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Shinde D, Ganesh CB. Chronic exposure to aquacultural stressors affects pituitary-testis axis in the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:437-448. [PMID: 35201519 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction in fish is modulated by several factors that include environmental and endocrine components. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of aquacultural stressors along the pituitary-testis axis in a continuously breeding cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus. The fish (35.05 ± 2.20 g) were divided into three groups (n = 10 in each group, n = 5 in each replicate), namely initial controls (euthanized on the day of initiation of experiment), time-matched controls (kept undisturbed), and stressed fish, which were subjected to different kinds of randomized aquacultural stressors such as handling, chasing, frequent netting, and low water levels, daily for a period of 21 days. Although the gonadosomatic index and the mean numbers of spermatogonia-A and spermatogonia-B did not differ significantly among different experimental groups, significant decrease was observed in the mean numbers of primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, early spermatids, and late spermatids in fish exposed to stressors compared to those of initial controls and time-matched controls. While the diameter of the seminiferous lobule was significantly lower, the size of the lumen and the serum levels of cortisol were significantly increased in stressed fish compared with initial controls and time-matched controls. Furthermore, weak androgen receptor immunoreactivity was observed in the Sertoli cells of the testis in contrast to the strongly immunoreactive androgen receptors in initial controls and time-matched controls. Concomitant with this, there was a significant decrease in the percent area and the intensity of luteinizing hormone (LH) immunoreactive content in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) region of the pituitary gland in stressed fish compared with initial controls and time-matched controls. Overall, these results suggest that exposure to chronic aquacultural stressors causes suppression of LH synthesis in the pituitary gland concomitant with decreased androgen receptor expression and blockade of recruitment of germline cells at the meiosis stage. This inhibition appears to be mediated through the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis in the tilapia O. mossambicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Shinde
- Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India
| | - C B Ganesh
- Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, India.
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2
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Aslam MW, Wajid M, Waheed A, Ahmad S, Jafar K, Akmal H, Khan T, Maqsud MS, Khan MS. Revision of some mensural measurements, food preference, and haematological parameters in breeding pairs of blue rock pigeon, Columba livia sampled from punjab Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e252059. [PMID: 34669810 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.252059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the haematological profile, feeding preference, and comparison of morphometric characters of blue rock pigeon (Columba livia) breeding pairs. For this purpose, 25 pairs (25 samples per sex) were sampled through Mist nets from district Okara and Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. Birds were then anaesthetized with a combination of ketamine HCL (10 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2 mg/kg) and subjected to morphometric measurements. 5µL blood also was taken from the jugular vein of each anaesthetized bird for haematological analysis. Few pairs were also dissected to remove gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) for food preferences. Results revealed that there are no significant differences in the haematological parameters and feeding preference of breeding pairs of Columba livia. The gut analysis further revealed, the major portion of gut contents consisted of pea and corn in most of the pairs. Regarding the mensural measurements, significant differences were recorded in the body weight, length of the longest primary feather, and chest circumference, whereas the rest of the studied parameters remain nonsignificant between sexes. So, it is concluded that apart from 3 morphometric parameters (body weight, length of longest primary feather and chest circumference), both sexes are alike in term of morphometry, haematology and food preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Aslam
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - M Wajid
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - A Waheed
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - S Ahmad
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - K Jafar
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - H Akmal
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - T Khan
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - M S Maqsud
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
| | - M S Khan
- University of Okara, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Zoology, Okara, Pakistan
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Griffith DR, Kido Soule MC, Eglinton TI, Kujawinski EB, Gschwend PM. Steroidal estrogen sources in a sewage-impacted coastal ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:981-991. [PMID: 27465804 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are known to be potent endocrine disrupting chemicals that are commonly found in wastewater effluents at ng L(-1) levels. Yet, we know very little about the distribution and fate of estrogens in coastal oceans that receive wastewater inputs. This study measured a wide range of steroidal estrogens in sewage-impacted seawater using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) together with the method of standard addition. In Massachusetts Bay, we find conjugated, free, and halogenated estrogens at concentrations that are consistent with dilution at sites close to the sewage source. At a site 6 miles down current of the sewage source, we observe estrone (E1) concentrations (520 ± 180 pg L(-1)) that are nearly double the nearfield concentrations (320 ± 60 pg L(-1)) despite 9-fold dilution of carbamazepine, which was used as a conservative sewage tracer. Our results suggest that background E1 concentrations in Massachusetts Bay (∼270 ± 50 pg L(-1)) are derived largely from sources unrelated to wastewater effluent such as marine vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Philip M Gschwend
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
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Turcu AF, Nanba AT, Chomic R, Upadhyay SK, Giordano TJ, Shields JJ, Merke DP, Rainey WE, Auchus RJ. Adrenal-derived 11-oxygenated 19-carbon steroids are the dominant androgens in classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:601-9. [PMID: 26865584 PMCID: PMC4874183 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comprehensively characterize androgens and androgen precursors in classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) and to gain insights into the mechanisms of their formation. DESIGN Serum samples were obtained from 38 patients (19 men) with classic 21OHD, aged 3-59, and 38 sex- and age-matched controls; 3 patients with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency; 4 patients with adrenal insufficiency; and 16 patients (8 men) undergoing adrenal vein sampling. Paraffin-embedded normal (n = 5) and 21OHD adrenal tissues (n = 3) were used for immunohistochemical studies. METHODS We measured 11 steroids in all sera by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Immunofluroescence localized 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) within the normal and 21OHD adrenals. RESULTS Four 11-oxygenated 19-carbon (11oxC19) steroids were significantly higher in male and female 21OHD patients than in controls: 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, 11-ketoandrostenedione 11β-hydroxytestosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone (3-4-fold, P < 0.0001). For 21OHD patients, testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone were positively correlated in females, but inversely correlated in males. All 11oxC19 steroids were higher in the adrenal vein than in the inferior vena cava samples from men and women and rose with cosyntropin stimulation. Only trace amounts of 11oxC19 steroids were found in the sera of patients with 11β-hydroxylase deficiency and adrenal insufficiency, confirming their adrenal origin. HSD3B2 and CYB5A immunoreactivities were sharply segregated in the normal adrenal glands, whereas areas of overlapping expression were identified in the 21OHD adrenals. CONCLUSIONS All four 11oxC19 steroids are elevated in both men and women with classic 21OHD. Our data suggest that 11oxC19 steroids are specific biomarkers of adrenal-derived androgen excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina F Turcu
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Aya T Nanba
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Robert Chomic
- Michigan Metabolomics and Obesity CenterUniversity of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Sunil K Upadhyay
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - James J Shields
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Deborah P Merke
- Pediatric ServicesNational Institutes of Health Clinical Center and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and MedicineUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Ogino Y, Kuraku S, Ishibashi H, Miyakawa H, Sumiya E, Miyagawa S, Matsubara H, Yamada G, Baker ME, Iguchi T. Neofunctionalization of Androgen Receptor by Gain-of-Function Mutations in Teleost Fish Lineage. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:228-44. [PMID: 26507457 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptor family provides an example of evolution of diverse transcription factors through whole-genome duplication (WGD). However, little is known about how their functions have been evolved after the duplication. Teleosts present a good model to investigate an accurate evolutionary history of protein function after WGD, because a teleost-specific WGD (TSGD) resulted in a variety of duplicated genes in modern fishes. This study focused on the evolution of androgen receptor (AR) gene, as two distinct paralogs, ARα and ARβ, have evolved in teleost lineage after TSGD. ARα showed a unique intracellular localization with a higher transactivation response than that of ARβ. Using site-directed mutagenesis and computational prediction of protein-ligand interactions, we identified two key substitutions generating a new functionality of euteleost ARα. The substitution in the hinge region contributes to the unique intracellular localization of ARα. The substitution on helices 10/11 in the ligand-binding domain possibly modulates hydrogen bonds that stabilize the receptor-ligand complex leading to the higher transactivation response of ARα. These substitutions were conserved in Acanthomorpha (spiny-rayed fish) ARαs, but not in an earlier branching lineage among teleosts, Japanese eel. Insertion of these substitutions into ARs from Japanese eel recapitulates the evolutionary novelty of euteleost ARα. These findings together indicate that the substitutions generating a new functionality of teleost ARα were fixed in teleost genome after the divergence of the Elopomorpha lineage. Our findings provide a molecular explanation for an adaptation process leading to generation of the hyperactive AR subtype after TSGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Ogino
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, and Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Phyloinformatics Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishibashi
- Department of Life Environmental Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyakawa
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, and Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Eri Sumiya
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, and Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Miyagawa
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, and Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Department of Aquatic Biology, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Taisen Iguchi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, and Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
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Minias P. The use of haemoglobin concentrations to assess physiological condition in birds: a review. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov007. [PMID: 27293692 PMCID: PMC4778452 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Total blood haemoglobin concentration is increasingly being used to assess physiological condition in wild birds, although it has not been explicitly recognized how reliably this parameter reflects different components of individual quality. Thus, I reviewed over 120 published studies linking variation in haemoglobin concentrations to different measures of condition and other phenotypic or ecological traits. In most of the studied avian species, haemoglobin concentrations were positively correlated with other commonly used indices of condition, such as body mass and fat loads, as well as with quality of the diet. Also, chick haemoglobin concentrations reliably reflected the intensity of nest infestation by parasitic arthropods, and haemoglobin was suggested to reflect parasitism by haematophagous ectoparasites much more precisely than haematocrit. There was also some evidence for the negative effect of helminths on haemoglobin levels in adult birds. Finally, haemoglobin concentrations were found to correlate with such fitness-related traits as timing of arrival at breeding grounds, timing of breeding, egg size, developmental stability and habitat quality, although these relationships were not always consistent between species. In consequence, I recommend the total blood haemoglobin concentration as a relatively robust indicator of physiological condition in birds, although this parameter is also strongly affected by age, season and the process of moult. Thus, researchers are advised to control fully for these confounding effects while using haemoglobin concentrations as a proxy of physiological condition in both experimental and field studies on birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Minias
- Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, Łódź 90–237, Poland
- Corresponding author:
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Minias P, Włodarczyk R, Piasecka A, Kaczmarek K, Janiszewski T. Ecological, physiological, and morphological correlates of blood hemoglobin concentration in a migratory shorebird. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:771-81. [PMID: 25461642 DOI: 10.1086/678213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The information on the phenotypic and ecological factors that influence hemoglobin concentration in free-living birds is scarce. In order to recognize sources of variation in hemoglobin levels of migratory shorebirds, we measured whole-blood hemoglobin concentration in 553 juvenile and 166 adult common snipe Gallinago gallinago during autumn migration through central Poland. Among the intrinsic determinants of hemoglobin concentration in common snipe, we identified traits such as age, wing morphology, developmental stability, nutritional condition, and molt. We found that adult birds had higher hemoglobin concentrations than juveniles. Hemoglobin concentration was not related to body size, but it correlated with wing morphology. In adult males there was also a positive relationship between hemoglobin concentration and developmental stability, measured by fluctuating asymmetry in wing shape. The process of molt was found to affect blood hemoglobin concentration in both juvenile and adult common snipe, as the lowest concentrations were recorded in the initial stages of molt. Finally, we recorded a gradual increase in hemoglobin concentration of juvenile and adult snipe over the course of the autumn migratory season, and this trend was attributed to higher fat loads carried by late migrants. Hemoglobin concentration also correlated with other indices of nutritional state, such as plasma concentrations of proteins. All this clearly indicates that hemoglobin concentration may reflect a wide range of physiological processes, but in spite of this immense variation, it is likely to reliably indicate phenotypic quality of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Minias
- Department of Teacher Training and Biodiversity Studies, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; 2Student's Ornithological Section, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237 Łódź, Poland; 3Medical University of Łódź, Sterlinga 1/3, 91-425 Łódź, Poland
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Kaptaner B, Kankaya E. Analysis of germ cell proliferation, apoptosis, and androgenesis in the Lake Van fish (Chalcalburnus tarichi) during testicular development. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1665-1679. [PMID: 23756825 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the testis histology, gonadosomatic index (GSI), germ cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and testosterone (T) levels of male Chalcalburnus tarichi were analyzed. According to the histological examinations of the specimens that were caught between February 2009 and January 2010, three testicular stages were determined. Those stages were as follows: (1) recrudescence or prespawning (July-April), (2) spawning (May-June), and (3) postspawning (July). It was observed that the GSI increased gradually, starting from the recrudescence stage, and it reached peak values at the spawning stage, while the lowest values were in the postspawning. Germ cell proliferation in the testis was detected using a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and germ cell apoptosis was detected by transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. The germ cell PCNA and apoptosis index values were calculated. It was indicated that germ cell proliferation was observed in all of the testicular stages. The highest germ cell PCNA index (PI) levels were detected in July, August, and September, which then dropped in October and stabilized between February and April. The lowest PI values were detected in the spawning stage (May-June). Germ cell apoptosis was observed in all of the months, and the highest apoptotic index values were detected in August, September, October, May, and June. Plasma 11-KT and T levels were at their highest levels in May and June, and it was detected as stabile in the other months. There was a correlation between GSI, PI, and plasma androgen levels. In conclusion, the present data illustrate testicular development stages for C. tarichi and show changes in the level of GSI and sex steroid biosynthesis through spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kaptaner
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey,
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Hayakawa Y, Kobayashi M. Influences of establishment and maintenance of territory on reproductive activity in the male dwarf gourami Colisa lalia. Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:141-6. [PMID: 22379980 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the importance of establishment and maintenance of territory on reproductive activity in the male dwarf gourami, Colisa lalia. After three males had been forced to fight for territory (five sets) for three weeks, social status was divided into three classes: the territorially dominant male, which guarded the territory under the floating nest; the second male which remained near the nest and occasionally attacked the dominant male; and the third male which was non-aggressive and remained at a distance from the other two males. Comparing testicular size by gonadosomatic indices (GSI) after three weeks of aggression, GSI of the dominant male (1.19 ± 0.07) was significantly larger than that of the second (0.81 ± 0.15) and the third (0.62 ± 0.08) males, as well as the initial control (not involved in any experiments: 0.85 ± 0.10, n = 5), indicating that the testes of the dominant males enlarge during territory defense. Histological observations of testes revealed that sperm production in the dominant males was more active compared to males of other classes, although spermatogenesis was confirmed in all males examined, suggesting that dominance accelerates sperm production. Social-status dependent development of testes suggests an absence of sperm competition due to the lack of sneaking by subordinate males. Since non-territorial males do not engage in alternative tactics (e.g., sneaking) leading to emission of semen, male C. lalia must obtain and defend territory if they are to increase their reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Hayakawa
- Department of Life Science, International Christian University, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
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Rohlenová K, Morand S, Hyršl P, Tolarová S, Flajšhans M, Simková A. Are fish immune systems really affected by parasites? An immunoecological study of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:120. [PMID: 21708010 PMCID: PMC3155493 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basic function of the immune system is to protect an organism against infection in order to minimize the fitness costs of being infected. According to life-history theory, energy resources are in a trade-off between the costly demands of immunity and other physiological demands. Concerning fish, both physiology and immunity are influenced by seasonal changes (i.e. temporal variation) associated to the changes of abiotic factors (such as primarily water temperature) and interactions with pathogens and parasites. In this study, we investigated the potential associations between the physiology and immunocompetence of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected during five different periods of a given year. Our sampling included the periods with temporal variability and thus, it presented a different level in exposure to parasites. We analyzed which of two factors, seasonality or parasitism, had the strongest impact on changes in fish physiology and immunity. Results We found that seasonal changes play a key role in affecting the analyzed measurements of physiology, immunity and parasitism. The correlation analysis revealed the relationships between the measures of overall host physiology, immunity and parasite load when temporal variability effect was removed. When analyzing separately parasite groups with different life-strategies, we found that fish with a worse condition status were infected more by monogeneans, representing the most abundant parasite group. The high infection by cestodes seems to activate the phagocytes. A weak relationship was found between spleen size and abundance of trematodes when taking into account seasonal changes. Conclusions Even if no direct trade-off between the measures of host immunity and physiology was confirmed when taking into account the seasonality, it seems that seasonal variability affects host immunity and physiology through energy allocation in a trade-off between life important functions, especially reproduction and fish condition. Host immunity measures were not found to be in a trade-off with the investigated physiological traits or functions, but we confirmed the immunosuppressive role of 11-ketotestosterone on fish immunity measured by complement activity. We suggest that the different parasite life-strategies influence different aspects of host physiology and activate the different immunity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Rohlenová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Southam AD, Lange A, Hines A, Hill EM, Katsu Y, Iguchi T, Tyler CR, Viant MR. Metabolomics reveals target and off-target toxicities of a model organophosphate pesticide to roach (Rutilus rutilus): implications for biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3759-67. [PMID: 21410251 PMCID: PMC3076994 DOI: 10.1021/es103814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of targeted and nontargeted metabolomics to discover chronic ecotoxicological effects is largely unexplored. Fenitrothion, an organophosphate pesticide, is categorized as a "red list" pollutant, being particularly hazardous to aquatic life. It acts primarily as a cholinesterase inhibitor, but evidence suggests it can also act as an androgen receptor antagonist. Whole-organism fenitrothion-induced toxicity is well-established, but information regarding target and off-target molecular toxicities is limited. Here we study the molecular responses of male roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) exposed to fenitrothion, including environmentally realistic concentrations, for 28 days. Acetylcholine was assessed in brain; steroid metabolism was measured in testes and plasma; and NMR and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics were conducted on testes and liver to discover off-target toxicity. O-demethylation was confirmed as a major route of pesticide degradation. Fenitrothion significantly depleted acetylcholine, confirming its primary mode of action, and 11-ketotestosterone in plasma and cortisone in testes, showing disruption of steroid metabolism. Metabolomics revealed significant perturbations to the hepatic phosphagen system and previously undocumented effects on phenylalanine metabolism in liver and testes. On the basis of several unexpected molecular responses that were opposite to the anticipated acute toxicity, we propose that chronic pesticide exposure induces an adapting phenotype in roach, which may have considerable implications for interpreting molecular biomarker responses in field-sampled fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Southam
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Lange
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Hines
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshinao Katsu
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Phone: +44(0)121 414-2219; fax: +44(0)121 414-5925; e-mail:
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Stevenson LM, Brown AC, Montgomery TM, Clotfelter ED. Reproductive consequences of exposure to waterborne phytoestrogens in male fighting fish Betta splendens. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 60:501-510. [PMID: 20589370 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-010-9561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that can act as endocrine disruptors in vertebrates. Biologically active levels of phytoestrogens have been found in aquatic habitats near wood pulp and paper mills, biofuel manufacturing plants, sewage-treatment plants, and agricultural fields. Phytoestrogens are known to cause hormonal and gonadal changes in male fish, but few studies have connected these effects to outcomes relevant to reproductive success. In one experiment, we exposed sexually mature male fighting fish Betta splendens to environmentally relevant (1 μg L(-1)) and pharmacological concentrations (1000 μg L(-1)) of the phytoestrogen genistein as well as to a positive control of waterborne 17β-estradiol (E2; 1 μg L(-1)), and a negative control of untreated water. In a second experiment, we exposed male B. splendens to environmentally relevant concentrations (1 μg L(-1)) of genistein and β-sitosterol singly and in combination as well as to the positive and negative controls. All exposures were 21 days in duration. We measured sex-steroid hormone levels, gonadosomatic index (GSI), sperm concentration and motility, and fertilization success in these fish. We found that exposure to genistein did not affect circulating levels of the androgen 11-ketotestosterone or the estrogen E2 relative to negative-control fish. We also found that neither of the compounds nor their mixture affected GSI, sperm concentration or motility, or fertilization success in exposed fish relative to negative-control fish. However, fish exposed to phytoestrogens showed some evidence of fewer but more motile sperm than fish exposed to the positive control E2. We conclude that sexually mature male B. splendens are relatively immune to reproductive impairments from short-term exposure to waterborne phytoestrogens.
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Sudo R, Suetake H, Suzuki Y, Utoh T, Tanaka S, Aoyama J, Tsukamoto K. Dynamics of Reproductive Hormones During Downstream Migration in Females of the Japanese Eel,Anguilla japonica. Zoolog Sci 2011; 28:180-8. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.28.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Blood chemistry in white stork Ciconia ciconia chicks varies by sex and age. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:144-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Bauch C, Kreutzer S, Becker PH. Breeding experience affects condition: blood metabolite levels over the course of incubation in a seabird. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:835-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Sundberg MA, Loke KA, Lowe CG, Young KA. Gonadal Restructuring During Sex Transition in California Sheephead: a Reclassification Three Decades After Initial Studies. BULLETIN (SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES) 2009; 108:16-28. [PMID: 25861122 DOI: 10.3160/0038-3872-108.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
California Sheephead, Semicossyphus pulcher, is a monandric protogynous hermaphrodite and a commercially and recreationally valuable labrid. Gonadal functionality of Sheephead through sex change was reclassified into nine classes using current criteria for categorization. Female ovaries were classified as immature, early maturing, mature, and regressing/recovering classes. Transition from female to male and subsequent male development was divided into early, mid and late transitional, developing/active male and regressing/recovering male. Reproductive states in Sheephead were correlated with estradiol (E2) and 11-keto testosterone (11-KT) concentrations in the blood plasma. All sexes had low E2 concentrations in the fall /winter seasons; in transitional and male individuals, levels remained low throughout the year. In contrast, female E2 concentrations were elevated in spring and peaked in the summer. Concentrations of 11-KT were variable throughout the year; however, females had significantly lower levels in the summer. This study allows a better understanding of the current state of California Sheephead in a heavily fished area. Knowledge of a species' reproductive characteristics is important in evaluating the sustainability of a population as it can set a baseline for reproductive potential. This research takes a critical step in gathering and organizing reproductive data such that it may be used in future studies for comparing reproductive potential across the range of the California sheephead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sundberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
| | - Kerri A Loke
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
| | - Christopher G Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
| | - Kelly A Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, California, 90840, USA
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Kobayashi M, Tajima C, Sugimoto M. Effects of Androgens on the Development of Nuptial Coloration and Chromatophores in the BitterlingRhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. Zoolog Sci 2009; 26:125-30. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.26.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Kortner TM, Rocha E, Arukwe A. Androgenic modulation of early growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) previtellogenic oocytes and zona radiata-related genes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:184-195. [PMID: 19184733 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802539020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence suggests that androgens play critical roles in early oocyte growth and development in fish. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this important aspect of reproductive endocrinology have not yet been established. In this study the effects of androgens (11-ketotestosterone [11-KT] and testosterone [T]) were determined on gene expression patterns and growth of cod previtellogenic oocytes, using an in vitro oocyte culture technique. Previtellogenic ovarian tissue was cultured for 5 and 10 d at different concentrations of 11-KT and T (0, 1, or 1000 microM) dissolved in ethanol (0.3%). The androgen concentrations were selected as they represent physiological and supra-physiological concentrations, respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) demonstrated increased mRNA expression for five genes recently identified as androgen responsive in our subtracted cDNA library in previtellogenic cod ovary exposed in vitro to androgens. Quantitative histological analyses showed a consistent stereological validation of oocyte growth and development after exposure to androgens. In general, both 11-KT and T induced previtellogenic oocyte growth and development, and these effects were more pronounced with 11-KT exposure. Taken together, our study reveals some novel roles of androgens on the development of previtellogenic oocytes, indicating control of early follicular and oocyte growth in cod ovary. The potent effects of 11-KT on oocyte growth support our earlier hypothesis that non-aromatizable androgens play significant roles in regulating early oocyte growth with potential consequences for the fecundity process. Therefore, these novel roles of androgens as promoters of ovarian growth and development presented in this study may be useful for the aquaculture industry and for breeding of new captive and endangered species. From a toxicological point of view, the cod is a marine species and exposure to complex chemical mixtures that may exert androgenic and/or anti-androgenic effects represents an environmental issue of reasonable concern in the marine environment. Therefore, the findings in the present study represent a novel basis that can be used to determine the effects of xenoandrogens on oocyte development and fecundity in this important marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond M Kortner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Miura S, Horiguchi R, Nakamura M. Immunohistochemical evidence for 11beta-hydroxylase (P45011beta) and androgen production in the gonad during sex differentiation and in adults in the protandrous anemonefish Amphiprion clarkii. Zoolog Sci 2008; 25:212-9. [PMID: 18533753 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.25.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To obtain basic information on the endocrine mechanisms underlying sex change in the protandrous anemonefish Amphiprion clarkii, we examined the immunolocalization of the steroidogenic enzyme cytochrome 11beta-hydroxylase (P45011beta), which is involved in 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) production, and analyzed the ability of gonads to produce steroid hormones throughout the sex differentiation process and at the breeding stage. Immunopositive reactions against P45011beta appeared in sexually undifferentiated gonads at 30 days post hatching (dph). The number of immunopositive cells continued to increase during ovarian differentiation (from 60 to 180 dph) and throughout the formation of ambisexual gonads with both ovarian and testicular tissue until 270 dph. In the male phase, strongly immunopositive cells were observed in the cellular interstices of both testicular and ovarian tissues. P45011beta was localized only in the theca cells enclosing developed oocytes in the female phase. In-vitro 11-KT production in the gonads gradually increased with testicular differentiation (before, during, and after differentiation). Production of 11-KT in the gonads was higher in the male phase than during testicular differentiation or in the female phase. Our results suggest that androgen is involved in testicular differentiation during sex differentiation and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Miura
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan.
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20
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Fazio G, Moné H, Mouahid G, Sasal P. Biased Sex Ratio in the European Eel (Anguilla anguilla) Swim-Bladder Parasite Anguillicola crassus, Experimentally Induced by 11-Ketotestosterone. J Parasitol 2008; 94:956-8. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1486.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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21
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Vang SH, Kortner TM, Arukwe A. Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein and Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage (P450scc) as Molecular and Cellular Targets for 17α-Ethynylestradiol in Salmon Previtellogenic Oocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1811-9. [DOI: 10.1021/tx700228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siv-Hege Vang
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond M. Kortner
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Peters GW, Steiner DA, Rigoni JA, Mascilli AD, Schnepp RW, Thomas SP. Cardiorespiratory adjustments of homing pigeons to steady wind tunnel flight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 208:3109-20. [PMID: 16081609 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We made detailed cardiorespiratory measurements from homing pigeons during quiet rest and steady wind tunnel flight. Our pigeons satisfied their 17.4-fold increase in oxygen consumption during flight with a 7.4-fold increase in cardiac output (Q) and a 2.4-fold increase in blood oxygen extraction. Q was increased primarily by increasing heart rate sixfold. Comparisons between our study and those from the only other detailed cardiorespiratory study on flying birds reveal a number of similarities and important differences. Although the avian allometric equations from this earlier study accurately predicted the flight Q of our pigeons, this was primarily due to due to compensating discrepancies in their heart rate and stroke volume predictions. Additionally, the measured heart mass (MH)-specific Q (Q/MH) of our pigeons during wind tunnel flight was about 22% lower than the estimated value. Compared to running mammals in previous studies, the 1.65-fold Q of our pigeons is consistent with their larger heart mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant W Peters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Bhandari RK, Alam MA, Soyano K, Nakamura M. Induction of Female-to–male Sex Change in the Honeycomb Grouper (Epinephelus merra) by 11-ketotestosterone Treatments. Zoolog Sci 2006; 23:65-9. [PMID: 16547407 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.23.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The honeycomb grouper, Epinephelus merra, is a protogynous hermaphrodite fish. Sex steroid hormones play key roles in sex change of this species. A significant drop in endogenous estradiol-17beta (E2) levels alone triggers female-to-male sex change, and the subsequent elevation of 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) levels correlates with the progression of spermatogenesis. To elucidate the role of an androgen in sex change, we attempted to induce female-to-male sex change by exogenous 11KT treatments. The 75-day 11KT treatment caused 100% masculinization of pre-spawning females. Ovaries of the control (vehicle-treated) fish had oocytes at various stages of oogenesis, while the gonads of the 11KT-treated fish had transformed into testes; these contained spermatogenic germ cells at various stages, including an accumulation of spermatozoa in the sperm duct. In the sex-changed fish, plasma levels of E2 were significantly low, while both testosterone (T) and 11KT were significantly increased. Our results suggest that 11KT plays an important role in sex change in the honeycomb grouper. Whether the mechanism of 11KT-induced female-to-male sex change acts through direct stimulation of spermatogenesis in the ovary or via the inhibition of estrogen synthesis remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramji Kumar Bhandari
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Sesoko 3422, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan.
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Ma YX, Matsuda K, Uchiyama M. Seasonal Variations in Plasma Concentrations of Sex Steroid Hormones and Vitellogenin in Wild Male Japanese Dace (Tribolodon hakonensis) Collected from Different Sites of the Jinzu River Basin. Zoolog Sci 2005; 22:861-8. [PMID: 16141699 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.22.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the seasonal variations of plasma sex steroid hormones and vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations in the wild male Japanese dace, Tribolodon hakonensis, we measured plasma levels of testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), estradiol-17 beta (E2) and VTG, as well as spermatogenetic stages and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Wild Japanese dace were collected from different sites of the Jinzu River basin (including the Takahara River and the Itachi River). The fish from Toyama Bay were also measured the spermatogenetic stages, GSI and VTG levels. The seasonal variations of the hormone levels were discussed in the relationship with various environmental factors. In landlocked fish of the Takahara River, the plasma concentrations of T and E2 reached the highest levels in May and June. In the fish collected from the Itachi River, plasma concentrations of T, 11-KT and E2 reached the highest levels during breeding season of April and May. Sexual maturation, evaluating from GSI and the spermatogenetic stages, proceeded earlier in the fish population at Toyama Bay, and afterward it was followed in the fish population at the Takahara River, in associated with a rise of environmental water temperature at fish captured sites. In the male dace, low but detectable levels of plasma E2 were measured and there were significantly positive correlations between E2 level and the levels of GSI, VTG or T. These results suggest that E2 might be a necessary sex steroid hormone related to gonad maturation, and that circulating E2 may induce VTG production in the wild male Japanese dace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xin Ma
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyama University, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Gayathri KL, Shenoy KB, Hegde SN. Blood profile of pigeons (Columba livia) during growth and breeding. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 138:187-92. [PMID: 15275653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the blood profile of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) were studied during growth and breeding cycle. Counts of erythrocytes and leucocytes, and values of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), blood volume, plasma volume (BV), width of erythrocytes, and length, width and volume of erythrocyte nuclei of squabs almost reached adult values by the 4th week of age. During courtship and mating, while the level of plasma glucose increased, those of albumin, potassium, cholesterol, calcium and uric acid decreased. At nest-building, plasma albumin and plasma calcium increased significantly. The initial phase of incubation showed an elevation in plasma calcium and a decline in cholesterol and sodium, whereas mid-phase of incubation indicated a marked rise in cholesterol and uric acid. Terminal phase of incubation had significantly low plasma protein level. During feeding and brooding period, a significant rise in sodium, protein and glucose levels and a fall in calcium were observed. Following egg-laying, there was a significant rise in calcium and a drop in protein, haemoglobin, cholesterol, sodium and MCH values. Concomitant with the phenomenal rate of growth of squabs, their haematological indices neared adult values by the 4th week of age and during breeding activity significant changes in blood values occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Gayathri
- Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri 574 199, India.
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Ohta K, Mine T, Yamaguchi A, Matsuyama M. Steroidogenic Pathway to Estradiol-17β Synthesis in the Ovarian Follicles of the Protogynous Wrasse, Pseudolabrus sieboldi. Zoolog Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.18.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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