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Gu W, Thitiphuree T, Otoki Y, Marquez EC, Kitano T, Itoh N, Nagasawa K, Osada M. Expression and functional analyses for estrogen receptor and estrogen related receptor of Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 231:106302. [PMID: 36990165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) were known as estrogen-activated transcription factors and function as major reproduction regulators in vertebrates. The presence of er genes had been reported in Molluscan cephalopods and gastropods. However, they were considered as constitutive activators with unknown biological functions since reporter assays for these ERs did not show a specific response to estrogens. In this study, we tried characterization of ER orthologues from the Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, in which estrogens had been proven to be produced in the gonads and involved in the spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis. Identified ER and estrogen related receptor (ERR) of Yesso scallops, designated as py-ER and py-ERR, conserved specific domain structures for a nuclear receptor. Their DNA binding domains showed high similarities to those of vertebrate ER orthologues, while ligand binding domains had low similarities with them. Both the py-er and py-err expression levels decreased in the ovary at the mature stage while py-vitellogenin expression increased in the ovary by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Also, the py-er and py-err showed higher expressions in the testis than ovary during the developing and mature period, suggesting both genes might function in the spermatogenesis and testis development. The py-ER showed binding affinities to vertebrate estradiol-17β (E2). However, the intensity was weaker than the vertebrate ER, indicating scallops might exist endogenous estrogens with a different structure. On the other hand, the binding property of py-ERR to E2 was not confirmed in this assay, speculating that py-ERR was a constitutive activator as other vertebrate ERRs. Further, the py-er was localized in the spermatogonia in the testis and in the auxiliary cells in the ovary by in situ hybridization, indicating its potential roles in promoting spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that py-ER was an authentic E2 receptor in the Yesso scallop and might have functions for the spermatogonia proliferation and vitellogenesis, while py-ERR was involved in the reproduction by undiscovered manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Gu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Tongchai Thitiphuree
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Emily C Marquez
- Pesticide Action Network of North America, 1611 Telegraph Ave, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Itoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazue Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Makoto Osada
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
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Zhu J, Li J, Chapman EC, Shi H, Ciocan CM, Chen K, Shi X, Zhou J, Sun P, Zheng Y, Rotchell JM. Gonadal Atresia, Estrogen-Responsive, and Apoptosis-Specific mRNA Expression in Marine Mussels from the East China Coast: A Preliminary Study. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 108:1111-1117. [PMID: 35075493 PMCID: PMC9188513 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary survey analysed mussel atresia incidences, estrogen-responsive and apoptotic-specific molecular end points, and aqueous and gonadal levels of selected estrogens from the East China coast. Estrogen levels were low (e.g. < LOD-28.36 ng/L, < LOD-3.88 ng/g wet weight of tissue for BPA) relative to worldwide freshwater environments, but high oocyte follicle atresia incidences (up to 26.6%) occurred at selected sites. Expression of estrogen-responsive ER2 was significantly increased in males relative to females at sites with high atresia incidences in females. A second estrogen-responsive gene, V9, was significantly increased at two sites in April in females relative to males; the opposite was true for the remaining two sites. Apoptosis-specific genes (Bcl-2, fas) showed elevated expression in males relative to females at the site with the highest atresia incidence. These results provide coastal estrogen levels and the utility of several estrogen-specific molecular-level markers for marine mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jiana Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, Hardy Building, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Emma C Chapman
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, Hardy Building, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Corina M Ciocan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - JunLiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Peiying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yueyao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jeanette M Rotchell
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, Hardy Building, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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Mincarelli LF, Rotchell JM, Chapman EC, Turner AP, Wollenberg Valero KC. Consequences of combined exposure to thermal stress and the plasticiser DEHP in Mytilus spp. differ by sex. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112624. [PMID: 34146859 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the combined effect of environmental factors and contaminants on commercially important marine species, and whether this effect differs by sex. In this study, blue mussels were exposed for seven days to both single and combined stressors (i.e., +3 °C elevated temperature and two environmentally relevant concentrations of the plastic softener DEHP, 0.5 and 50 μg/l) in a factorial design. Males were observed to be more sensitive to high temperature, demonstrated by the significant increase in out-of-season spawning gonads and higher gene expression of the antioxidant catalase and the estrogen receptor genes. On the other hand, while the gametogenesis cycle in females was more resilient than in males, DEHP exposure altered the estrogen-related receptor gene expression. We show that the combined stressors DEHP and increased temperature, in environmentally relevant magnitudes, have different consequences in male and female mussels, with the potential to impact the timing and breeding season success in Mytilus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanette M Rotchell
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Chapman
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P Turner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, NG8 1BB, United Kingdom
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Levy T, Sagi A. The "IAG-Switch"-A Key Controlling Element in Decapod Crustacean Sex Differentiation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:651. [PMID: 33013714 PMCID: PMC7511715 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgenic gland (AG)-a unique crustacean endocrine organ that secretes factors such as the insulin-like androgenic gland (IAG) hormone-is a key player in crustacean sex differentiation processes. IAG expression induces masculinization, while the absence of the AG or a deficiency in IAG expression results in feminization. Therefore, by virtue of its universal role as a master regulator of crustacean sexual development, the IAG hormone may be regarded as the sexual "IAG-switch." The switch functions within an endocrine axis governed by neuropeptides secreted from the eyestalks, and interacts downstream with specific insulin receptors at its target organs. In recent years, IAG hormones have been found-and sequenced-in dozens of decapod crustacean species, including crabs, prawns, crayfish and shrimps, bearing different types of reproductive strategies-from gonochorism, through hermaphroditism and intersexuality, to parthenogenesis. The IAG-switch has thus been the focus of efforts to manipulate sex developmental processes in crustaceans. Most sex manipulations were performed using AG ablation or knock-down of the IAG gene in males in order to sex reverse them into "neo-females," or using AG implantation/injecting AG extracts or cells into females to produce "neo-males." These manipulations have highlighted the striking crustacean sexual plasticity in different species and have permitted the manifestation of either maleness or femaleness without altering the genotype of the animals. Furthermore, these sex manipulations have not only facilitated fundamental studies of crustacean sexual mechanisms, but have also enabled the development of the first IAG-switch-based monosex population biotechnologies, primarily for aquaculture but also for pest control. Here, we review the crustacean IAG-switch, a unique crustacean endocrine mechanism, from the early discoveries of the AG and the IAG hormone to recent IAG-switch-based manipulations. Moreover, we discuss this unique early pancrustacean insulin-based sexual differentiation control mechanism in contrast to the extensively studied mechanisms in vertebrates, which are based on sex steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Levy
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Zapata-Restrepo LM, Hauton C, Williams ID, Jensen AC, Hudson MD. Effects of the interaction between temperature and steroid hormones on gametogenesis and sex ratio in the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 236:110523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Binder ARD, Pfaffl MW, Hiltwein F, Geist J, Beggel S. Does environmental stress affect cortisol biodistribution in freshwater mussels? CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz101. [PMID: 31832197 PMCID: PMC6899224 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As of today, regulation and physiological purpose of steroid hormones in invertebrates such as mussels are not completely understood. Many studies were able to show their presence, but their origin and genesis are not clear. Nevertheless, knowledge about changes in steroid hormone biodistribution in reaction to treatments could improve our understanding of their physiological functions in these species. Cortisol is a corticosteroid, which is frequently used as a stress biomarker in vertebrates, like fish or higher organisms. The aim of the study was to optimize cortisol extraction from various tissues of mussels, to develop a quantitative ELISA test system, and to study changes in biodistribution of cortisol in reaction to negative and positive stimulation treatments. As model organism, we used Anodonta anatina, a widespread freshwater mussel species native to Europe. We quantified cortisol concentrations in hepatopancreas, mantle, gills, gonads and the foot muscle. Tissue-specific reactions to environmental influences, simulated with the chemical stressors copper (II) chloride and sodium chloride, were assessed. During the 24-hours treatment, we additionally observed changes in cortisol regulation in response to feeding activity of the mussels. Besides, we found highly significant variations in the biodistribution of cortisol in different tissues, with a peak in the hepatopancreas. Whole body cortisol did not increase in the treated groups. However, balancing of all measured tissues showed redistribution of more than 10% of total body cortisol from the hepatopancreas to all other tissues during copper (II) chloride stressor treatment, but also when mussels ingested feed, compared to the non-fed control group. No redistribution was observed during sodium chloride treatment. We conclude that there can be a redistribution of cortisol in mussels, depending on external influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ronja D Binder
- Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Geist
- Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Mühlenweg 22, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beggel
- Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Mühlenweg 22, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
- Corresponding author: Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Mühlenweg 22, Freising-Weihenstephan, D-85354, Germany
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7
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Cohen A, Smith Y, Faggio C. A potential microRNA regulation of immune-related genes in invertebrate haemocytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:302-307. [PMID: 29190554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks have been employed as sentinel organisms in environmental health programs due to their sedentary lifestyle, filter-feeding behavior and their ability to accumulate pathogens or toxin molecules inside tissues. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can be up taken and bioaccumulated, and due to sensibility of mollusks to these EDCs, being able to cause immune alterations. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) were shown to be involved in modulation and buffering developmental processes against the effects of environmental alterations and pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, it is suggested that this miRNAs are incorporated into the estrogen-controlled immune network, regulating mechanism of immune gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, modulating immune responses as phagocytosis, redox reaction and apoptosis in bivalve haemocytes. Thus, miRNAs can be used as biomarkers that specifically elucidate immunotoxic effects caused by exogenous biotic or abiotic factors, and can act as useful tools in integrated monitoring environmental health programs. In this review, we aim to describe the investigations that have been carried out on miRNAs in bivalve mollusks, especially those associated with immune responses against infectious agents and xenobiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz, BCS 23096, Mexico
| | - Amit Cohen
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Smolarz K, Zabrzańska S, Konieczna L, Hallmann A. Changes in steroid profiles of the blue mussel Mytilus trossulus as a function of season, stage of gametogenesis, sex, tissue and mussel bed depth. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 259:231-239. [PMID: 29247680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes changes in the content of free steroid hormones e.g. testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E2), estrone (E1) and estriol (E3) of Mytilus trossulus from the southern Baltic Sea as a function of season, stage of gametogenesis, sex, tissue (gonadal and somatic) and depth. The highest levels of T, E2, E1 and E3 were found in mussels sampled in spring and summer while the lowest levels were found in winter. This pattern was stable and was seen in both sexes and tissues in mussels from both mussel beds. The spring and summer peaks in steroid levels (SL) coincided with advanced levels of gametogenesis (the highest gonadal index, GI) of our model species. But, the lowest GI (autumn) and the lowest steroids content (winter) did not overlap. Instead, water temperature increase was followed by increase of SL and vice versa. This suggests that steroids may not be actively involved in the early stages of gamete development and does not preclude them from potentially being involved as endogenous modulators in the final stages of reproduction (e.g. spawning). Hence, observed fluctuations in SL in our model species are unlikely to be caused by reproductive cycle but are rather of unknown nature, likely linked with environmental conditions. Sex-related differences in steroid content included estrogen domination in females and androgen domination in males. A trend towards higher level of steroids in gills than in gonads was found, supporting the hypothesis about an exogenous origin of steroids in bivalves. However, based on the present results, we cannot exclude the possibility that these steroids have both an endogenous and exogenous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Marine Ecosystem Functioning, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sandra Zabrzańska
- Department of Marine Ecosystem Functioning, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lucyna Konieczna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
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Schwarz TI, Katsiadaki I, Maskrey BH, Scott AP. Uptake and metabolism of water-borne progesterone by the mussel, Mytilus spp. (Mollusca). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:13-21. [PMID: 29107179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mussels can pick up 17β-estradiol [E2] and testosterone [T] from water, metabolize them and conjugate them to fatty acids (esterification), leading to their accumulation in tissue. A key requirement for the esterification process is that a steroid must have a 'reactive' hydroxyl group to conjugate to a fatty acid (which in T, and probably E2, is the β-hydroxyl group on carbon 17). Progesterone (P) lacks any hydroxyl groups and theoretically cannot be esterified and hence should not accumulate in mussels in the same way as E2 or T. However, it is already known that mussels have an enzyme that can achieve 5α-reduction of the A ring of T and P and that there is also another reductase that can transform the 3-oxo group of the 5α-reduced A ring of T into a hydroxyl group. We hypothesized that, although intact P cannot be directly esterified, it might nevertheless be transformed into metabolites that can. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the rate and capacity of uptake, metabolism and potential depuration of tritiated P by the common mussel, Mytilus spp. We found that tritiated P was taken up from water at a similar rate to E2 and T (mean clearance rate 49mL-1 animal-1h-1) and that, as found with the other steroids, the rate of uptake could not be saturated by the addition of non-radioactive steroid (even at 7.6μgL-1). We found that up to 66% of the radioactivity that was taken up was present in the ester fraction, suggesting that hydroxylation of the P must indeed have occurred. We then definitively identified two metabolites in the ester fraction: 5α-pregnane-3β,20β-diol and 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one. These same two steroids were also present in the free steroid fraction. Intact P was not detected in either of the fractions. When undergoing depuration (under semi-static conditions), the radioactivity in the ester fractions remained at the same concentration in the animals for at least 10 days. Our findings suggest that the lack of reactive hydroxyl groups on P does not preclude it from being taken up, metabolized and subsequently stored. Many questions remain, not least of which is why, when P seems to be so rapidly metabolized, two previous studies on mussels have reported concentrations of up to 30ngg-1 wet weight of P in their flesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar I Schwarz
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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11
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Schwarz TI, Katsiadaki I, Maskrey BH, Scott AP. Mussels (Mytilus spp.) display an ability for rapid and high capacity uptake of the vertebrate steroid, estradiol-17β from water. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:407-420. [PMID: 27568213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Six experiments were carried out to define the optimum conditions for investigating the dynamics of uptake and metabolism of tritiated E2 from water by adult blue mussels, Mytilus spp. Optimum uptake was achieved using 400mL aerated sea water animal-1 and an incubation period of no more than 24h. The pattern of disappearance conformed closest to an inverse hyperbolic curve with the percentage of radiolabel that could be measured in the water reaching an asymptote that was on average 50% of the original. This apparent inability of the animals to absorb all the radiolabel was investigated further. Solvent partition and chromatography revealed that, after 24h, c. 60% of the radiolabel still present in the water was composed of water soluble conjugates, c. 25% was composed of tritiated water and only 15% ran on and around the chromatographic position of E2. The major water soluble constituent was identified by chromatography and mass-spectrometry as 1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17β-diol 3-sulfate (estradiol 3-S). The clearance rate of radiolabel was 46.9±1.8mLanimal-1h-1. This was not significantly affected by the addition of as much as 25μgL-1 cold E2 to the water, demonstrating that mussels have a large capacity for E2 uptake. A new procedure involving solvent partition was developed for separating the free, esterified and sulfated forms of E2 present in the flesh of mussels. This involved extracting the soft tissue with organic solvents and then treating a portion of dried extract with a combination of heptane (dissolved fatty acid esters of E2) and 80% ethanol (dissolved free and sulfated E2). The latter fraction was further partitioned between water (sulfate) and diethyl ether (free steroid). This procedure was much cheaper and less time-consuming than chromatography. Approximately 80% of the radioactivity that was taken up by the animals was present in the form of ester. Moreover, E2 was the only steroid identified after saponification of these esters. Of the remaining radioactivity, c. 10% was in the form of unidentified free steroids and c. 10% was estradiol 3-S. In order to determine how rapidly mussels were able to depurate tritiated E2 and its metabolites, two experiments were carried out. Animals from the first experiment purged up to 63% of radioactivity in 20days under flow-through conditions; whereas animals from the second experiment released only 16% of radioactivity in 10days under semi-static conditions. The ratios of the different forms of E2 did not change substantially during the course of depuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar I Schwarz
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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Shikina S, Chung YJ, Chiu YL, Huang YJ, Lee YH, Chang CF. Molecular cloning and characterization of a steroidogenic enzyme, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 14, from the stony coral Euphyllia ancora (Cnidaria, Anthozoa). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 228:95-104. [PMID: 26868454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroids play a fundamental role not only in reproduction but also in various other biological processes in vertebrates. Although the presence of sex steroids has been confirmed in cnidarians (e.g., coral, sea anemone, jellyfish, and hydra), which are basal metazoans, only a few studies to date have characterized steroidogenesis-related genes in cnidarians. Based on a transcriptomic analysis of the stony coral Euphyllia ancora, we identified the steroidogenic enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 14 (17beta-hsd 14), an oxidative enzyme that catalyzes the NAD(+)-dependent inactivation of estrogen/androgen (estradiol to estrone and testosterone to androstenedione) in mammals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E. ancora 17beta-Hsd 14 (Ea17beta-Hsd 14) clusters with other animal 17beta-HSD 14s but not with other members of the 17beta-HSD family. Subsequent quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed a lack of correlation of Ea17beta-hsd 14 transcript levels with the coral's reproductive cycle. In addition, Ea17beta-hsd 14 transcript and protein were detected in all tissues examined, such as the tentacles, mesenterial filaments, and gonads, at similar levels in both sexes, as determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and Western blotting with an anti-Ea17beta-Hsd 14 antibody. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Ea17beta-Hsd 14 is mainly distributed in the endodermal regions of the polyps, but the protein was also observed in all tissues examined. These results suggest that Ea17beta-Hsd 14 is involved in important functions that commonly occur in endodermal cells or has multiple functions in different tissues. Our data provide information for comparison with advanced animals as well as insight into the evolution of steroidogenesis-related genes in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Shikina
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Environment and Ecology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jou Chung
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Chiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jie Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Horn Lee
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Tungkang, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.
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13
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Hallmann A, Smolarz K, Konieczna L, Zabrzańska S, Belka M, Bączek T. LC–MS measurment of free steroids in mussels ( Mytilus trossulus) from the southern Baltic Sea. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:311-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Sex-related differences in steroid concentrations in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis trossulus) from the southern Baltic Sea. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 183:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Nagasawa K, Treen N, Kondo R, Otoki Y, Itoh N, Rotchell JM, Osada M. Molecular characterization of an estrogen receptor and estrogen-related receptor and their autoregulatory capabilities in two Mytilus species. Gene 2015; 564:153-9. [PMID: 25862924 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate-like sex steroid hormones have been widely detected in mollusks, and numerous experiments have shown the importance of steroids in gonad development. Nevertheless, their signaling pathways in invertebrates have not been uncovered yet. Steroid receptors are an ancient class of transcription factors with multiple roles in not only vertebrates but also invertebrates. Estrogen signaling is thought to have major roles in mollusk physiology, but the full repertoire of estrogen receptors is unknown. We presented the successful cloning of two novel forms of estrogen receptor-like genes. These receptors are present in two closely related species of Mytilus: Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis, commonly known and widely distributed sentinel species. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of these receptors is an estrogen receptor (ER) and the other one is an estrogen-related receptor (ERR). Studies of expression analysis showed that both receptor mRNAs were localized in the oocytes and follicle cells in contact with developing oocytes in the ovary and Sertoli cells in the testis, and in the ciliated cells of the gill. In addition, we have evidence that one (ER) of these may have a capacity to autoregulate its own expression in the gonadal cells by estrogen (E2) and that this gene is responsive to estrogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Nicholas Treen
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan
| | - Reki Kondo
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Itoh
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Jeanette M Rotchell
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Rd, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Makoto Osada
- Laboratory of Aquacultural Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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16
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Liu S, Chen H, Xu XR, Liu SS, Sun KF, Zhao JL, Ying GG. Steroids in marine aquaculture farms surrounding Hailing Island, South China: occurrence, bioconcentration, and human dietary exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 502:400-407. [PMID: 25268569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, bioconcentration, and human dietary exposure via seafood consumption of 24 steroids were investigated by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) in six typical marine aquaculture farms surrounding Hailing Island, South China. Ten, 9, 10, 15 of 24 steroids were detected at concentrations ranging from <0.1 (testosterone) to 40 ng/L (prednisolone), from 0.1 (4-androstene-3,17-dione) to 2.4 ng/g (progesterone), from 0.3 ng/g (testosterone) to 21.4 ng/g (epi-androsterone), and from <0.1 (testosterone) to 560 ng/g (cortisol) (wet weight) in the water, sediment, feed and biota samples, respectively. Synthetic steroids (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, 17α-boldenone, 17β-boldenone, 17β-trenbolone, prednisolone, norgestrel) were detected in the feed samples, clearly demonstrating the illegal use of steroids in the feed. The field bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of steroids calculated in different aquatic organisms ranged from 93.8 to 4000. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of androgens, glucocorticoids, and progestagens via consumption of seafood (i.e., shrimps, crabs, mollusks, and fish) for different age groups were in the range of 33.4-134, 2061-8566, and 40.4-155 ng/d for children (2-5 years), youth (6-18 years), and adults (>18 years), respectively. Even though no significant risk from dietary exposure arises from individual steroid, elevated risk to humans can result from the occurrence of multiple steroids in the seafood raised in the aquaculture farms, especially for the sensitive populations, such as pregnant women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kai-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Liu X, Yang D, Ma X. Variations of estradiol-17β and testosterone levels correlated with gametogenesis in the gonad of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) during annual reproductive cycle. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To assess the potential roles of sex steroids in modulating reproductive processes in the Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri (Jones and Preston, 1904)), variations in estradiol-17β (E2) and testosterone (T) levels in gonads were examined monthly from January to December 2012 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean concentrations of E2 and T in gonads ranged from 75.07 to 666.24 pg/g and from 91.09 to 506.28 pg/g, respectively. Concentrations of E2 were significantly higher in ovaries than in testes, while T concentrations were higher in testes than in ovaries during gametogenesis. Concentrations of E2 in females and T in males increased with development and maturation of gonad, attained the highest value before spawning, and decreased rapidly after spawning. A positive correlation between E2 levels and oocyte diameters (r = 0.743, P < 0.05, n = 25) was observed, suggesting that E2 may play a role in oogenesis. These findings indicate that E2 and T, which are highly correlated with the reproductive cycle, may play an important role in sex determination, sex differentiation, gametogenesis, and spawning in C. farreri.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - L. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - X. Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - D. Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - X. Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Ronan JM, McHugh B. A sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens in seawater and marine biota, with a focus on proposed Water Framework Directive Environmental Quality Standards. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:738-46. [PMID: 23495020 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Trace levels of natural and synthetic steroid estrogens estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2) have been demonstrated to exert adverse effects in exposed organisms. E2 and EE2 have been proposed for inclusion in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) list of priority pollutants; however, the detection and accurate quantification of these compounds provide significant challenges, due to the low detection limits required. METHODS A sensitive method combining ultrasonication, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, with electrospray ionisation in negative mode (LC/ESI-MS/MS), capable of determining E1, E2 and EE2 at concentrations between 0.07 and 60 ng/L for seawater and between 0.4 and 200 ng/g wet weight in Mytilus spp. is reported. Recoveries at the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 95 to 102% and 88 to 100% for water and tissue, respectively. Salinity (12 to 35‰) and typical marine particulate matter loadings (between 10 and 100 mg/L) were not found to affect analyte recoveries. RESULTS The first detection of E1 by LC/MS/MS in Irish marine waters (Dublin Bay, at 0.76 ng/L) is reported. Steroids were not detected in Galway Bay, or in any mussel samples from Dublin, Galway and Clare. The level of E2 detected in the dissolved water phase was below the proposed WFD Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) in other surface waters. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is suitable for the detection of E1, E2 and EE2 at biologically relevant concentrations and, due to the specificity offered, is not subject to potential interferences from endogenous E1 and E2 which often complicate the interpretation of estrogenic biomarker assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Ronan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, 2, Ireland.
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19
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Scott AP. Do mollusks use vertebrate sex steroids as reproductive hormones? Part I: Critical appraisal of the evidence for the presence, biosynthesis and uptake of steroids. Steroids 2012; 77:1450-68. [PMID: 22960651 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The consensus view is that vertebrate-type steroids are present in mollusks and perform hormonal roles which are similar to those that they play in vertebrates. Although vertebrate steroids can be measured in molluscan tissues, a key question is 'Are they formed endogenously or they are picked up from their environment?'. The present review concludes that there is no convincing evidence for biosynthesis of vertebrate steroids by mollusks. Furthermore, the 'mollusk' genome does not contain the genes for key enzymes that are necessary to transform cholesterol in progressive steps into vertebrate-type steroids; nor does the mollusk genome contain genes for functioning classical nuclear steroid receptors. On the other hand, there is very strong evidence that mollusks are able to absorb vertebrate steroids from the environment; and are able to store some of them (by conjugating them to fatty acids) for weeks to months. It is notable that the three steroids that have been proposed as functional hormones in mollusks (i.e. progesterone, testosterone and 17β-estradiol) are the same as those of humans. Since humans (and indeed all vertebrates) continuously excrete steroids not just via urine and feces, but via their body surface (and, in fish, via the gills), it is impossible to rule out contamination as the sole reason for the presence of vertebrate steroids in mollusks (even in animals kept under supposedly 'clean laboratory conditions'). Essentially, the presence of vertebrate steroids in mollusks cannot be taken as reliable evidence of either endogenous biosynthesis or of an endocrine role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Scott
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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20
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Cubero-Leon E, Minier C, Rotchell JM, Hill EM. Metabolomic analysis of sex specific metabolites in gonads of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2012; 7:212-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Bachelot M, Li Z, Munaron D, Le Gall P, Casellas C, Fenet H, Gomez E. Organic UV filter concentrations in marine mussels from French coastal regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:273-279. [PMID: 22330425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of EHMC, OCT and OD-PABA, three common UV filter compounds, was investigated in marine mussels. Wild Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis were sampled in ten sites along the French Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts from June to November. In mussel tissues, 100% of the samples had quantifiable EHMC concentrations ranging from 3 to 256ngg(-1) dry weight, while 55% of the samples had detectable OCT concentrations ranging from under 2 to 7 112ngg(-1) dry weight. These concentrations significantly increased with the rising air temperature in summer, the recreational pressure and the geomorphological structure of the sampling sites (its lack of openness to the wide). This is the first study to report bioaccumulation of UV filters in marine mussels, thus highlighting the need for further monitoring and assessment.
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22
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Fernandes D, Navarro JC, Riva C, Bordonali S, Porte C. Does exposure to testosterone significantly alter endogenous metabolism in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2010; 100:313-20. [PMID: 20850876 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to different concentrations of testosterone (T: 20, 200 and 2000ng/L) in a semi-static water regime (1-day dosing intervals) for up to 5 days in an attempt to see whether endogenous steroid levels and steroid metabolism were altered by exogenous exposure to testosterone. Whole tissue levels of total testosterone (free+esterified) sharply increased in a concentration-dependent manner, from 2ng/g in controls to 290ng/g in organisms exposed to the highest concentration. In contrast, levels of free testosterone were only significantly elevated at the high-exposure group (5-fold increase with respect to controls). Increased activity of palmitoyl-CoA:testosterone acyltransferase (ATAT) was detected in organisms exposed to the highest concentration of testosterone, while those exposed to low and medium concentrations showed significant alterations in their polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles. The obtained results suggest that esterification of the excess of T with fatty acids might act as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain endogenous levels of free T stable. Interestingly, a decrease in CYP3A-like activity was detected in T-exposed mussels together with a significant decrease in the metabolism of the androgen precursor androstenedione to dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT). Overall, the work contributes to the better knowledge of androgen metabolism in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Fernandes
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Riva C, Porte C, Binelli A, Provini A. Evaluation of 4-nonylphenol in vivo exposure in Dreissena polymorpha: Bioaccumulation, steroid levels and oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 152:175-81. [PMID: 20388554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) represents the most critical metabolite of alkylphenols (APs) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs), non-ionic surfactants widely used in the formulation of domestic and industrial products. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo animal studies 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) is considered an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). The evidence to date indicates that mollusks are able to synthesize sex steroids from the precursor cholesterol and their endocrine pathways are theoretically susceptible to disruption. The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine modulating potency of 4-NP in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha by looking at endogenous steroid levels in control and exposed individuals. 4-NP bioaccumulation in mussels tissues and alterations in the activity of enzymes related both to oxidative stress (catalase - CAT- and glutathione peroxidase - GPX-) and phase II metabolism (glutathione-S-transferase - GST-) were also assessed. The results highlighted a build-up of 4-NP in exposed mussels and an overall decrease of 17-beta-estradiol and testosterone levels. On the other hand this chemical at the tested concentrations does not interfere with the antioxidant defense mechanisms in D. polymorpha. The mechanisms by which 4-NP alter steroids levels are unknown and require more in-depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Riva
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, via Celoria 33, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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24
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Saravanabhavan G, Helleur R, Hellou J. GC-MS/MS measurement of natural and synthetic estrogens in receiving waters and mussels close to a raw sewage ocean outfall. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:1156-1162. [PMID: 19435639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, there has been an increased concern over the appearance of human estrogens in marine ecosystem and their effects on the marine habitat. Discharge of raw sewage has been identified as one of the most important sources of human estrogens in the marine environment. Therefore, we have developed a gas chromatography-(ion-trap) mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method for the analysis of natural estrogens estrone (E1), and 17beta-estradiol (E2) and synthetic estrogens 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) in sewage effluents, seawater and mussels. Recovery of target analytes from mussels (n=3) was above 60% with RSD ranging from 8% to 13%. For aqueous samples (n=3) recoveries were above 80% with RSD ranging from 3% to 7%. Method detection limits for the target analytes ranged from 0.1ngg(-1) to 1.0ng/g for mussel sample analysis and from 0.5ngL(-1) to 1.2ngL(-1) for water sample analysis. The usefulness of the method was demonstrated by analyzing environmental samples from St. John's and Halifax, Canada, where raw sewage is directly discharged into the harbors. Estrone and 17 beta-estradiol were found at 1.5ngL(-1) and 1.8ngL(-1) in seawater samples collected from St. John's harbor, while trace amounts of estrone was measured in some mussels collected from Halifax harbor.
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25
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David A, Fenet H, Gomez E. Alkylphenols in marine environments: distribution monitoring strategies and detection considerations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2009; 58:953-60. [PMID: 19476957 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of alkylphenols (APs) in coastal and marine ecosystems is not as well-documented as it is in freshwater ecosystems. This paper reviews reported concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and APs in seawater, sediments and organisms of marine environments such as estuaries, coastal lagoons, bights, harbours or deep sea in order to study their distribution. Overall contamination of marine aquatic compartments by APs and APEOs has been observed, while coastal areas in the vicinity of wastewater discharges are more impacted than deep sea environments, but to a lesser extent than freshwater sites. Sediments act as sinks for APs and APEOs, especially around wastewater discharge sites. Reported AP concentrations in marine organisms are higher in bivalves and gastropods than in fishes. As nonylphenols and octylphenols are estrogenomimetic, biological responses induced in marine organisms are discussed. Finally, we describe the cell bioassay approach for the biodetection of APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur David
- UMR 5569 - Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier I, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, B.P. 14491-34093, Montpellier, France
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26
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Fukushima M, Funabiki I, Hashizume T, Osada K, Yoshida W, Ishida S. Detection and changes in levels of testosterone during spermatogenesis in the freshwater planarian Bdellocephala brunnea. Zoolog Sci 2008; 25:760-5. [PMID: 18828664 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.25.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It was reported recently that vertebrate-type steroids exist and control reproduction in several groups of invertebrates, including molluscs. Sexually reproductive freshwater planarians of the species Bdellocephala brunnea have a limited breeding season in their natural habitat. This phenomenon suggests that some endogenous reproductive hormones might play a role in vivo. However, to date, sex steroids such as androgen, estrogen, and progesterone have not been found in planarians. The goal of the present study was to determine whether androgen is present in sexual planarians such as B. brunnea. The presence of testosterone was detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography and, in sexually reproductive individuals in which no seminal vesicles were visible, the level of testosterone was about twice than that in individuals with visible seminal vesicles. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the levels of testosterone during terminal spermatogenesis were three times higher than during the spermatocyte-building phase. Our results indicate that sexually reproductive freshwater planarians such as B. brunnea might have vertebrate-type steroids and show variation in testosterone levels during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fukushima
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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27
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David A, Dagnino S, Pichot Y, Munaron D, Escande A, Casellas C, Fenet H, Gomez E. Temporal study of estrogenic responses of mussel (Mytilus galloprovinciallis) extracts applied to reporter cell lines. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 66:105-107. [PMID: 18377976 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In vitro bioassays would facilitate monitoring of estrogen-like compounds in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) since they tend to accumulate lipophilic compounds in their fat and muscle tissue. However, estradiol (E2) steroid (already identified in mussels) could induce false positive responses. This study focuses on temporal variability in estrogenic responses of mussel extracts and the possible relation of this response with E2 levels. The reproductive cycle and growth were thus monitored for six months in sexed mussels. E2 levels were similar between genders and these levels varied with reproductive stages. human estrogen receptor (hER) activities were similar at all stages except in February. E2 present in male and female extracts accounted for part of the hER activation observed, but no correlation was found between E2 levels and hER activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur David
- Hydrosciences, UMR 5559-Faculté de Pharmacie Avenue Charles Flahaut, F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, BP 14491, France
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28
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Ketata I, Denier X, Hamza-Chaffai A, Minier C. Endocrine-related reproductive effects in molluscs. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:261-70. [PMID: 18282745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Research on endocrine disruption has been a major topic of the past decade. Although most studies concentrated on vertebrate species, invertebrates are now gaining more attention. In particular, data on molluscs is increasing. One of the best-documented and more relevant examples of endocrine disruption is the imposex phenomenon affecting some gastropod species. But the increasing interest is also due to the fact that molluscs, especially bivalves, are good bioindicators used for decades in environmental studies and that progress have been made in the understanding of the physiology and endocrinology of some mollusc species. Recent results suggest that molluscs can be adversely affected by compounds that alter their reproduction and that vertebrate-type sex-steroids metabolism or mechanism of action could be involved in these effects. Nevertheless, the endocrine system of molluscs appears to be dissimilar in many aspects to those of vertebrates and sex-steroids might not have the same importance in all mollusc species. This diversity constitutes an important opportunity to examine and understand new and alternative mechanisms for endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ketata
- Ecotoxicologie Marine, UR 09-03, Université de Sfax, IPEIS, BP 805, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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29
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Wang C, Croll RP. Estrogen binding sites in the sea scallop: Characterization and possible involvement in reproductive regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:303-13. [PMID: 17681847 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have suggested that estrogen is involved in bivalve reproduction and have also hypothesized that its effects are mediated through binding sites on specific receptors. In this study, we provide initial characterization of the estrogen binding sites in the gonads of both female and male sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus). Saturation analyses indicated two binding sites in fractions which have classically been used to represent the cytosol and the nucleus. One binding site is characterized by high affinity and limited binding capacity while the other site is characterized by low affinity and high capacity. Competitive binding analyses demonstrated that these sites can bind natural and synthetic estrogens with high affinity but only bind testosterone and progesterone at high concentrations. Comparison of binding capacity in scallops at different sexual maturation stages suggested that these sites may be involved in reproductive regulation in sea scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunde Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4H7.
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30
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Peck MR, Labadie P, Minier C, Hill EM. Profiles of environmental and endogenous estrogens in the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:1-8. [PMID: 17582461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of freshwater environments by estrogenic compounds has led to concern over potential impacts on invertebrate species. The uptake of the environmental estrogen 17beta-estradiol (E2) by the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha and the nature of estrogenic substances in tissues of D. polymorpha mussels collected from four freshwater sites were investigated. Exposure of mussels to [(14)C]-E2 (7.5 ngl(-1), 13 days) revealed that the estrogen bioconcentrated 840+/-58 (males) and 580+/-77 (females) fold (mean+/-95% confidence limits) and was metabolised in tissues to a persistent lipophilic ester. Estrogenic activity, measured using a recombinant human estrogen receptor transcription screen (YES), was detected in tissue extracts of all mussels sampled from freshwater sites. At two reference sites the estrogenic activities of mussel tissues were <1ng E2 equivalents g(-1) wet weight tissue (ng EEQ g(-1) ww) which increased to 7.4-45.7ng EEQg(-1) ww for both free and esterified estrogens extracted from hydrolysed tissue extracts. In mussels collected from two contaminated river sites, estrogenic activity was 0.2-6.7ng EEQ g(-1) ww (free estrogens) and 25.6-316.2ng EEQ g(-1) ww for total estrogens. Fractionation of the tissue extracts revealed that E2 (as the ester) was the predominant estrogen detected in both sexes of D. polymorpha, however, the xenoestrogen nonylphenol (NP) was also detected in mussels sampled from contaminated rivers. The detection of endogenous esterified E2 and the potential for accumulation of exogenous E2 and NP in D. polymorpha tissues suggests that this bivalve could be susceptible to exposure to estrogenic contaminants in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Peck
- Centre for Environmental Research, JMS Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
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31
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Matsumoto T, Nakamura AM, Mori K, Akiyama I, Hirose H, Takahashi Y. Oyster estrogen receptor: cDNA cloning and immunolocalization. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2007; 151:195-201. [PMID: 17324427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, estrogen receptor (cgER) was cloned using degenerate PCR primers. The open reading frame predicted 485 amino acid residues. Comparisons of the amino acid sequence of cgER with other mollusk ERs show high similarities of the C domain (95-97%), and the E domain (56-66%). The amino acid sequence of the C domain of cgER shows 86 and 89% identity with the respective sequences of human ER-alpha and ER-beta. The amino acid sequence of the E domain of cgER shows 45% identity with those of human ER-alpha and ER-beta. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the cgER is an ortholog of the other mollusk ERs. In the C domain, the positions of cysteine residues and other residues around them that constitute the two zinc finger motifs and the P-box are conserved. The cgER mRNA was expressed in various tissues including the ovary. Reporter gene assay revealed that cgER is unresponsive to estrogen. This result is similar to those of other mollusk ERs. ER immunoreactivity was localized mainly in the nuclei of follicle cells, the site of vitellogenin synthesis, and in oocytes. This result suggests that cgER could work as a nuclear receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Matsumoto
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minami-ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan.
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32
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Köhler HR, Kloas W, Schirling M, Lutz I, Reye AL, Langen JS, Triebskorn R, Nagel R, Schönfelder G. Sex steroid receptor evolution and signalling in aquatic invertebrates. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:131-43. [PMID: 17219085 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-006-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrate reproductive endocrinology sex steroids play a pivotal role via binding to receptors. However, information on the origin and relevance of sex steroids in invertebrates is limited. This review highlights current literature on steroid receptors in aquatic invertebrates and reports on some new findings. It has been shown that invertebrates of the deuterostome clade, such as Acrania and Echinodermata, respond to estrogens and androgens and, at least in Branchiostoma, an estrogen receptor has been cloned. Within the protostomes, most findings are related to aquatic molluscs. Sex steroid receptor-like proteins are abundant in gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods and also sex hormone signalling shows partial similarity to the deuterostomes. In ecdysozoans, however, the impact of sex steroids is still a matter of debate even though there is evidence on the presence of estrogen receptor-like proteins in Crustacea and on physiological effects of estrogens in both Nematoda and Crustacea. Recent findings suggest the presence of an estrogen receptor alpha-like protein of unclear physiological role in Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea). Binding studies revealed the crustacean Hyalella azteca to possess specific binding sites only for androgens but not for estrogens suggesting a possible limitation to functional androgen receptors in this species. Further studies have to be conducted to shed more light into the discussion about the controversy about sex steroid receptors in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20, D-72072 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Janer G, Porte C. Sex steroids and potential mechanisms of non-genomic endocrine disruption in invertebrates. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 16:145-60. [PMID: 17219086 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-006-0110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The review reports on the presence and metabolism of sex steroids in several invertebrate species and provides detailed information on possible mechanisms of endocrine disruption other than the interaction with nuclear receptors. The presence of most vertebrate sex steroids in invertebrate tissues has been demonstrated by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In addition, enzymatic pathways involved in the steroidogenic pathway have been described in at least some invertebrate phyla. Some endocrine disruptors induce alterations in these metabolic pathways and might lead to changes in steroid levels. Growing evidence suggests that estradiol can act through non-genomic pathways in molluscs, and that xenobiotics can as well interfere in these signalling cascades. In spite of these recent advances, most question marks on the action and function of sex steroids in invertebrates remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Janer
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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34
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Abstract
Steroid molecules are present in all invertebrates, and some of them have established hormonal roles: this is the case for ecdysteroids in arthropods and, to a lesser extent, for vertebrate-type steroids in molluscs. Steroids are not only hormones, they may also fulfill many other functions in chemical communication, chemical defense or even digestive physiology. The increasing occurrence of endocrine disruption problems caused by environmental pollutants, which interfere in particular with reproductive physiology of vertebrates but also of invertebrates has made necessary to better understand the endocrine physiology of the latter and the role of steroids in these processes. So many attempts are being made to better understand the endocrine roles of steroids in arthropods and molluscs, and to establish whether they also fulfill similar functions in other invertebrate phyla. At the moment, both the precise identification of these steroids, the determination of their origin (endogenous versus exogenous) and of their mechanism of action are under active investigation. This research takes profit of the development of genome sequencing programs on many invertebrate species, which allow the identification of receptors and/or biosynthetic enzymes, when related to their vertebrate counterparts, but the story is not so simple, as will be exemplified by estrogen receptors of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lafont
- Biochimie Structurale et Fonctionnelle des Protéines, CNRS FRE 2852, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case Courrier no. 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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35
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Mouneyrac C, Pellerin J, Moukrim A, Ait Alla A, Durou C, Viault N. In situ relationship between energy reserves and steroid hormone levels in Nereis diversicolor (O.F. Müller) from clean and contaminated sites. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2006; 65:181-7. [PMID: 16157376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate, in situ, the temporal effects of urban effluent discharge on energy reserves and steroid hormone levels in the intrasedimentary worm Nereis diversicolor. Results have shown no differences in energy reserves (glycogen, lipids) in organisms originating from a contaminated site (Oued Souss) and a comparatively clean site (Oualidia). Both sites are located on the Moroccan Atlantic coast. In contrast, steroid hormone (progesterone, testosterone, and 17beta-estradiol) levels were significantly decreased in animals from Oued Souss. The differences in the responses suggest that organisms from the polluted site have been exposed to endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mouneyrac
- Institut de Biologie et d'Ecologie Appliquée, CEREA, Université Catholique de l'Ouest, 44 rue Rabelais, 49008 Angers Cedex 01, France.
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Kajiwara M, Kuraku S, Kurokawa T, Kato K, Toda S, Hirose H, Takahashi S, Shibata Y, Iguchi T, Matsumoto T, Miyata T, Miura T, Takahashi Y. Tissue preferential expression of estrogen receptor gene in the marine snail, Thais clavigera. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 148:315-26. [PMID: 16782100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones have been widely detected in molluscs, and experiments have shown the importance of sex steroids in sex determination, gonadal tissue maturation and gametogenesis. Nevertheless, the signaling pathways of sex steroids in invertebrates have not yet been elucidated. In order to gain insights into the mechanism of sex steroid signaling in molluscs, we have, therefore, tried to isolate molluscan estrogen receptors from the prosobranch mollusc Thais clavigera. Cerebral ganglia of T. clavigera (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobranchia) were subjected to RNA extraction, and degenerate primers for amino acid sequences conserved in vertebrate estrogen receptors were designed. PCR amplification using cerebral RNA and degenerate primers followed by 5'- and 3'-RACE identified the cDNA encoding T. clavigera estrogen receptor 1 (tcER1). The deduced amino acid sequence showed 93% identity in the DNA-binding domain and 72% identity in the ligand binding domain when compared to Aplysia estrogen receptor. Reporter gene assay revealed that tcER1 is constitutively active and unresponsive to estrogen. Quantitative analysis of the tcER1 mRNA level demonstrated the preferential expression in the ovary. Furthermore, cerebral ganglia expressed tcER1 at a high level in the spring followed by subsequent enlargement of the ovary in later seasons. These results suggest importance of tcER1 in the seasonal development of reproductive organs in T. clavigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kajiwara
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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37
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Canesi L, Ciacci C, Lorusso LC, Betti M, Guarnieri T, Tavolari S, Gallo G. Immunomodulation by 17β-estradiol in bivalve hemocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R664-73. [PMID: 16601263 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00139.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, estrogens have dose- and cell-type-specific effects on immune cells and may act as pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli, depending on the setting. In the bivalve mollusc Mytilus, the natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) has been shown to affect neuroimmune functions. We have investigated the immunomodulatory role of E2 in Mytilus hemocytes, the cells responsible for the innate immune response. E2 at 5–25 nM rapidly stimulated phagocytosis and oxyradical production in vitro; higher concentrations of E2 inhibited phagocytosis. E2-induced oxidative burst was prevented by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine and superoxide dismutase, indicating involvement of NO and O2−; NO production was confirmed by nitrite accumulation. The effects of E2 were prevented by the antiestrogen tamoxifen and by specific kinase inhibitors, indicating a receptor-mediated mechanism and involvement of p38 MAPK and PKC. E2 induced rapid and transient increases in the phosphorylation state of PKC, as well as of a aCREB-like (cAMP responsive element binding protein) transcription factor, as indicated by Western blot analysis with specific anti-phospho-antibodies. Localization of estrogen receptor-α- and -β-like proteins in hemocytes was investigated by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The effects of E2 on immune function were also investigated in vivo at 6 and 24 h in hemocytes of E2-injected mussels. E2 significantly affected hemocyte lysosomal membrane stability, phagocytosis, and extracellular release of hydrolytic enzymes: lower concentrations of E2 resulted in immunostimulation, and higher concentrations were inhibitory. Our data indicate that the physiological role of E2 in immunomodulation is conserved from invertebrates to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Istituto di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università Carlo Bo di Urbino, Italy.
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38
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Budzinski H, Devier MH, Labadie P, Togola A. Analysis of hormonal steroids in fish plasma and bile by coupling solid-phase extraction to GC/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1429-39. [PMID: 16906384 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of twelve endogenous steroids (testosterone, androstenedione, 17beta-estradiol, estrone, pregnenolone, progesterone, dihydroandrostenedione, dihydrotestosterone, 11alpha-ketotestosterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one) in plasma and bile samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed. After enzymatic hydrolysis for bile samples only, samples were concentrated and purified using two successive SPE (C(18) and NH(2)) cartridges. Analytes were derivatized with a mixture of N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) / mercaptoethanol / ammonium iodide (NH(4)I) and determined by GC-MS in selective ion monitoring mode. For most of the steroids monitored, recoveries were in the range 90-120% in plasma and in the range 60-70% in bile, and the reproducibility was below 10% for the complete procedure. Limits of detection obtained ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 ng/g in fish plasma and from 1.6 to 14 ng/g in fish bile. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of plasma steroids in flounders (Platichthys flesus) collected from two French estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Budzinski
- Laboratoire de Physico- et Toxico-Chimie (LPTC), UMR 5472 CNRS, Université Bordeaux I, 351 cours de la libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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39
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Twan WH, Hwang JS, Lee YH, Wu HF, Tung YH, Chang CF. Hormones and reproduction in scleractinian corals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 144:247-53. [PMID: 16488637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most broadcast spawning scleractinian corals synchronously release gametes during a brief annual spawning period. In southern Taiwan, the mass spawning of scleractinians occurs in lunar mid-March. The exact cues triggering this annual phenomenon remain unclear. A scleractinian coral, Euphyllia ancora has been selected as a model for the hormones and reproduction studies. Testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in free and glucuronided forms were identified and consistently detected in coral polyps throughout the year. Peak levels of free E2, glucuronided E2 and T were obtained in the coral tissue just prior to spawning. The presence of specific aromatase activity was demonstrated in coral tissue. Higher concentrations of free E2 than glucuronided E2 were detected in the coral tissue throughout the year. In contrast, higher levels of glucuronided E2 than free E2 and glucuronided T were found in seawater during mass coral spawning. Furthermore, immunoreactivity and biological activity of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (irGnRH) was detected and quantified in coral tissue. Coral extracts (irGnRH) and mammalian (m)GnRH agonist had a similar dose-dependent effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) release in black porgy fish pituitary cells (in vitro). Peak levels of irGnRH were detected during the spawning period. In in vivo experiments, mGnRH agonist time- and dose-dependently stimulated aromatase activity, as well as the levels of T and E2 in free and glucuronided forms in coral. In conclusion, our data suggest that irGnRH and glucuronided E2 may play important roles in the control of reproduction and mass spawning in corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Twan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
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40
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Jiménez P, Valdez RA, Romano MC. Metabolism of steroid hormones by Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 99:203-8. [PMID: 16644209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous in vitro experiments showed that both, Taenia crassiceps and Taenia solium cysticerci have the ability to metabolize exogenous androstenedione to testosterone. Here we evaluate on the capacity of both cysticerci to synthesize several sex steroid hormones, using different hormonal precursors. Experiments using thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed that both cysticerci were able to produce (3)H-hydroxyprogesterone, (3)H-androstenedione and (3)H-testosterone when (3)H-progesterone was used as the precursor. They also synthesized (3)H-androstenediol and (3)H-testosterone when (3)H-dehydroepiandrosterone was the precursor. In addition, both cysticerci interconverted (3)H-estradiol and (3)H-estrone. These results, strongly suggest the presence and activity of the Delta4 and Delta5 steroid pathway enzymes, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta(5-4) isomerase-like enzyme (3beta-HSD), that converts androstenediol into testosterone; and the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that interconverts estradiol and estrone, in both types of cysticerci.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-UAT, Apdo. Postal 62, 90000 Tlaxcala, Tlax., México
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41
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Janer G, Bachmann J, Oehlmann J, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Porte C. The effect of organotin compounds on gender specific androstenedione metabolism in the freshwater ramshorn snail Marisa cornuarietis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 99:147-56. [PMID: 16621518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, we demonstrated that androstenedione was mainly converted to testosterone (T) and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by digestive gland/gonad complex microsomal fractions isolated from male Marisa cornuarietis, whereas it was primarily metabolized to 5alpha-dihydroandrostenedione (DHA) by females. In the present work, the sexual dimorphic metabolism of androstenedione was further investigated, and attributed to a higher 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in males than in females. Thereafter, the hypothesis was tested that the metabolism of androstenedione might be affected by exposure to tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT), which are known to induce the development of imposex in several gastropod species. The in vitro metabolism of androstenedione, particularly the formation of DHA and DHT, was inhibited by both compounds. However, in vivo experiments showed no significant alteration in the metabolism of androstenedione in males, but a marginal (TBT) and a significant (TPT) inhibition of the formation of DHA in females exposed for 150 days to concentrations that had significantly induced the development of imposex. The ratio DHT+T/DHA, a possible indicator of metabolic androgenization, tended to increase (0.43 versus 0.35, p=0.06) in TPT exposed females. However, this ratio never reached values comparable to those found in males (11+/-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Janer
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Gauthier-Clerc S, Pellerin J, Amiard JC. Estradiol-17beta and testosterone concentrations in male and female Mya arenaria (Mollusca bivalvia) during the reproductive cycle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 145:133-9. [PMID: 16197945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation of the reproductive cycle as well as vitellin-like protein synthesis have already been reported in Mya arenaria sampled in contaminated areas of the St. Lawrence maritime estuary (Québec, Canada). To assess the potential role of endocrine disruptors in modulating the reproductive cycle in clams, the role of sex steroids has to be clarified. We determined the levels of estradiol-17beta and testosterone during the reproductive cycle in female and male M. arenaria. Both steroids were measured by ELISA in the gonads and no differences in steroid profiles appeared between sexes. Estrogen levels varied between 150 and 400 pg g(-1) wet weight over gametogenesis and were near 10 times higher than testosterone levels. Results showed transient increases of both steroids at the onset of vitellogenesis in females and during the spawning stage in both sexes. These findings indicate that these hormones could have a role as endogenous modulators of gametogenesis. Further studies are, however, needed to describe the pathway of steroid synthesis in clam gonad and elucidate steroid involvement in controlling gametogenesis and as well as their relationship with neurohormones since these latter are required to promote sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gauthier-Clerc
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Que., Canada G5L 3A1
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43
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Janer G, LeBlanc GA, Porte C. A comparative study on androgen metabolism in three invertebrate species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 143:211-21. [PMID: 15922341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A comparative approach was taken in this study to evaluate androgen (androstenedione and testosterone) metabolism in three invertebrate species: the gastropod Marisa cornuarietis, the amphipod Hyalella azteca, and the echinoderm Paracentrotus lividus. The existence of 17beta/3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 5alpha-reductase catalyzed reactions was demonstrated in all three species. Androstenedione was primarily converted to 5alpha-androstanedione in M. cornuarietis, while it was primarily metabolized to testosterone in P. lividus and H. azteca. In addition, and consistent with vertebrate findings, tissue specific pathways and sexual dimorphism in androgen metabolism were observed. Namely, testosterone was metabolized to dihydrotestosterone in P. lividus gonads (via 5alpha-reductase), and metabolized to 4-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol in the digestive tube (via 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). Furthermore, the synthesis of 17beta-reduced metabolites of androstenedione (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) was 3- to 4-fold higher in males of M. cornuarietis than in females. Organotin compounds, which have been shown to interfere with some aspects of androgen metabolism, had no major effect on testosterone metabolism in any of the three species. Fenarimol enhanced 5alpha-reductase-mediated catalysis in gonads of P. lividus. Overall, results demonstrate the ubiquity of some androgen biotransformation processes in invertebrates and reveals interphyla differences in androgen metabolic pathways, and different sensitivity of these pathways to some xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Janer
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IIQAB-CSIC-C/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Osada M, Tawarayama H, Mori K. Estrogen synthesis in relation to gonadal development of Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis: gonadal profile and immunolocalization of P450 aromatase and estrogen. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 139:123-8. [PMID: 15364295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 07/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aromatase activities and estrogen contents in the gonad of Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, were determined during gonadal development and estrogenic cells in the testis were identified immunohistochemically. Ovaries and testes developed rapidly during January and February to reach the mature stage in March and the spawning stage in April. Increases in aromatase activities of the ovary and testis preceded the onset of the ovarian and testicular development. Aromatase activities reached the highest level at the growing stage in February and the mature stage in March, and showed a striking decrease at the spawning stage in April. Contents of ovarian and testicular estradiol-17beta changed similarly to the profile of aromatase activities in the ovary and testis, although estrone showed no change. Immunoreactivities against P450 aromatase and estradiol-17beta were detected in the cells along the inside of the acinar wall of the testis, whereas in the previous reports, the cells are distributed along the outside of the acinar wall in the ovary. This study thus suggests that estrogen is synthesized in the estrogenic cells of the ovary and testis through aromatization by P450 aromatase and that testicular estrogen may play a physiological role in spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Osada
- Laboratory of Integrative Aquatic Biology, Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Onagawa, Oshika 986-2242, Japan.
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Santos MM, Castro LFC, Vieira MN, Micael J, Morabito R, Massanisso P, Reis-Henriques MA. New insights into the mechanism of imposex induction in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 141:101-9. [PMID: 15964245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to clarify the mechanism(s) of tributyltin-mediated imposex induction in females of the neogastropod Nucella lapillus, dogwhelks collected in an almost imposex free population were exposed to several treatments for a 3 month-period, and the effects on imposex induction and testosterone/estradiol levels were evaluated. As a positive control, tributyltin (50 ng TBT Sn/L) clearly induced imposex and led to a significant increase in the severity of the phenomenon. In contrast, although a selective P450 aromatase inhibitor (formestane at 0.3 mg/L) was capable of imposex induction, it failed to increase its severity. A vertebrate androgen receptor (AR) antagonist (cyproterone acetate at 1.25 mg/L) in combination with TBT completely blocked the imposex induction capacity of TBT. On the other hand, an estrogen receptor antagonist (tamoxifen at 0.3 mg/L) rendered no effect. The determination of steroid levels in female specimens revealed that TBT induces an elevation of free testosterone (but not the total amount, free+esterified), while the co-administration of the anti-androgen and TBT was able to rescue the increase of free testosterone levels. Despite a minor decrease in the amount of testosterone-fatty acid esters in the TBT group, significant differences in esterified testosterone were not found among treatments. On the contrary, free estradiol levels were elevated in the TBT, anti-androgens and TBT plus anti-androgens groups. These results indicate that free estradiol biosynthesis in TBT-exposed females does not seem to be affected. Overall, our results demonstrate that a selective aromatase inhibitor can induce imposex in N. lapillus but not to a similar extent of TBT, which may suggest the involvement of other mechanism in imposex induction, besides aromatase inhibition. Additionally, the study points to the involvement of AR receptors in imposex induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Santos
- Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Canesi L, Ciacci C, Betti M, Lorusso LC, Marchi B, Burattini S, Falcieri E, Gallo G. Rapid effects of 17beta-estradiol on cell signaling and function of Mytilus hemocytes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 136:58-71. [PMID: 14980797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens affect the functioning of several non-reproductive tissues, the immune system in particular. In mammalian immunocytes, 17beta-estradiol (E2) has both dose- and cell-type specific effects and the responses to E2 seem to be mediated by rapid, non-genomic mechanisms; these may be initiated at either membrane or cytosolic locations, and can result in both direct local effects, such as modification of ion fluxes, and regulation of gene transcription secondary to activation of different kinase cascades, including mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In this work, the short-term effects of E(2) and the possible mechanisms of estrogen-mediated cell signaling were investigated in the hemocytes, the immune cells of the bivalve mollusc, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam. The results show that E2 (25nM) caused a rapid and significant increase in hemocyte cytosolic [Ca2+]; lower concentrations (5 nM) showed a smaller, not significant effect. Both E2 concentrations affected the phosphorylation state of the components of tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction MAPK- and STAT- (signal transducers and activators of transcription) like proteins within 5-15 min from E2 addition. A greater effect and clearer time course were observed with 25 nM E2: in particular, E2 induced a transient increase in p-ERK2 MAPK and a persistent increase in p-p38 MAPK. Moreover, both STAT3 and STAT5 were tyrosine phosphorylated in response to E2. E2 (5 nM) induced both morphological (as evaluated by SEM) and functional changes (such as extracellular release of hydrolytic enzymes, lysosomal membrane destabilisation, and stimulation of the bactericidal activity) within 10-30 min from addition. Lysosomal membrane destabilisation induced by both E2 concentrations was abolished by hemocyte preincubation with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, and significantly reduced by PD98059 and Wortmannin (inhibitors of ERK MAPK and PI3-K, respectively), this suggesting that rapid activation of kinase cascades is involved in mediating the effects of E2 in mussel hemocytes. The antiestrogen Tamoxifen prevented or strongly reduced most, but not all, the effects of E2. Western blotting with heterologous anti-ERalpha-anti-ERbeta-antibodies revealed the presence of immunoreactive ERalpha- and ERbeta-like proteins in hemocyte protein extracts. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that the rapid effects and mechanisms of action of 17beta-estradiol are extremely conserved and that they may play a crucial role in endocrine-immune interactions in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Istituto di Scienze Fisiologiche, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, Loc. Crocicchia, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
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Quinn B, Gagné F, Costello M, McKenzie C, Wilson J, Mothersill C. The endocrine disrupting effect of municipal effluent on the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 66:279-292. [PMID: 15129770 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Municipal effluents have been shown to contain a cocktail of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The estrogenic effect of these effluents has been demonstrated on both vertebrate and invertebrate species by the feminisation of the exposed males. This effect was investigated on the freshwater zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) after exposure to tertiary treated effluent from a municipal sewage treatment works (STW). Mussels were exposed to the effluent in situ for 112 days during gametogenesis (December to mid-March). Levels of vitellin (Vn)-like proteins (the major protein found in oocytes) were measured indirectly using the alkali-labile phosphate (ALP) technique and confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in Vn-like proteins were found in both male and female mussels after exposure to the effluent, indicating that endocrine disruption (ED) had occurred. Using High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) levels of the mussels main steroid, cholesterol were found to more than double after effluent exposure. General physiological (survival, condition, etc.) and histological effects were also investigated. Histological effects observed included a large increase in interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules of the gonad in male mussels exposed to effluent. Effluent samples were tested for estrogenic compounds using the toxicity identification and evaluation method (TIE). A complex mixture of compounds with estrogenic activity was found with 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethynlestradiol and bisphenol A accounting for the majority of the effluents estrogenic activity. Results indicate that the zebra mussel is a suitable bioindicator of endocrine disruption in freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Quinn
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin St., Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Pazos AJ, Mathieu M. Effects of five natural gonadotropin-releasing hormones on cell suspensions of marine bivalve gonad: stimulation of gonial DNA synthesis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1999; 113:112-20. [PMID: 9882550 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.1998.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) constitute a family of neuropeptides which are important regulators of reproduction in vertebrates. The effect of mammalian GnRH (mGnRH), salmon GnRH, chicken GnRH-I, chicken GnRH-II, and lamprey GnRH-I on [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of dissociated gonadal cells of marine bivalves has been studied. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine is linear between 1.5 and 8 h of incubation. All five GnRHs significantly increased DNA synthesis in gonial cells of Crassostrea gigas. The maximal activation was about of 135-140% above control. The activation is dose dependent, over the range 10(-11) to 10(-6) M, but is modulated by the physiological condition of the cells and the stage of sexual maturity of the gonad. mGnRH has also a mitogenic effect in dissociated mantle cells of Mytilus edulis. The effect of mGnRH is blocked by a GnRH antagonist ([D-pGlu1,D-Phe2, D-Trp3,6]GnRH, 5 x 10(-6)M) in C. gigas as well as in M. edulis, suggesting that the GnRH action in the gonad is mediated by specific receptors for GnRH or GnRH-like peptides. The existence of GnRH-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the cerebral and pedal ganglia of M. edulis was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. They are located principally in the anterior internal area of the cerebral ganglia, close to the cerebral commissure and in the posterior part of the pedal ganglia. The presence of GnRH-responsive cells and GnRH-like immunoreactive material suggests that peptides of the GnRH-like family are present and functional in bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pazos
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologies Marines, Université de Caen, URM 14, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, 14032, France
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