1
|
Veit S, Paweletz LC, Günther Pomorski T. Determination of membrane protein orientation upon liposomal reconstitution down to the single vesicle level. Biol Chem 2023; 404:647-661. [PMID: 36857289 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Reconstitution of membrane proteins into liposomal membranes represents a key technique in enabling functional analysis under well-defined conditions. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to selected methods that have been developed to determine membrane protein orientation after reconstitution in liposomes, including approaches based on proteolytic digestion with proteases, site-specific labeling, fluorescence quenching and activity assays. In addition, we briefly highlight new strategies based on single vesicle analysis to address the problem of sample heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Veit
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , NC 7/174, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura Charlotte Paweletz
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , NC 7/174, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry , Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry , NC 7/174, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rozo-Lopez P, Drolet BS, Londoño-Renteria B. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Transmission: A Comparison of Incriminated Vectors. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040190. [PMID: 30544935 PMCID: PMC6315612 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a viral disease of veterinary importance, enzootic in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. In the U.S., VS produces devastating economic losses, particularly in the southwestern states where the outbreaks display an occurrence pattern of 10-year intervals. To date, the mechanisms of the geographic spread and maintenance cycles during epizootics remain unclear. This is due, in part, to the fact that VS epidemiology has a complex of variables to consider, including a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and an extensive diversity of suspected vector species acting as both mechanical and biological vectors. Infection and viral progression within vector species are highly influenced by virus serotype, as well as environmental factors, including temperature and seasonality; however, the mechanisms of viral transmission, including non-conventional pathways, are yet to be fully studied. Here, we review VS epidemiology and transmission mechanisms, with comparisons of transmission evidence for the four most incriminated hematophagous dipteran taxa: Aedes mosquitoes, Lutzomyia sand flies, Simulium black flies, and Culicoides biting midges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Berlin Londoño-Renteria
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohammadzadeh Y, Gholami S, Rasouli N, Sarrafzadeh S, Seyed Tabib NS, Samiee Aref MH, Abdoli A, Biglari P, Fotouhi F, Farahmand B, Tavassoti Kheiri M, Jamali A. Introduction of cationic virosome derived from vesicular stomatitis virus as a novel gene delivery system for sf9 cells. J Liposome Res 2016; 27:83-89. [PMID: 26981843 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2016.1144205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insect-derived cell lines are used extensively to produce recombinant proteins because they are capable of performing a range of post-translational modifications. Due to their significance in biotechnological applications, various methods have been developed to transfect them. In this study, we introduce a virosome constructed from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a new delivery system for sf9 cells. We labeled these VSV virosomes by fluorescent probe Rhodamine B chloride (R18). By fluorescence microscope observation and conducting a fusion assay, we confirmed the uptake of VSV virosomes via endocytosis by sf9 cells and their fusion with the endosomal membrane. Moreover, we incubated cationic VSV virosomes with a GFP-expressing bacmid and transfected sf9 cells, after 24 h some cells expressed GFP indicating the ability of VSV virosomes to deliver heterologous DNA to these cells. This is the first report of a virosome-based delivery system introduced for an insect cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shima Gholami
- a Influenza Research Laboratory, Department of Virology and
| | - Narges Rasouli
- a Influenza Research Laboratory, Department of Virology and
| | | | | | | | - Asghar Abdoli
- b Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Jamali
- a Influenza Research Laboratory, Department of Virology and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakahara T, Toriumi H, Irie T, Takahashi T, Ameyama S, Mizukoshi M, Kawai A. Characterization of a Slow-Migrating Component of the Rabies Virus Matrix Protein Strongly Associated with the Viral Glycoprotein. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 47:977-88. [PMID: 14695448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated multiple forms of rabies virus matrix (M) protein. Under non-reducing electrophoretic conditions, we detected, in addition to major bands of monomer forms (23- and 24-kDa) of M protein, an M antigen-positive slow-migrating minor band (about 54 kDa) in both the virion and infected cells. Relative contents of the 54-kDa and monomer components in the virion were about 20-30% and 70-80% of the whole M protein, respectively, while the content of the 54-kDa component was smaller (about 10-20% of the total M protein) in the cell than in the virion. The 54-kDa components could be extracted from the infected cells with sodium deoxycholate, but they were quite resistant to extraction with 1% nonionic detergents by which most monomer components were solubilized. The 54-kDa component was precipitated more efficiently than the monomer by a monoclonal antibody (mAb; #3-9-16), which recognized a linear epitope located at the N-terminal of the M protein. The mAb #3-9-16 coprecipitated the viral glycoprotein (G), which was demonstrated to be due to strong association between the G and 54-kDa component of the M protein. Monomers and the 54-kDa polypeptide migrated to the same isoelectric point (pI) in twodimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, implicating that the 54-kDa component was composed of component(s) of the same pI as that of the M protein monomers. From these results, we conclude that the M antigen-positive 54-kDa polypeptide is a homodimer of M protein, taking an N-terminal-exposed conformation, and is strongly associated with the viral glycoprotein. Possible association with a membrane microdomain of the cell will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bergers JJ, Bloois LV, Barenholz Y, Crommelin DJ. Conformational Changes of Myoglobin Upon Interaction with Negatively-Charged Phospholipid Vesicles. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109509018632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
Rhabdoviruses are a diverse, widely-distributed group of enveloped viruses that assemble and bud from the plasma membrane of host cells. Recent advances in the identification of domains on both the envelope glycoprotein and the matrix protein of rhabdoviruses that contribute to virus assembly and release have allowed us to refine current models of rhabdovirus budding and to describe in better detail the interplay between both viral and cellular components involved in the budding process. In this review we discuss the steps involved in rhabdovirus assembly beginning with genome encapsidation and the association of nucleocapsid-matrix protein pre-assembly complexes with the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, how condensation of these complexes may occur, how microdomains containing the envelope glycoprotein facilitate bud site formation, and how multiple forms of the matrix protein may participate in virion extrusion and release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himangi R Jayakar
- GTx Inc., 3 N. Dunlap, Van Vleet Research Building, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bearzotti M, Delmas B, Lamoureux A, Loustau AM, Chilmonczyk S, Bremont M. Fish rhabdovirus cell entry is mediated by fibronectin. J Virol 1999; 73:7703-9. [PMID: 10438860 PMCID: PMC104297 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7703-7709.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) generated against rainbow trout gonad cells (RTG-2) have been selected for their ability to protect cells from the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection, a salmonid rhabdovirus. Protection from infection was restricted to the salmonid-derived cell lines indicating species specificity of the blocking MAbs. Surprisingly, the blocking activity of these MAbs was also effective against other nonantigenically related fish rhabdoviruses. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy observations demonstrated that the three MAbs were all directed against an abundant cell plasma membrane component, and immunoprecipitation studies indicated that the target consisted of a heterodimeric complex with molecular masses of 200 and 44 kDa. Biochemical data provided the following evidence that fibronectin is part of this complex and that it could represent the main receptor for fish rhabdoviruses. (i) An antiserum generated against the 200-kDa protein reacted against the recombinant rainbow trout fibronectin expressed in Escherichia coli. (ii) The purified rainbow trout fibronectin was able to bind specifically to VHSV. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a cellular component acting as a primary receptor for a virus replicating in lower vertebrates and, more interestingly, for viruses belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bearzotti
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nakahara K, Ohnuma H, Sugita S, Yasuoka K, Nakahara T, Tochikura TS, Kawai A. Intracellular behavior of rabies virus matrix protein (M) is determined by the viral glycoprotein (G). Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:259-70. [PMID: 10338196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the nature and intracellular behavior of the matrix (M) protein of an avirulent strain (HEP-Flury) of rabies virus, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA of the protein. Using expression vectors pZIP-NeoSV(X)1 and pCDM8, the cDNA was transfected to animal cells (BHK-21 and COS-7) with or without coexpression of viral glycoprotein (G). When M protein alone was expressed in the cells, it displayed homogeneous distribution in the whole cell including the nucleus. In contrast, coexpression with G protein resulted in the abolishment of nuclear distribution of M antigen, and both of the antigens displayed a colocalized distribution in the cell, especially at the cellular membrane as seen in the virus-infected cells, while the distribution of G antigen was not affected by coexpressed M antigen. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that M protein was coprecipitated with G protein by anti-G antibody, and vice versa, although cross-linking with dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) was necessary for coprecipitation because of their easier dissociation in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. These results suggest that M protein intimately associates with G protein, which may affect or regulate the behavior (e.g., intracellular localization) of M protein. Studies with deletion mutants of M protein indicate that an internal region around the amino acids from 115 to 151 is essential for the M protein to preserve its binding ability to G protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gaudin Y, Tuffereau C, Durrer P, Brunner J, Flamand A, Ruigrok R. Rabies virus-induced membrane fusion. Mol Membr Biol 1999; 16:21-31. [PMID: 10332734 DOI: 10.1080/096876899294724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus is a member of the rhabdovirus family. It enters cells by a process of receptor mediated endocytosis. Following this step, the viral envelope fuses with the endosomal membrane to allow release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm. Fusion is induced by the low pH of the endosomal compartment and is mediated by the single viral glycoprotein G, a homotrimeric integral membrane protein. Rabies virus fusion properties are related to different conformational states of G. By different biochemical and biophysical approaches, it has been demonstrated that G can assume at least three different states: the native (N) state detected at the viral surface above pH 7, the activated (A) hydrophobic state which interacts with the target membrane as a first step of the fusion process, and the fusion inactive (I) conformation. Differently from other fusogenic viruses for which low pH-induced conformational changes are irreversible, there is a pH dependent equilibrium between these states, the equilibrium being shifted toward the I-state at low pH. The objective of this review is to detail recent findings on rhabdovirus-induced membrane fusion and to underline the differences that exist between this viral family and influenza virus which is the best known fusogenic virus. These differences have to be taken into consideration if one wants to have a global understanding of virus-induced membrane fusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gaudin
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Virus, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gaudin Y, Sturgis J, Doumith M, Barge A, Robert B, Ruigrok RW. Conformational flexibility and polymerization of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein. J Mol Biol 1997; 274:816-25. [PMID: 9405160 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The matrix protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) plays a pivotal role in viral assembly. We previously demonstrated the ability of M protein to self-associate at low salt concentrations. Now, we show the ability of M protein to polymerize in the presence of ZnCl2 in a nucleation-dependent manner. Analysis of kinetics revealed that the nuclei are probably made of three or four molecules of M. These results are consistent with the idea that in vitro self association of M protein is not due to amorphous aggregation but rather reflects an intrinsic ability of M to polymerize. Using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we showed that M polymerization is associated with an increase in the beta-sheet content of the protein. We propose a model explaining both the apparent M protein solubility in infected cells and how M polymerization could promote viral assembly. Data available for other negative strand viruses suggest that M polymerization may be the general basis of viral assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gaudin
- Laboratoire de génétique des virus du CNRS, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Munoz-Barroso I, Cobaleda C, Zhadan G, Shnyrov V, Villar E. Dynamic properties of Newcastle Disease Virus envelope and their relations with viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase membrane glycoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1327:17-31. [PMID: 9247163 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(97)00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lipid composition of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Clone-30 strain shows a low lipid/protein ratio, a high cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio, and major phospholipids being qualitatively different to other NDV strains. The major fatty acyl constituents are palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids; cerebrosides, sulfatides and two kinds of gangliosides are also found in the NDV membrane. It is reported for the first time in NDV that phospholipid classes are asymmetrically distributed over the two leaflets of the membrane: 60 +/- 4.5% of the phosphatidylcholine and 70 +/- 5.0% of the sphingomyelin are in the outer monolayer. Intact viral membranes and reconstituted NDV envelopes showed similar dynamic properties. Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins of NDV membrane affect the lipid thermotropic behaviour in reconstituted proteoliposomes made up of a single class of phospholipids. It is shown that the lipid composition is more important than the bulk membrane fluidity/order for both sialidase (neuraminidase) and hemagglutinating HN activities. Sialidase and hemagglutinating activities requires the presence of definite phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine) in its environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Munoz-Barroso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paternostre M, Viard M, Meyer O, Ghanam M, Ollivon M, Blumenthal R. Solubilization and reconstitution of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope using octylglucoside. Biophys J 1997; 72:1683-94. [PMID: 9083672 PMCID: PMC1184362 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstituted vesicular stomatitis virus envelopes or virosomes are formed by detergent removal from solubilized intact virus. We have monitored the solubilization process of the intact vesicular stomatitis virus by the nonionic surfactant octylglucoside at various initial virus concentrations by employing turbidity measurements. This allowed us to determine the phase boundaries between the membrane and the mixed micelles domains. We have also characterized the lipid and protein content of the solubilized material and of the reconstituted envelope. Both G and M proteins and all of the lipids of the envelope were extracted by octylglucoside and recovered in the reconstituted envelope. Fusion activity of the virosomes tested either on Vero cells or on liposomes showed kinetics and pH dependence similar to those of the intact virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Paternostre
- Equipe Physicochimie des Systèmes Polyphasés, URA CNRS 1218, Université Paris Sud, Châtenay Malabry, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gaudin Y, Barge A, Ebel C, Ruigrok RW. Aggregation of VSV M protein is reversible and mediated by nucleation sites: implications for viral assembly. Virology 1995; 206:28-37. [PMID: 7831783 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(95)80016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Purified M protein of VSV has been reported to aggregate at low NaCl concentration. Using light scattering, analytical centrifugation, and electron microscopy (EM), we have studied this phenomenon. Our results demonstrate that self aggregation of M protein can be reversed by increasing the salt concentration. Below 250 mM NaCl, there is an equilibrium between aggregates and monomeric M protein. Most importantly, we demonstrate that aggregation only occurs in the presence of nucleation sites and that these sites are sensitive to trypsin. We have found conditions under which these nucleation sites can be eliminated, after which M remains soluble even at low salt concentration. Finally, using EM, we show that the aggregates of purified M protein share common structural aspects with the previously described internal "cigar" around which the nucleocapsid is wrapped. These new results help to explain why M is a soluble protein in the cytoplasm of the infected cell just up to the moment that it is integrated into the budding virion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gaudin
- Laboratoire de génétique des virus du CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Irurzun A, Pérez L, Carrasco L. Brefeldin A blocks protein glycosylation and RNA replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. FEBS Lett 1993; 336:496-500. [PMID: 8282118 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80863-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Brefeldin A is a macrolide antibiotic that interferes with membrane traffic and blocks the growth of several animal viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The inhibition of VSV by brefeldin A takes place at least at two different steps during the growth cycle: the glycosylation of VSV G protein and the replication of viral genomes. Our results indicate that interference with membrane traffic leads not only to inhibition of viral protein glycosylation, but also to the blockade of virus genome replication in several cytoplasmic RNA-containing viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Irurzun
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barge A, Gaudin Y, Coulon P, Ruigrok RW. Vesicular stomatitis virus M protein may be inside the ribonucleocapsid coil. J Virol 1993; 67:7246-53. [PMID: 8230447 PMCID: PMC238187 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.12.7246-7253.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus is an enveloped virus with an external glycoprotein G and a nucleocapsid that form, together with the M protein, a tight helically coiled structure: the skeleton. Negative staining and immunoelectron microscopy studies on skeleton preparations were performed to determine the localization of the M protein. These studies have resulted in a new model for the structure of rhabdoviruses in which the nucleocapsid is wound around a core containing the M protein. This model predicts contact between M and lipid only at the extreme ends of the skeleton, which is confirmed by skeleton-liposome binding studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Barge
- EMBL Grenoble Outstation, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lisi A, Pozzi D, Grimaldi S. Use of the fluorescent probe Laurdan to investigate structural organization of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) membrane. MEMBRANE BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 10:203-12. [PMID: 8007839 DOI: 10.3109/09687689309150268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have used 6-dodecanoil-2-dimethylaminonaphtalene (Laurdan) to study the membrane fluidity of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) during virus activation at acidic pH 5.8). The fluorescence properties of Laurdan provide a unique possibility to study lipid organization because of the different excitation and emission spectra of this probe in the gel and liquid crystalline phase. Acidification to pH 5.8 (the pH which triggers VSV fusion with target membranes) generates a decrease in VSV membrane fluidity that could be reversed perfectly after neutralization. We conclude that lipid reorganization of the VSV membrane in the endocytic vesicles is needed for virus activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lisi
- Istituto di Medicina Sperimentale C.N.R., Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pozzi D, Lisi A, De Ros I, Ferroni L, Giuliani A, Ravagnan G, Grimaldi S. Use of octadecylrhodamine fluorescence dequenching to study vesicular stomatitis virus fusion with human aged red blood cells. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 57:426-30. [PMID: 8386384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human erythrocytes were separated into five fractions representing different age groups. In each group phospholipid inside-outside translocation was determined by quantitation of the amino phospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and their lyso-derivatives by thin layer chromatography. To assess the role of transbilayer phospholipid distribution in the recognition and fusion of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and human aged erythrocytes, we monitored the fusion kinetics using the octadecylrhodamine dequenching assay. Fusion of VSV with each single group of red blood cells (RBC) was not detectable with the youngest cells (F1 group) but increased with RBC aging (F2-F5 groups). The same increase in fusion was observed with microvesicles generated from RBC in which aging was mimicked by incubating the cells with Ca2+ in the presence of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Conversion of the aminophospholipids to the trinitrophenyl derivative by reaction with trinitrobenzensulfonate completely inhibits fusion on ghosts in which aging was artificially induced by translocation of aminophospholipids in the outer leaflet (symmetric ghosts). These results indicate that RBC become susceptible to VSV fusion during aging and in all pathology related to the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Pozzi
- Istituto di Medicine Sperimentale C.N.R., Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barenholz Y, Pal R, Wagner RR. Metabolic labeling of viral membrane lipids by fluorescent fatty acids: studying virus fusion with target membranes. Methods Enzymol 1993; 220:288-312. [PMID: 8394494 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(93)20090-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Barenholz
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Neurochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nagata S, Okamoto Y, Inoue T, Ueno Y, Kurata T, Chiba J. Identification of epitopes associated with different biological activities on the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus by use of monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 1992; 127:153-68. [PMID: 1280941 PMCID: PMC7086791 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1991] [Accepted: 04/10/1992] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype Indiana were prepared and examined for their effects on various biological activities of VSV, including in vitro infection, hemagglutination, adsorption to cells, and mediation of cell fusion. Competitive binding assays with these MAbs revealed the presence of at least seven distinct antigenic determinants (epitopes) on the G protein. In some cases, overlappings among epitopes to various degrees were observed as partial inhibition or binding enhancement. The MAbs to all the epitopes but one (epitopes 1-6) reacted with the denatured G protein in a Western immunoblot analysis. Four of the epitopes (epitopes 2, 4, 5, and 7) were involved in neutralization and two (epitopes 1 and 2) in hemagglutination inhibition. None of the MAbs inhibited the adsorption of radiolabeled VSV to BHK-21 cells; the MAbs to epitope 2 slightly enhanced the virus adsorption. All neutralization epitopes except epitope 2 (epitopes 4, 5, and 7) were associated with inhibition of VSV-mediated cell fusion. These results show a direct spatial relationship between the epitopes recognized by the MAbs and functional sites on G protein and further insights into the structure and function of G protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The fatty acylation of rabies virus (CVS strain) proteins was investigated. [3H]palmitic acid was found to be incorporated into the glycoprotein G and to a lesser extent into the membrane-associated protein M2. The fatty acid linkage on G was sensitive to sodium borohydride, mercaptoethanol, and hydroxylamine, indicating that the linkage was of the thiolester type. Bromelain digestion indicated that the palmitoylation site on G was located in the intracytoplasmic domain or in the transmembrane domain in which there is only one cysteine in position 461. Therefore, palmitoylation is likely to occur at this position. In the case of M2, the linkage was also sensitive to hydroxylamine and sodium borohydride and to a lesser extent to mercaptoethanol, suggesting that the linkage also occurred on a cysteine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Gaudin
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Virus, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pérez L, Carrasco L. Cerulenin, an inhibitor of lipid synthesis, blocks vesicular stomatitis virus RNA replication. FEBS Lett 1991; 280:129-33. [PMID: 1849089 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The replication of genomes of animal viruses in the cytoplasm of susceptible cells is usually coupled to specialized membrane structures. The inhibitor of lipid synthesis cerulenin blocks the formation of vesicular stomatitis virus polypeptides when added to cells soon after virus entry, but has much less effect on viral translation, or the acylation of the glycoprotein G, when cerulenin is added later during infection. By contrast, cerulenin powerfully blocks viral RNA synthesis or the incorporation of glycerol into lipids when present at any time after VSV-infection. These findings suggest that the synthesis of VSV RNA is dependent on continuous synthesis of lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pérez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pal R, Reitz MS, Tschachler E, Gallo RC, Sarngadharan MG, Veronese FD. Myristoylation of gag proteins of HIV-1 plays an important role in virus assembly. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990; 6:721-30. [PMID: 2194551 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gag proteins of HIV-1 are modified by the addition of myristic acid to the amino terminal glycine residue. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct a mutant of HIV-1 in which this glycine residue was changed to an alanine. Upon transfection into cos-1 cells, the mutant genome directed the synthesis of the full complement of HIV-1 proteins, but p17 and p17-containing polyproteins were not myristoylated. The cells transfected with the mutant DNA did not release any virus particles and no viral cores were visible by electron microscopy. Furthermore, supernatant from these transfected cells failed to infect CEM cells. The expression and function of gp120 on the surface of cells transfected with the mutant DNA was unaffected as these cells formed syncytia comparable in both size and number to the ones obtained with wild-type DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pal
- Department of Cell Biology, Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, Maryland 20895
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- R J Grand
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Medical School, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Welby M, De Bony J, Tocanne JF. Occurrence of acylated proteins in the membrane of the bacterium Micrococcus luteus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(88)90551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|