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Rapacz A, Waszkielewicz AM, Pańczyk K, Pytka K, Koczurkiewicz P, Piska K, Pękala E, Budziszewska B, Starek-Świechowicz B, Marona H. Design, synthesis and anticonvulsant-analgesic activity of new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-[(phenoxy)ethoxyethyl]aminoalkanols. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 8:220-238. [PMID: 30108708 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00537c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New derivatives of N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-[(phenoxy)ethoxyethyl]aminoalkanols have been synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity in maximal electroshock (MES), maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST), and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) tests. Their neurotoxicity was evaluated via rotarod and chimney tests. The compounds exhibiting the most beneficial activity and protection indices were evaluated for analgesic activity using the formalin test for neurogenic pain. They were also evaluated for their influence on cytotoxic activity using in vitro cellular models (HepG2 and CRL-2534 cell lines). Experiments performed using MTT and neutral red cytotoxicity assays showed that all evaluated compounds were safe for normal, glial cells (astrocytes) and did not induce hepatotoxic effects. Based on the results from the in vitro studies, the safety of the evaluated compounds was inferred. The most promising compound in this research was 1-{2-[2-(2,3-dimethylphenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}piperidin-3-ol hydrochloride. Additionally, in silico metabolism prediction for the compound has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rapacz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str., 30-688 Krakow , Poland
| | - Anna M Waszkielewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str. , 30-688 Krakow , Poland .
| | - Katarzyna Pańczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str. , 30-688 Krakow , Poland .
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str., 30-688 Krakow , Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str. , 30-688 Krakow , Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str. , 30-688 Krakow , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str. , 30-688 Krakow , Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 , 30-688 Krakow , Poland
| | - Beata Starek-Świechowicz
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 , 30-688 Krakow , Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Medyczna 9 Str. , 30-688 Krakow , Poland .
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Matsuura W, Harada S, Tokuyama S. Effects of Adjuvant Analgesics on Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Mechanical Allodynia. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:856-62. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsuura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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Tanaka KI, Sekino S, Ikegami M, Ikeda H, Kamei J. Antihyperalgesic effects of ProTx-II, a Nav1.7 antagonist, and A803467, a Nav1.8 antagonist, in diabetic mice. J Exp Pharmacol 2015; 7:11-6. [PMID: 27186141 PMCID: PMC4863530 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s79973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of intrathecal administration of ProTx-II (tarantula venom peptide) and A803467 (5-[4-chloro-phenyl]-furan-2-carboxylic acid [3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl]-amide), selective Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 antagonists, respectively, on thermal hyperalgesia in a painful diabetic neuropathy model of mice. Intrathecal administration of ProTx-II at doses from 0.04 to 4 ng to diabetic mice dose-dependently and significantly increased the tail-flick latency. Intrathecal administration of A803467 at doses from 10 to 100 ng to diabetic mice also dose-dependently and significantly increased the tail-flick latency. However, intrathecal administration of either ProTx-II (4 ng) or A803467 (100 ng) had no effect on the tail-flick latency in nondiabetic mice. The expression of either the Nav1.7 or Nav1.8 sodium channel protein in the dorsal root ganglion in diabetic mice was not different from that in nondiabetic mice. The present results suggest that ProTx-II and A803467, highly selective blockers of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 sodium channels, respectively, in the spinal cord, can have antihyperalgesic effects in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shota Sekino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Ikegami
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka KI, Nakanishi Y, Sekino S, Ikegami M, Ikeda H, Kamei J. Fentanyl produces an anti-hyperalgesic effect through the suppression of sodium channels in mice with painful diabetic neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 733:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Asano K, Sameshima T, Shirasawa H, Hisamitsu T. Attenuating effect of mexiletine hydrochloride on herpetic pain in mice infected with herpes simplex virus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1365-70. [PMID: 14607018 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The influence of mexiletine hydrochloride on herpes-related pain responses was examined using mice infected with herpes virus. BALB/c mice were inoculated with herpes simplex virus (HSV; 1 times 106 plaque-forming units) on the right hind paw, and the contralateral hind paw was without inoculation. The changes in nociceptive threshold were examined using electric von fray meter. BALB/c mice inoculated with HSV showed a decrease in nociceptive threshold. Intraperitoneal administration of mexiletine prevented the decrease in nociceptive threshold dose-dependently in HSV-inoculated mice, which was firstly observed at a dose of 15.0 mg kg−1, and peaked at doses more than 17.5 mg kg−1. This antinociceptive effect of mexiletine attained peaks at 60–90 min after administration and declined gradually to non-treated levels by 150 min. Intraperitoneal administration of mexiletine at a dose of 17.5 mg kg−1 (but not 10.0 mg kg−1) caused significant increase in β-endorphin levels in the mid brain and hypothalamus of HSV-inoculated mice. However, mexiletine scarcely affected noradrenaline (norepinephrine) levels in the pons and medulla oblongata, even when HSV-inoculated mice were treated with 17.5 mg kg−1 mexiletine. These results strongly suggested that mexiletine exerts antinociceptive effects on herpes-related pain through enhancement of β-endorphin levels in the central nervous system in HSV-inoculated mice. It is also suggested that mexiletine will be a good candidate for an antinociceptive drug in the treatment of acute herpetic pain in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Asano
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Hatanodai, Tokyo, Japan.
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Schaffer A, Levitt AJ. Double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of mexiletine for acute mania or hypomania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 25:507-8. [PMID: 16160638 DOI: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000177852.08287.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mexiletine, a medication with antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant and analgesic properties, in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder patients. METHODS Twenty subjects with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder who had failed to respond or were intolerant to lithium, valproic acid and carbamazepine were entered into the 6-week, open label study. Subjects were followed on a weekly basis for dosing of mexiletine, blood levels, and completion of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Manic State Rating Scale (MSRS). "Burden of Mood Symptoms" (BMS) was calculated by combining scores for the HAM-D and MSRS. RESULTS Thirteen subjects (10 female, 3 male), mean age 41 years (S.D.=7.6), and mean duration of illness 20 years (S.D.=7.7) completed the study. The dose range of mexiletine was 200-1200 mg/day. Full response (>/=50% reduction in BMS) was seen in 46% of the subjects, and a partial response (25-49% reduction in BMS) in 15%. Of note, 5/5 subjects with a mixed or manic state demonstrated a full or partial response. LIMITATIONS This study has an open label design, and a small number of subjects. CONCLUSIONS Mexiletine may be effective and safe in patients with highly treatment-resistant, chronic bipolar disorder. Randomized, controlled trials are required to confirm the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schaffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Science Center, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room FG46, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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D'Almeida JA, de Castro-Costa CM, Frota CH, Severo JF, Rocha TD, Nogueira TF. Behavioral changes of Wistar rats with experimentally-induced painful diabetic neuropathy. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1999; 57:746-52. [PMID: 10751908 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1999000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the purpose of studying data on spontaneous customary changes in diabetic rats, we induced diabetes in 28 Wistar rats with streptozotocin. The animals were observed for 27 weeks in an attempt to characterize spontaneous customary changes that could suggest signs of chronic pain. Morphine, as a central-acting potent analgesic and its specific antagonist naloxone, were used. Our results evidenced in the animals a clinical syndrome similar to human diabetes. Long-term customary analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase of scratching and resting/sleeping behaviors, but diminished motor, eating and grooming customs. Moreover, the thermal tests revealed hyperalgesia in 43% of the animals, what may corroborate the meaning of scratching as a sign of pain. Pharmacological tests with morphine showed a significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of scratch, with concomitant increase of motor and eating activities and diminished rest/sleep capacity. Naloxone antagonized the effects induced by morphine. Such results suggest that these animals exhibit evoked behavior of hyperalgesia and that scratch may possibly be a spontaneous manifestation of chronic pain also in Wistar rats with this experimental model of painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A D'Almeida
- (Department of Physiology and Pharmacology), Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Brazil
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Suzuki Y, Goto K, Ishige A, Komatsu Y, Kamei J. Antinociceptive effect of Gosha-jinki-gan, a Kampo medicine, in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1999; 79:169-75. [PMID: 10202852 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.79.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the antinociceptive effect of Gosha-jinki-gan, a Kampo medicine including processed Aconiti tuber, and its mechanism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Gosha-jinki-gan (0.1-1.0 g/kg, p.o.) showed a more potent antinociceptive effect in diabetic mice than in non-diabetic mice. The antinociceptive effect of Gosha-jinki-gan (0.3 g/kg, p.o.) in diabetic mice was inhibited by administration of either anti-dynorphin antiserum (5 microg, i.t.) or nor-binaltorphimine (10 mg/kg, s.c.), a kappa-opioid antagonist. The antinociceptive activity of Gosha-jinki-gan (0.3, 1.0 g/kg, p.o.) was decreased by excluding processed Aconiti tuber. Furthermore, the antinociceptive effect of processed Aconiti tuber (0.03, 0.1 g/kg, p.o.) was also shown to be enhanced in diabetic mice. These results suggest that the increased antinociceptive effect of Gosha-jinki-gan in diabetic mice is partly derived from the action of processed Aconiti tuber and that it is based on stimulation of spinal kappa-opioid receptors via dynorphin release. Gosha-jinki-gan was considered useful for treating painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Kampo and Pharmacognosy Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Mexiletine is an orally active local anaesthetic agent which is structurally related to lidocaine (lignocaine) and has been used for alleviating neuropathic pain of various origins. Mexiletine has been evaluated in several randomised, placebo-controlled trials in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. The drug decreased mean visual analogue scale (VAS) pain ratings in all studies that used this measure, although in only 2 studies was this effect significantly greater than the often substantial responses seen with placebo. The clinical significance of these decreases is not clear. Statistically significant (vs placebo) reductions in VAS pain ratings were observed in 16 patients receiving mexiletine 10 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks in 1 study and in nocturnal (but not diurnal) pain in 31 patients receiving mexiletine 675 mg/day for 3 weeks in another. Retrospective analysis of another study revealed that mexiletine recipients (225 to 675 mg/day) who described their pain as stabbing, burning or formication on the pain-rating-index-total instrument of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, experienced statistically significant reductions in VAS pain scores after 5 weeks, compared with placebo recipients. Mexiletine generally did not have a significant influence on the quality of sleep in patients with diabetic neuropathy. In Japanese patients, statistically significant reductions in subjective pain ratings were achieved with mexiletine 300 mg/day in 1 study and with 450 mg/day in a further study. In controlled trials, the frequency of adverse events in patients receiving mexiletine for painful diabetic neuropathy ranged from 13.5 to 50%. Gastrointestinal complaints, of which nausea was the most frequent, were the most common adverse events in mexiletine recipients. Central nervous system complaints were uncommon, but included: sleep disturbance, headache, shakiness, dizziness and tiredness. Serious cardiac arrhythmias have not been reported in patients receiving mexiletine for painful diabetic neuropathy; however, transient tachycardia and palpitations have been reported. There are significant differences in the metabolism of mexiletine between people who have cytochrome P450 2D6 [CYP2D6; extensive metabolisers (EMs)] and those who lack this isoenzyme [poor metabolisers (PMs)]. EMs, but not PMs, are susceptible to drug interactions between mexiletine and drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 (e.g. quinidine). Moreover, mexiletine inhibits CYP2D6-mediated metabolism of metoprolol and cytochrome P450 1A2-mediated metabolism of theophylline. Phenytoin and rifampicin (rifampin) induce the metabolism of mexiletine. Clearance of mexiletine is impaired in patients with hepatic, but not renal, dysfunction. Hence, dosage adjustments may be necessary in patients with liver disease. CONCLUSIONS Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are the agents of choice for painful diabetic neuropathy; however, they are ineffective in approximately 50% of patients and are generally not well tolerated. Mexiletine is an alternative agent for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy in patients who have not had a satisfactory response to, or cannot tolerate, TCAs and/or other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jarvis
- Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Lever JR, Scheffel U. Selective in vivo binding of [3H]naltriben to delta-opioid receptors in mouse brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 350:335-44. [PMID: 9696425 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Naltriben (NTB) is a selective antagonist for the putative delta2-opioid receptor. We have determined the regional kinetics and pharmacological profile of [3H]naltriben in vivo in mouse brain. After i.v. administration to CD1 mice, [3H]naltriben uptake and retention were high in striatum, cortical regions and olfactory tubercles, and low in superior colliculi and cerebellum. Robust rank order correlation was found between [3H]naltriben uptake in discrete brain regions and prior delta-opioid receptor binding determinations in vitro and in vivo. [3H]Naltriben binding in vivo was saturable, and was blocked by the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole, but not by the mu-opioid receptor antagonist cyprodime or the K-opioid receptor agonist (trans)-(+/-)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]ben zeneacetamide mesylate (U50,488H). (E)-7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX), a selective antagonist for the putative delta1-opioid receptor, was 9.6- to 12.9-fold less potent than naltriben as an inhibitor of [3H]naltriben binding. Thus, the sites labeled by [3H]naltriben in vivo may correspond to the delta2-opioid receptor subtype. Such assignment is not definitive, particularly considering the 4-fold higher brain uptake of naltriben as compared to (E)-7-benzylidenenaltrexone. Moreover, the regional distribution of [3H]naltriben in brains from CXB-7/BY (CXBK) mice, a strain that shows supraspinal delta1- but not delta2-opioid receptor agonist effects, was quite similar to that found for CD1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lever
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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