'hard-wired' elsewhere, e.g. at molecular levels within the post-synaptic neuron. In long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular and molecular model for memory, post-synaptic calcium ion (Ca²⁺) flux activates the hexagonal Ca²⁺-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII), a dodacameric holoenzyme containing 2 hexagonal sets of 6 kinase domains. Each kinase domain can either phosphorylate substrate proteins, or not (i.e. encoding one bit). Thus each set of extended CaMKII kinases can potentially encode synaptic Ca²⁺ information via phosphorylation as ordered arrays of binary 'bits'. Candidate sites for CaMKII phosphorylation-encoded molecular memory include microtubules (MTs), cylindrical organelles whose surfaces represent a regular lattice with a pattern of hexagonal polymers of the protein tubulin. Using molecular mechanics modeling and electrostatic profiling, we find that spatial dimensions and geometry of the extended CaMKII kinase domains precisely match those of MT hexagonal lattices. This suggests sets of six CaMKII kinase domains phosphorylate hexagonal MT lattice neighborhoods collectively, e.g. conveying synaptic information as ordered arrays of six "bits", and thus "bytes", with 64 to 5,281 possible bit states per CaMKII-MT byte. Signaling and encoding in MTs and other cytoskeletal structures offer rapid, robust solid-state information processing which may reflect a general code for MT-based memory and information processing within neurons and other eukaryotic cells.
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32
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Rahnama M, Tuszynski JA, Bókkon I, Cifra M, Sardar P, Salari V. Emission of mitochondrial biophotons and their effect on electrical activity of membrane via microtubules. J Integr Neurosci 2012; 10:65-88. [PMID: 21425483 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635211002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we argue that, in addition to electrical and chemical signals propagating in the neurons of the brain, signal propagation takes place in the form of biophoton production. This statement is supported by recent experimental confirmation of photon guiding properties of a single neuron. We have investigated the interaction of mitochondrial biophotons with microtubules from a quantum mechanical point of view. Our theoretical analysis indicates that the interaction of biophotons and microtubules causes transitions/fluctuations of microtubules between coherent and incoherent states. A significant relationship between the fluctuation function of microtubules and alpha-EEG diagrams is elaborated on in this paper. We argue that the role of biophotons in the brain merits special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rahnama
- Department of Physics, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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33
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Mavromatos NE. Quantum Coherence in (Brain) Microtubules and Efficient Energy and Information Transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/329/1/012026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Plankar M, Jerman I, Krašovec R. On the origin of cancer: Can we ignore coherence? PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 106:380-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Recently, consciousness research has gained much attention. Indeed, the question at stake is significant: why is the brain not just a computing device, but generates a perception from within? Ambitious endeavors trying to simulate the entire human brain assume that the algorithm will do the trick: as soon as we assemble the brain in a computer and increase the number of operations per time, consciousness will emerge by itself. I disagree with this simplistic representation. My argument emerges from the "atomism paradox": the irreducible space of the consciously perceived world, the endospace is incompatible with the reducible and decomposable architecture of the brain or a computer. I will first discuss the fundamental challenges in current consciousness models and then propose a new model based on the fractality principle: "the whole is in each of its parts". This new model copes with the atomism paradox by implementing an iterative mapping of information from higher order brain structures to smaller scales on the cellular and molecular level, which I will refer to as "fractalization". This information fractalization gives rise to a new form of matter that is conscious ("bright matter"). Bright matter is composed of conscious particles or units named "sentyons". The internal fractality of these sentyons will close a loop (the "psychic loop") in a recurrent fractal neural network (RFNN) that allows for continuous and complete information transformation and sharing between higher order brain structures and the endpoint substrate of consciousness at the molecular level.
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36
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Water in the orchestration of the cell machinery. Some misunderstandings: a short review. J Biol Phys 2011; 38:13-26. [PMID: 23277667 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-011-9225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, biologists can explore the cell at the nanometre level. They discover an unsuspected world, amazingly overcrowded, complex and heterogeneous, in which water, also, is complex and heterogeneous. In the cell, statistical phenomena, such as diffusion, long considered as the main transport for water soluble substances, must be henceforth considered as inoperative to orchestrate cell activity. Results at this level are not yet numerous enough to give an exact representation of the cell machinery; however, they are sufficient to cease reasoning in terms of statistics (diffusion, law of mass action, pH, etc.) and encourage cytologists and biochemists to prospect thoroughly the huge panoply of the biophysical properties of macromolecule-water associations at the nanometre level. Our main purpose, here, is to discuss some of the more common misinterpretations due to the ignorance of these properties, and expose briefly the bases for a better approach of the cell machinery. Giorgio Careri, who demonstrated the correlation between proton currents at the surface of lysozyme and activity of this enzyme was one of the pioneers of this approach.
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37
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Nonlocal neurology: Beyond localization to holonomy. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:425-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Vimal RLP. MATCHING AND SELECTION OF A SPECIFIC SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE: CONJUGATE MATCHING AND EXPERIENCE. J Integr Neurosci 2010; 9:193-251. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635210002214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Musha T. Possibility of high performance quantum computation by superluminal evanescent photons in living systems. Biosystems 2009; 96:242-5. [PMID: 19758549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Penrose and Hameroff have suggested that microtubules in living systems function as quantum computers by utilizing evanescent photons. On the basis of the theorem that the evanescent photon is a superluminal particle, the possibility of high performance computation in living systems has been studied. From the theoretical analysis, it is shown that the biological brain can achieve large quantum bits computation compared with the conventional processors at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Musha
- Technical Research & Development Institute, 3-11-7-601, Namiki, Kanazwa-ku, Yokohama 236-0005, Japan.
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40
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Shi C, Qiu X, Wu T, Li R. Quantum information processing in the wall of cytoskeletal microtubules. J Biol Phys 2006; 32:413-20. [PMID: 19669447 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-006-9025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MT) are composed of 13 protofilaments, each of which is a series of two-state tubulin dimers. In the MT wall, these dimers can be pictured as "lattice" sites similar to crystal lattices. Based on the pseudo-spin model, two different location states of the mobile electron in each dimer are proposed. Accordingly, the MT wall is described as an anisotropic two-dimensional (2D) pseudo-spin system considering a periodic triangular "lattice". Because three different "spin-spin" interactions in each cell exist periodically in the whole MT wall, the system may be shown to be an array of three types of two-pseudo-spin-state dimers. For the above-mentioned condition, the processing of quantum information is presented by using the scheme developed by Lloyd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Shi
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Zamorano M, Torres-Silva H. FDTD chiral brain tissue model for specific absorption rate determination under radiation from mobile phones at 900 and 1800 MHz. Phys Med Biol 2006; 51:1661-72. [PMID: 16552096 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/51/7/002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new electrodynamics model formed by chiral bioplasma, which represents the human head inner structure and makes it possible to analyse its behaviour when it is irradiated by a microwave electromagnetic field from cellular phones, is presented. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numeric technique is used, which allows simulation of the electromagnetic fields, deduced with Maxwell's equations, and allows us to simulate the specific absorption rate (SAR). The results show the SAR behaviour as a function of the input power and the chirality factor. In considering the chiral brain tissue in the proposed human head model, the two more important conclusions of our work are the following: (a) the absorption of the electromagnetic fields from cellular phones is stronger, so the SAR coefficient is higher than that using the classical model, when values of the chiral factor are of order of 1; (b) "inverse skin effect" shows up at 1800 MHz, with respect to a 900 MHz source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zamorano
- Departamento de Electrónica, Universidad de Tarapacá, 18 de Septiembre 2222, Arica, Chile.
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42
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Abstract
In visual masking, visible targets are rendered invisible by modifying the context in which they are presented, but not by modifying the targets themselves. Here I summarize a decade of experimentation using visual masking illusions in which my colleagues and I have begun to establish the minimal set of conditions necessary to maintain the awareness of the visibility of simple unattended stimuli. We have established that spatiotemporal edges must be present for targets to be visible. These spatiotemporal edges must be encoded by transient bursts of spikes in the early visual system. If these bursts are inhibited, visibility fails. Target-correlated activity must rise within the visual hierarchy at least to the level of V3, and be processed within the occipital lobe, to achieve visibility. The specific circuits that maintain visibility are not yet known, but we have deduced that lateral inhibition plays a critical role in sculpting our perception of visibility, both by causing interactions between stimuli positioned across space, and also by shaping the responses to stimuli across time. Further, the studies have served to narrow the number of possible theories to explain visibility and visual masking. Finally, we have discovered that lateral inhibition builds iteratively in strength throughout the visual hierarchy, for both monoptic and dichoptic stimuli. Since binocular information is not integrated until inputs from the two eyes reach the primary visual cortex, it follows that the early visual areas contain differential levels of monoptic and dichoptic lateral inhibitions. We exploited this fact to discover that excitatory integration of binocular inputs occurs at an earlier level than interocular suppression. These findings are potentially fundamental to our understanding of all forms of binocular vision and to determining the role of binocular rivalry in visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Macknik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 W Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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43
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Faber J, Portugal R, Rosa LP. Information processing in brain microtubules. Biosystems 2005; 83:1-9. [PMID: 16356626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Models of the mind are based on the idea that neuron microtubules can perform computation. From this point of view, information processing is the fundamental issue for understanding the brain mechanisms that produce consciousness. The cytoskeleton polymers could store and process information through their dynamic coupling mediated by mechanical energy. We analyze the problem of information transfer and storage in brain microtubules, considering them as a communication channel. We discuss the implications of assuming that consciousness is generated by the subneuronal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Faber
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica -- LNCC, Av. Getúlio Vargas 333 -- Quitandinha, 25651-075 Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
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Chen Y, Qiu XJ, Dong XL. Pseudo-spin model for the microtubule wall in external field. Biosystems 2005; 82:127-36. [PMID: 16112388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) in the cytoskeletons of eukaryotic cells provide a wide range of microskeletal and micromuscular functionalities. Some evidence has indicated that they can serve as a medium for intracellular signaling processing. In this paper, for the inherent symmetry structures and the electric properties of tubulin dimers, the microtubule (MT) is treated as a one-dimensional ferroelectric system. The nonlinear dynamics of the dimer electric dipoles is described by virtue of the double-well potential and the physical problem is further mapped onto the pseudo-spin system. In addition, the effect of the external electric field on the MT has been taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China.
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45
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Moss ML, Moss-Salentijn L, Hasselgren G, Ling H. A quantum biological hypothesis of human secondary dentinogenesis. Med Hypotheses 2004; 64:479-86. [PMID: 15617853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that human coronal secondary dentin (SD) is a final classical mechanical (CM) response to a chain of prior quantum mechanical (QM) transductions of the information of initial CM occlusal loadings of enamel. Such CM energy is transduced into QM quanta (as protons) that are translocated centripetally via clustered water (CW), (as "proton wires"), that is structurally related to both enamel prism sheath and hydroxyapatite crystal hydration shells. These quanta pass into odontoblastic cell processes (OP), lying within dentinal tubules (DT). OP's contain abundant parallel arrays of cylindrical microtubules (MT). These are the sites of two further CW-related QM events: (i) proton translocation associated with conformal changes of MT tubulin protein dimers; and (ii) coherent energetic oscillations within the CW filling the MT's hollow cores. Finally, these quanta pass into the odontoblastic soma, where QM wave function collapse transduces this information into a final CM state that initiates the processes of SD formation. A critical portion of this hypothesis may be experimentally tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Moss
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Grass F, Klima H, Kasper S. Biophotons, microtubules and CNS, is our brain a “Holographic computer”? Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:169-72. [PMID: 14962620 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several experiments show that there is a cell to cell communication by light in different cell types. This article describes theoretical mechanisms and subcellular structures that could be involved in this phenomenon. Special consideration is given to the nervous system, since it would have excellent conditions for such mechanisms. Neurons are large colourless cells with wide arborisations, have an active metabolism generating photons, contain little pigment, and have a prominent cytoskeleton consisting of hollow microtubules. As brain and spinal cord are protected from environmental light by bone and connective tissue, the signal to noise ratio should be high for photons as signal. Fluorescent and absorbing substances should interfere with such a communication system. Of all biogenic amines nature has chosen the ones with the strongest fluorescence as neurotransmitters for mood reactions: serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. If these mechanisms are of relevance our brain would have to be looked upon as a "holographic computer".
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Affiliation(s)
- F Grass
- Departement of General Psychiatry, University of Vienna, 1090 Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, Austria.
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47
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Nakagomi T. Mathematical formulation of Leibnizian world: a theory of individual-whole or interior-exterior reflective systems. Biosystems 2003; 69:15-26. [PMID: 12648849 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-2647(02)00160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A world model, suggested by Leibniz's monadology, is formulated as a mathematical axiomatic system. The purpose of this world model is to provide a general scheme for describing a system of individuals having consciousness or internal worlds that communicate with each other and make a unified whole world, and moreover, the latter is reflected into the respective internal worlds and appears as an external world. Examples of such monadological structure of interior-exterior (or individual-whole) reflection can be observed in bio- or socio-systems and recently in computer networks. Moreover, a most elemental version of this structure can be found in the basic level of quantum physics. The model not only gives a prototype of monadological systems but also has an evolutionary ability to produce a hierarchy of monadological systems, which are interpreted as corresponding to various levels of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nakagomi
- Department of Information Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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Abstract
The NL world model presented in the previous paper is embodied by use of relativistic quantum mechanics, which reveals the significance of the reduction of quantum states and the relativity principle, and locates consciousness and the concept of flowing time consistently in physics. This model provides a consistent framework to solve apparent incompatibilities between consciousness (as our interior experience) and matter (as described by quantum mechanics and relativity theory). Does matter have an inside? What is the flowing time now? Does physics allow the indeterminism by volition? The problem of quantum measurement is also resolved in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Nakagomi
- Department of Information Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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49
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Bieberich E. Recurrent fractal neural networks: a strategy for the exchange of local and global information processing in the brain. Biosystems 2002; 66:145-64. [PMID: 12413746 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-2647(02)00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of biological networks relies significantly on convergent feedback signaling loops that render a global output locally accessible. Ideally, the recurrent connectivity within these systems is self-organized by a time-dependent phase-locking mechanism. This study analyzes recurrent fractal neural networks (RFNNs), which utilize a self-similar or fractal branching structure of dendrites and downstream networks for phase-locking of reciprocal feedback loops: output from outer branch nodes of the network tree enters inner branch nodes of the dendritic tree in single neurons. This structural organization enables RFNNs to amplify re-entrant input by over-the-threshold signal summation from feedback loops with equivalent signal traveling times. The columnar organization of pyramidal neurons in the neocortical layers V and III is discussed as the structural substrate for this network architecture. RFNNs self-organize spike trains and render the entire neural network output accessible to the dendritic tree of each neuron within this network. As the result of a contraction mapping operation, the local dendritic input pattern contains a downscaled version of the network output coding structure. RFNNs perform robust, fractal data compression, thus coping with a limited number of feedback loops for signal transport in convergent neural networks. This property is discussed as a significant step toward the solution of a fundamental problem in neuroscience: how is neuronal computation in separate neurons and remote brain areas unified as an instance of experience in consciousness? RFNNs are promising candidates for engaging neural networks into a coherent activity and provide a strategy for the exchange of global and local information processing in the human brain, thereby ensuring the completeness of a transformation from neuronal computation into conscious experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bieberich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street Room CB-2803, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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50
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Hagan S, Hameroff SR, Tuszyński JA. Quantum computation in brain microtubules: decoherence and biological feasibility. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 65:061901. [PMID: 12188753 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.65.061901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2000] [Revised: 08/07/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Penrose-Hameroff orchestrated objective reduction (orch. OR) model assigns a cognitive role to quantum computations in microtubules within the neurons of the brain. Despite an apparently "warm, wet, and noisy" intracellular milieu, the proposal suggests that microtubules avoid environmental decoherence long enough to reach threshold for "self-collapse" (objective reduction) by a quantum gravity mechanism put forth by Penrose. The model has been criticized as regards the issue of environmental decoherence, and a recent report by Tegmark finds that microtubules can maintain quantum coherence for only 10(-13) s, far too short to be neurophysiologically relevant. Here, we critically examine the decoherence mechanisms likely to dominate in a biological setting and find that (1) Tegmark's commentary is not aimed at an existing model in the literature but rather at a hybrid that replaces the superposed protein conformations of the orch. OR theory with a soliton in superposition along the microtubule; (2) recalculation after correcting for differences between the model on which Tegmark bases his calculations and the orch. OR model (superposition separation, charge vs dipole, dielectric constant) lengthens the decoherence time to 10(-5)-10(-4) s; (3) decoherence times on this order invalidate the assumptions of the derivation and determine the approximation regime considered by Tegmark to be inappropriate to the orch. OR superposition; (4) Tegmark's formulation yields decoherence times that increase with temperature contrary to well-established physical intuitions and the observed behavior of quantum coherent states; (5) incoherent metabolic energy supplied to the collective dynamics ordering water in the vicinity of microtubules at a rate exceeding that of decoherence can counter decoherence effects (in the same way that lasers avoid decoherence at room temperature); (6) microtubules are surrounded by a Debye layer of counterions, which can screen thermal fluctuations, and by an actin gel that might enhance the ordering of water in bundles of microtubules, further increasing the decoherence-free zone by an order of magnitude and, if the dependence on the distance between environmental ion and superposed state is accurately reflected in Tegmark's calculation, extending decoherence times by three orders of magnitude; (7) topological quantum computation in microtubules may be error correcting, resistant to decoherence; and (8) the decohering effect of radiative scatterers on microtubule quantum states is negligible. These considerations bring microtubule decoherence into a regime in which quantum gravity could interact with neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hagan
- Department of Mathematics, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5G 3H2
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