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Du ZC, Xia ZS, Huang YF, Peng Y, Cao BB, Li CQ, Liang YF, Zhao FH, Zhang MZ, Chen ZM, Hou XT, Hao EW, Deng JG. Cardiotoxicity induced by Cochinchina momordica seed extract in zebrafish. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1222-1231. [PMID: 33445225 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng is an indigenous South Asian edible fruit, and seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis have been used therapeutically in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies have shown that M. cochinchinensis seed (Momordicae Semen) has various pharmaceutical properties such as antioxidant and anti-ulcer effects as well as contains secondary metabolites with potential anticancer activities such as triterpenoids and saponins. Recent studies reported that water extract and ethanol extract of M. cochinchinensi seed were tested on mammals using an acute toxic classic method as OECD guidelines 420. No matter injected intravenously or intramuscularly, animals died within several days. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to various doses of Cochinchina momordica seed extract (CMSE) from 2 dpf (days post fertilization, dpf) to 3 dpf. CMSE-induced cardiotoxicity such as pericardial edema, cardiac apoptosis, increased ROS production, cardiac neutrophil infiltration, decreased blood flow velocity, and reduced expression of three marker genes of cardiac functions were found in zebrafish roughly in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that CMSE may induce cardiotoxicity through pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Cai Du
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong-Shang Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-Feng Huang
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Transfarland, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Transfarland, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Bing Cao
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Transfarland, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Qi Li
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Transfarland, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Fei Liang
- Guangxi Wuzhou Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Wuzhou, China
| | - Fang-Hui Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhang-Mei Chen
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Er-Wei Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Gang Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Research on Functional Ingredients of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
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2
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Lan HY, Zhao B, Shen YL, Li XQ, Wang SJ, Zhang LJ, Zhang H. Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, Toxicity and Clinical Application of Momordica cochinchinensis. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:715-728. [PMID: 30931848 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190329123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng (M. cochinchinensis) is a deciduous vine that grows in Southeast Asia. It is known as gac in Vietnam and as Red Melon in English. Gac is reputed to be extremely benificial for health and has been widely used as food and folk medicine in Southeast Asia. In China, the seed of M. cochinchinensis (Chinese name: Mu biezi) is used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of various diseases. More than 60 chemical constituents have been isolated from M. cochinchinensis. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practice demonstrate that some chemical constituents of M. cochinchinensis possess wide pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, etc. This paper reviews the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicity, and clinical application of M. cochinchinensis, aiming to bring new insights into further research and application of this ancient herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yue Lan
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yu-Li Shen
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- Department of Drug Preparation, Hospital of TCM and Hui Nationality Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Wuzhong, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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3
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Mazzio E, Badisa R, Eyunni S, Ablordeppey S, George B, Soliman KFA. Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Neuritogenic Factor from the Seeds of the Gac Plant ( Momordica cochinchinensis). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:8953958. [PMID: 29955238 PMCID: PMC6000838 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8953958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an endogenously produced protein with the capacity to induce central nervous system (CNS) neuronal differentiation and repair. NGF signaling involves its binding to tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) receptors, internalization, and initiation of phosphorylation cascades which cause microtubule reorganization and neuronal outgrowth. Because NGF cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, its therapeutic use is limited. Synthetic peptides that can act as NGF receptor agonists (NGF mimetics) are known to attenuate neurodegenerative pathologies in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease; however, the existence of plant-based NGF mimetics is uncertain. For this reason, we recently completed a high throughput screening of over 1100 nutraceuticals (vitamins, herbal plant parts, polyphenolics, teas, fruits, and vegetables) to identify neuritogenic factor using a PC-12 cell model. Remarkably we found only one, commonly known as the seed of Gac plant (Momordica cochinchinensis) (MCS). In the current study, we further investigated this seed for its neuritogenic effect using bioactivity-guided chemical separations. The data show no biological neuritogenic activity in any chemical solvent fraction, where activity was exclusive to the crude protein. MSC crude proteins were then separated by 1D electrophoresis, where the active neuritogenic activity was confirmed to have a molecular mass of approximately 17 kDa. Subsequently, the 17kDa band was excised, digested, and run on a UPLC-MS/MS with a Q Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer with data evaluated diverse tools such as X! Tandem, OMS, and K-score algorithms. Proteomic evaluation of the 17kDa band confirmed evidence for 11S globulin subunit beta, napin, oleosin, Momordica trypsin inhibitors (TI) MCoTI-I /II, and many isoforms of Two Inhibitor Peptide Topologies (TIPTOPs). While all peptides identified correspond to the genus/species, Momordica cochinchinensis and Cucumis Sativus, a significant limitation of the analysis is the nonexistence of full annotation for the Momordica cochinchinensis proteome. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that there is a stable protein within MCS having a mass of 17kDa with the capacity to induce neurite outgrowth. Future work will be required to establish the therapeutic value of the MCS for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mazzio
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - R. Badisa
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - S. Eyunni
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - S. Ablordeppey
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - B. George
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - K. F. A. Soliman
- College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Battelli MG, Polito L. Hyperuricaemia, Xanthine Oxidoreductase and Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Plants: The Contributions of Fiorenzo Stirpe to Frontline Research. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020206. [PMID: 28134797 PMCID: PMC6155646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes called ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that are able to depurinate nucleic acids and arrest vital cellular functions, including protein synthesis, are still a frontline research field, mostly because of their promising medical applications. The contributions of Stirpe to the development of these studies has been one of the most relevant. After a short biographical introduction, an overview is offered of the main results obtained by his investigations during last 55 years on his main research lines: hyperuricaemia, xanthine oxidoreductase and RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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5
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Shen Y, Meng L, Sun H, Zhu Y, Liu H. Cochinchina MomordicaSeed Suppresses Proliferation and Metastasis in Human Lung Cancer Cells by Regulating Multiple Molecular Targets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:149-66. [PMID: 25649746 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1550010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cochinchina Momordica Seed, which is the dried ripe seed of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng, has been used as a mainly anticancer ingredient for many years in China. This study aims at investigating the roles of an ethanol-soluble extract of Cochinchina Momordica Seed (ECMS) in suppressing the proliferation and metastasis of human lung cancer cells, and further elucidating underlying molecular mechanisms. Our researches suggest that ECMS dose-dependently decreased the survival rates of A549 and H1299 cells, and inhibited the migration and invasion in A549 cells. ECMS-induced apoptosis was accompanied by up-regulation of p53, Bax and the down-regulation of Bcl-2, PI-3K/Akt signal pathway, and resulted in the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and sequentially activated caspase-3 cascade. Pre-treated with specific inhibitors, LY294002 (PI-3K inhibitor) and BAY11-7082 (NF-κB inhibitor) could enhance the anti-proliferation effects of ECMS on A549 cells. Furthermore, ECMS could increase the level of E-cadherin and decrease of the level of STAT-3 and MMP-2, and scarcely affected the expression of VEGF, and resulted in the inhibition of migration and invasion. Pre-treated with specific inhibitors, WP1066 (STAT-3 inhibitor) and TIMP-2 (MMP-2 inhibitor) could enhance the inhibitory effects of ECMS on migration. In conclusion, the current data demonstrated ECMS inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells by inducing apoptosis, at least partly through the activation of p53 and inactivation of PI-3K/Akt signaling. STAT-3 and MMP-2 pathways may be partly involved in anti-metastasis activities of ECMS. Hence, ECMS might be a promising candidate for the therapy of the non-small cell lung cancer by regulating multiple molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Linyi Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Huajun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Liu HR, Meng LY, Lin ZY, Shen Y, Yu YQ, Zhu YZ. Cochinchina momordica seed extract induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer cells via PARP and p53 signal pathways. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1070-7. [PMID: 23020228 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.712737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cochinchina momordica seed is the dried ripe seed of Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng, which is a kind of fruit and consumed for dietary as well as medicinal uses. In this study, using the human SGC7901 and MKN-28 gastric cancer cell lines, we explored the anticancer activity of the extract from cochinchina momordica seed (ECMS). ECMS inhibited significantly the survival rates of SGC7901 and MKN-28 cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners by MTT assay. The typical apoptotic morphological changes were observed by Hoechst 33258 dye assay after SGC7901 and MKN-28 cells were treated with ECMS for 48 h. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ECMS-treatment blocked the cells at the S phase of cell cycle. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and Bcl-2 were downregulated notably by ECMS-treatment, whereas those of Fas/Fas-associated death domain, p53, and Bax were upregulated in SGC7901 cells. ECMS dramatically enhanced the enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 whilst slightly increased caspase-8 activity. Taken together, this study demonstrated that ECMS exerted cytotoxic activities via PARP and p53 signal pathways in the human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Ferreras JM, Citores L, Iglesias R, Jiménez P, Souza AM, Gayoso MJ, Girbés T. Occurrence and new procedure of preparation of nigrin, an antiribosomal lectin present in elderberry bark. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Engineering and Biological Characterization of VB6-845, an Anti-EpCAM Immunotoxin Containing a T-cell Epitope-depleted Variant of the Plant Toxin Bouganin. J Immunother 2009; 32:574-84. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181a6981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Chen RS, Leung HW, Dong YC, Wong RN. Modeling of the three-dimensional structure of luffin-alpha and its simulated reaction with the substrate oligoribonucleotide GAGA. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1996; 15:649-57. [PMID: 8968956 DOI: 10.1007/bf01886747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental problem in biochemistry and molecular biology is understanding the spatial structure of macromolecules and then analyzing their functions. In this study, the three-dimensional structure of a ribosome-inactivating protein luffin-alpha was predicted using a neural network method and molecular dynamics simulation. A feedforward neural network with the backpropagation learning algorithm were trained on model class of homologous proteins including trichosanthin and alpha-momorcharin. The distance constraints for the C alpha atoms in the protein backbone were utilized to generate a folded crude conformation of luffin-alpha by model building and the steepest descent minimization approach. The crude conformation was refined by molecular dynamics techniques and a simulated annealing procedure. The interaction between luffin-alpha and its analogous substrate GAGA was also simulated to understand its action mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Fong WP, Poon YT, Wong TM, Mock JW, Ng TB, Wong RN, Yao QZ, Yeung HW. A highly efficient procedure for purifying the ribosome-inactivating proteins alpha- and beta-momorcharins from Momordica charantia seeds, N-terminal sequence comparison and establishment of their N-glycosidase activity. Life Sci 1996; 59:901-9. [PMID: 8795701 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A new purification scheme, involving two successive ion exchange chromatographic steps on DEAE-cellulose and Mono-S FPLC, was developed for the isolation of the ribosome-inactivating proteins, alpha- and beta-momorcharins, from the Chinese herb Kuquazi (seeds of Momordica charantia). This simple and rapid procedure yielded 3.1 and 1.7 mg of alpha- and beta-momorcharins, respectively, from 2.5 g of decorticated seeds in only two days. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of beta-momorcharin was found to be DVNFDLSTATAKTYTKFIED. It differed from that of alpha-momorcharin (DVSFRLSGADPRSYGMFIKD) in 10 out of the 20 positions investigated. Like other ribosome-inactivating proteins, the purified momorcharins showed specific N-glycosidase activity at nanomolar concentrations, when rRNA from rabbit reticulocyte lysate was used as substrate. The N-glycosidase activity of both momorcharins was optimal at pH7, not inhibited by K+ and not appreciably affected by NH4+. The activity of alpha-momorcharin was not drastically altered by Mn2+ but (1-10mM) Mn2+ inhibited the activity of beta-momorcharin by about 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Fong
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
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12
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Bolognesi A, Tazzari PL, Legname G, Olivieri F, Modena D, Conte R, Stirpe F. Anti-CD30 immunotoxins with native and recombinant dianthin 30. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 40:109-14. [PMID: 7882380 PMCID: PMC11037669 DOI: 10.1007/bf01520292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/1994] [Accepted: 10/31/1994] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins were prepared with a Ber-H2 (anti-CD30) monoclonal antibody and native or recombinant dianthin 30, a ribosome-inactivating protein from Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation). Both immunotoxins selectively inhibited protein synthesis by CD30+ cell lines D430B (lymphoblastoid, infected with Epstein-Barr virus), L428 and L540 (both from Hodgkin's lymphoma). IC50 values (concentrations, as dianthin, causing 50% inhibition) ranged from 324 pM to 479 pM (immunotoxin with native dianthin 30) or from 45 pM to 182 pM (immunotoxin with recombinant dianthin 30). The effect of either immunotoxin on protein synthesis by the CD30+ cell line K562 (from a chronic myeloid leukaemia) was not different from that of free dianthin (IC50 higher than nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale dell'Università di Bologna, Italy
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13
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Porro G, Bonardi MA, Giovanetti E, Lento P, Modena D. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the ribosome inactivating proteins dianthin32 and momochin. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1994; 13:99-105. [PMID: 7519581 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1994.13.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Female BALB/c mice were immunized with either dianthin32 or momochin, type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) derived from Dianthus charyophyllus and Momordica cochinchinensis, respectively. Five anti-dianthin32 and 6 anti-momochin secreting hybridomas were obtained by somatic fusion of lymphocytes with myeloma cell line NS0. The monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced were highly specific, as demonstrated by cross-reactivity assays performed with taxonomically related and unrelated type 1 RIPs, and recognized different epitopes of the antigen. The affinity constant of anti-RIPs MAbs ranged between 10(8) M-1 and 10(10) M-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Porro
- ITALFARMACO S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Milano, Italy
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14
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Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1154:237-82. [PMID: 8280743 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(93)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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15
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Parente A, De Luca P, Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Abbondanza A, Sande MJ, Gigliano GS, Tazzari PL, Stirpe F. Purification and partial characterization of single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins from the seeds of Phytolacca dioica L. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1216:43-9. [PMID: 8218414 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90035-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) similar to those already known (Stirpe et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10, 405-412) were purified from the seeds of Phytolacca dioica. These proteins, called Phytolacca dioica RIPs (PD-S1, PD-S2 and PD-S3 RIPs), are glycoproteins, with M(r) approx. 30,000, inhibit protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes, and depurinate rat liver rRNA in an apparently identical manner as the A-chain of ricin and other RIPs (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912). Part of the purified rat liver ribosomes appeared resistant to the action of PD-S RIPs. The most abundant protein, PD-S2 RIP, gave a weak or nil cross-reaction with sera against various other RIPs, including a pokeweed antiviral protein from the roots of Phytolacca americana. PD-S2 RIP was linked to a monoclonal antibody (Ber-H2) against the CD30 human lymphocyte antigen and the resulting immunotoxin was selectively toxic to the CD30 + Hodgkin's lymphoma-derived L540 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parente
- Dipartimento di Chimica organica e biologica, Università di Napoli, Italy
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16
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Ortigao M, Better M. Momordin II, a ribosome inactivating protein from Momordica balsamina, is homologous to other plant proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:4662. [PMID: 1408771 PMCID: PMC334202 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.17.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Ortigao
- XOMA Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90404
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17
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Poccia F, Piselli P, Di Cesare S, Bach S, Colizzi V, Mattei M, Bolognesi A, Stirpe F. Recognition and killing of tumour cells expressing heat shock protein 65 kD with immunotoxins containing saporin. Br J Cancer 1992; 66:427-32. [PMID: 1520580 PMCID: PMC1977954 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1992.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) of the 65 kD family (groEL) has been observed by flow cytometry using murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) anti-HSP 65 kD (ML30) on the surface of B (Daudi) or T (H9) lymphoma cells, on a monocyte cell line (U937) and also on a primary culture of a human pancreatic carcinoma (HPC). Moreover, the MoAb ML30 was coupled to Saporin 6, a ribosome-inactivating protein recovered from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis, to kill HSP-expressing cells with a specific immunotoxin. An indirect method using first MoAb ML30 and then anti-mouse IgG1 immunotoxin was also performed. With this method a human serum positive for HSP65-antibodies was tested using anti-human IgG1 or IgM immunotoxins. All cell lines were inhibited when preincubated with the specific immunotoxin directed to HSP65 (ML30 SO6), although H9 cells were susceptible to immunotoxin only after thermal stress. Daudi and HPC cells were inhibited both after long-term culture and when freshly explanted from SCID mice. Proliferation of the U937 monocytic cell line, that constitutively expresses high levels of HSP65 on the surface (as determined by flow cytometry), was completely inhibited (100% inhibition) by the ML30 SO6. However, not all tumour cells constitutively express high levels of surface HSP65, as determined by cytometric analysis. For this reason it was not always possible to obtain complete inhibition of cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Poccia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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18
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Stirpe F, Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Soria M, Lappi DA. Ribosome–Inactivating Proteins from Plants: Present Status and Future Prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 10:405-12. [PMID: 1368484 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0492-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are N-glycosidases which cleave the N-glycosidic bond of adenine in a specific ribosomal RNA sequence. Most commonly RIPs are single-chain proteins (type 1 RIPs), but some (type 2 RIPs) possess a galactose-specific lectin domain that binds to cell surfaces. The latter RIPs are potent toxins, the best known of which is ricin. RIPs have antiviral and abortifacient activities, and, in a widespread application, can also be linked to antibodies or ligands to form immunotoxins or conjugates specifically toxic to a given type of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stirpe
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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19
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Carnicelli D, Brigotti M, Montanaro L, Sperti S. Differential requirement of ATP and extra-ribosomal proteins for ribosome inactivation by eight RNA N-glycosidases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 182:579-82. [PMID: 1734872 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91771-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The requirement of ATP and extra-ribosomal proteins for the inactivation of ribosomes by eight plant RNA N-glycosidases [ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs)] was investigated. Tritin, pokeweed antiviral protein and barley RIP depend, as gelonin [Sperti, S., Brigotti, M., Zamboni, M., Carnicelli, D. and Montanaro, L. (1991) Biochem. J., 277, 281-284], on the presence of ATP and extra-ribosomal proteins for full inactivation of ribosomes, while bryodin, lychnin, momordin, momorcochin and saporin inactivate isolated Artemia salina ribosomes suspended in buffer saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carnicelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale dell'Università di Bologna, Italy
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20
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Fong WP, Wong RN, Go TT, Yeung HW. Minireview: enzymatic properties of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and related toxins. Life Sci 1991; 49:1859-69. [PMID: 1745101 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(91)90286-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins that inhibit protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells. While the biological effects have been well characterized, the underlying enzymatic mechanisms have not been elucidated until recently. Two different mechanisms have been identified. Plant and bacterial RIPs act as N-glycosidases. They cleave a single N-glycosidic bond between adenine and ribose at a specific nucleotide A-4324 of the 28S rRNA of the 60S ribosomal subunit. On the other hand, the fungal RIPs act as ribonucleases and cleave a single phosphodiester bond between G-4325 and A-4326 of the same rRNA, just one nucleotide away from the site of action of plant/bacterial RIPs. Other protein synthesis inhibitory proteins act by their ADP-ribosyltransferase activity which modify and thus inactivate elongation factor-2. Recently, some toxins have been shown to possess deoxyribonuclease activity which may also account for their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Fong
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T
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21
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Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Blood clearance and organ distribution and tissue concentration of native, homopolymerized and IgG-conjugated ribosome-inactivating proteins. Xenobiotica 1990; 20:1331-41. [PMID: 2075751 DOI: 10.3109/00498259009046631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The blood clearance, organ distribution and tissue concentration of several native, homopolymerized, and IgG-conjugated 125I-labelled ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) were determined in mice. 2. Native RIPs were cleared rapidly from blood, with half-lives of 4-8 min, and were concentrated mainly in the kidneys. 3. After conjugation to IgG the three RIPs studied showed increased blood half-lives and decreased concentrations in the kidneys. 4. The two homopolymers studied had blood half-lives and kidney concentrations intermediate to those of free and conjugated RIPs. 5. These results indicate that after IgG-conjugation the increased half-lives of the RIPs studied were at least in part due to the larger molecular size of the conjugates and to their lower renal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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22
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Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Abbondanza A, Falasca AI, Carnicelli D, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Purification and properties of new ribosome-inactivating proteins with RNA N-glycosidase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1087:293-302. [PMID: 2248976 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(90)90002-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) similar to those already known (Stirpe & Barbieri (1986) FEBS Lett. 195, 1-8) were purified from the seeds of Asparagus officinalis (two proteins, asparin 1 and 2), of Citrullus colocynthis (two proteins, colocin 1 and 2), of Lychnis chalcedonica (lychnin) and of Manihot palmata (mapalmin), from the roots of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed antiviral protein from roots, PAP-R) and from the leaves of Bryonia dioica (bryodin-L). The two latter proteins can be considered as isoforms, respectively, of previously purified PAP, from the leaves of P. americana, and of bryodin-R, from the roots of B. dioica. All proteins have an Mr at approx, 30,000, and an alkaline isoelectric point. Bryodin-L, colocins, lychnin and mapalmin are glycoproteins. All RIPs inhibit protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes and alter rRNA in a similar manner as the A-chain of ricin and related toxins (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Universitá di Bologna, Italy
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23
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Battelli MG, Barbieri L, Stirpe F. Toxicity of, and histological lesions caused by, ribosome-inactivating proteins, their IgG-conjugates, and their homopolymers. APMIS 1990; 98:585-93. [PMID: 2397111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1990.tb04975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of, and the lesions brought about by, several ribosome-inactivating proteins (bryodin, gelonin, momordin, pokeweed antiviral protein from seeds, saporin 6, trichokirin and momorcochin-S), either native, or conjugated to bovine IgG, or polymerized, were studied in the mouse. Severe necrotic liver damage was the main lesion present in animals receiving lethal doses of the proteins. The toxicity of ribosome-inactivating proteins increased after conjugation to IgG or homopolymerization. The toxicity of conjugates to mouse was not predictable from the inhibitory activity on cell-free protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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24
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Cenini P, Carnicelli D, Stirpe F. Effect of plant ribosome-inactivating proteins on ribosomes from various metazoan species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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