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Santiago C, Sharma N, Africawala N, Siegrist J, Handler A, Tasnim A, Anjum R, Turecek J, Lehnert BP, Renauld S, Nolan-Tamariz M, Iskols M, Magee AR, Paradis S, Ginty DD. Activity-dependent development of the body's touch receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.23.559109. [PMID: 37790437 PMCID: PMC10542488 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.23.559109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a role for activity in the development of the primary sensory neurons that detect touch. Genetic deletion of Piezo2, the principal mechanosensitive ion channel in somatosensory neurons, caused profound changes in the formation of mechanosensory end organ structures and altered somatosensory neuron central targeting. Single cell RNA sequencing of Piezo2 conditional mutants revealed changes in gene expression in the sensory neurons activated by light mechanical forces, whereas other neuronal classes were less affected. To further test the role of activity in mechanosensory end organ development, we genetically deleted the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6 (Scn8a) in somatosensory neurons throughout development and found that Scn8a mutants also have disrupted somatosensory neuron morphologies and altered electrophysiological responses to mechanical stimuli. Together, these findings indicate that mechanically evoked neuronal activity acts early in life to shape the maturation of the mechanosensory end organs that underlie our sense of gentle touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Santiago
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nusrat Africawala
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Julianna Siegrist
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Annie Handler
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aniqa Tasnim
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rabia Anjum
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - Josef Turecek
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brendan P. Lehnert
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sophia Renauld
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Nolan-Tamariz
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael Iskols
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra R. Magee
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Suzanne Paradis
- Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, 02453, USA
| | - David D. Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Lead Contact
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Asano K, Nakano T, Tokutake K, Ishii H, Nishizuka T, Iwatsuki K, Onishi T, Kurimoto S, Yamamoto M, Tatebe M, Hirata H. Innervation of Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel -cells by transplantation of embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral nerve section in rats. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:586-595. [PMID: 33837671 DOI: 10.1002/term.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of embryonic motor neurons has been shown to improve motor neuron survival and innervation of neuromuscular junctions in peripheral nerves. However, there have been no reports regarding transplantation of sensory neurons and innervation of sensory receptors. Therefore, we hypothesized that the transplantation of embryonic sensory neurons may improve sensory neurons in the skin and innervate Merkel cells and Meissner's corpuscles. We obtained sensory neurons from dorsal root ganglia of 14-day rat embryos. We generated a rat model of Wallerian-degeneration by performing sciatic nerve transection and waiting for one week after. Six months after cell transplantation, we performed histological and electrophysiological examinations in naïve control, surgical control, and cell transplantation groups. The number of nerve fibers in the papillary dermis and epidermal-dermal interface was significantly greater in the cell transplantation than in the surgical control group. The percent of Merkel cells with nerve terminals, as well as the average number of Meissner corpuscles with nerve terminals, were higher in the cell transplantation than in the surgical control group, but differences were not significant between the two groups. Moreover, the amplitude and latency of sensory conduction velocity were evoked in rats of the cell transplantation group. We demonstrated that the transplantation of embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells improved sensory nerve fiber number and innervation of Merkel cells and Meissner's corpuscles in peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Asano
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakano
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Tokutake
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Ishii
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nishizuka
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Iwatsuki
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Onishi
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kurimoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Michiro Yamamoto
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tatebe
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hirata
- Department of Hand Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Pham TQ, Kawaue T, Hoshi T, Tanaka Y, Miyata T, Sano A. Role of extrinsic mechanical force in the development of the RA-I tactile mechanoreceptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11085. [PMID: 30038295 PMCID: PMC6056429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly adapting type I (RA-I) mechanoreceptors play an important role in sensing the low-frequency vibration aspects of touch. The structure of the RA-I mechanoreceptor is extremely complex regardless of its small size, limiting our understanding of its mechanotransduction. As a result of the emergence of bioengineering, we previously proposed an in vitro bioengineering approach for RA-I receptors to overcome this limitation. Currently, the in vitro bioengineering approach for the RA-I receptor is not realizable given the lack of knowledge of its morphogenesis. This paper demonstrates our first attempt to interpret the cellular morphogenesis of the RA-I receptor. We found indications of extrinsic mechanical force nearby the RA-I receptor in the developing fingertip. Using a mechanical compression device, the axon of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons buckled in vitro into a profile that resembled the morphology of the RA-I receptor. This work encourages further implementation of this bioengineering approach in tactile receptor-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Quang Pham
- Robotics Lab, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Takumi Kawaue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Robotics Lab, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihito Sano
- Robotics Lab, Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
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Krarup C, Rosén B, Boeckstyns M, Ibsen Sørensen A, Lundborg G, Moldovan M, Archibald SJ. Sensation, mechanoreceptor, and nerve fiber function after nerve regeneration. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:940-950. [PMID: 29156496 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sensation is essential for recovery after peripheral nerve injury. However, the relationship between sensory modalities and function of regenerated fibers is uncertain. We have investigated the relationships between touch threshold, tactile gnosis, and mechanoreceptor and sensory fiber function after nerve regeneration. METHODS Twenty-one median or ulnar nerve lesions were repaired by a collagen nerve conduit or direct suture. Quantitative sensory hand function and sensory conduction studies by near-nerve technique, including tactile stimulation of mechanoreceptors, were followed for 2 years, and results were compared to noninjured hands. RESULTS At both repair methods, touch thresholds at the finger tips recovered to 81 ± 3% and tactile gnosis only to 20 ± 4% (p < 0.001) of control. The sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) remained dispersed and areas recovered to 23 ± 2% and the amplitudes only to 7 ± 1% (P < 0.001). The areas of SNAPs after tactile stimulation recovered to 61 ± 11% and remained slowed. Touch sensation correlated with SNAP areas (p < 0.005) and was negatively related to the prolongation of tactile latencies (p < 0.01); tactile gnosis was not related to electrophysiological parameters. INTERPRETATION The recovered function of regenerated peripheral nerve fibers and reinnervated mechanoreceptors may differentially influence recovery of sensory modalities. Touch was affected by the number and function of regenerated fibers and mechanoreceptors. In contrast, tactile gnosis depends on the input and plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS), which may explain the absence of a direct relation between electrophysiological parameters and poor recovery. Dispersed maturation of sensory nerve fibers with desynchronized inputs to the CNS also contributes to the poor recovery of tactile gnosis. Ann Neurol 2017. Ann Neurol 2017;82:940-950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Krarup
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitta Rosén
- Hand Surgery, Institute for Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michel Boeckstyns
- Section of Hand Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital (Gentofte Hospital), Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Allan Ibsen Sørensen
- Section of Hand Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Göran Lundborg
- Hand Surgery, Institute for Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mihai Moldovan
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The sensation of touch is mediated by mechanosensory neurons that are embedded in skin and relay signals from the periphery to the central nervous system. During embryogenesis, axons elongate from these neurons to make contact with the developing skin. Concurrently, the epithelium of skin transforms from a homogeneous tissue into a heterogeneous organ that is made up of distinct layers and microdomains. Throughout this process, each neuronal terminal must form connections with an appropriate skin region to serve its function. This Review presents current knowledge of the development of the sensory microdomains in mammalian skin and the mechanosensory neurons that innervate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair A Jenkins
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Olson W, Dong P, Fleming M, Luo W. The specification and wiring of mammalian cutaneous low-threshold mechanoreceptors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:389-404. [PMID: 26992078 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cutaneous low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) are a diverse set of primary somatosensory neurons that function to sense external mechanical force. Generally, LTMRs are composed of Aβ-LTMRs, Aδ-LTMRs, and C-LTMRs, which have distinct molecular, physiological, anatomical, and functional features. The specification and wiring of each type of mammalian cutaneous LTMRs is established during development by the interplay of transcription factors with trophic factor signalling. In this review, we summarize the cohort of extrinsic and intrinsic factors generating the complex mammalian cutaneous LTMR circuits that mediate our tactile sensations and behaviors. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Fleming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fleming MS, Luo W. The anatomy, function, and development of mammalian Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8. [PMID: 24376457 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Touch sensation is critical for our social and environmental interactions. In mammals, most discriminative light touch sensation is mediated by the Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Cell bodies of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors are located in the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia, which extend a central projection innervating the spinal cord and brain stem and a peripheral projection innervating the specialized mechanosensory end organs. These specialized mechanosensory end organs include Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, lanceolate endings, Merkel cells, and Ruffini corpuscles. The morphologies and physiological properties of these mechanosensory end organs and their innervating neurons have been investigated for over a century. In addition, recent advances in mouse genetics have enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the development of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors, which highlight the crucial roles of neurotrophic factor signaling and transcription factor activity in this process. Here, we will review the anatomy, physiological properties, and development of mammalian low-threshold Aβ mechanoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Fleming
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
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Widera D, Hauser S, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B. Origin and regenerative potential of vertebrate mechanoreceptor-associated stem cells. ANATOMY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2012:837626. [PMID: 23082250 PMCID: PMC3467754 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Meissner corpuscles and Merkel cell neurite complexes are highly specialized mechanoreceptors present in the hairy and glabrous skin, as well as in different types of mucosa. Several reports suggest that after injury, such as after nerve crush, freeze injury, or dissection of the nerve, they are able to regenerate, particularly including reinnervation and repopulation of the mechanoreceptors by Schwann cells. However, little is known about mammalian cells responsible for these regenerative processes. Here we review cellular origin of this plasticity in the light of newly described adult neural crest-derived stem cell populations. We also discuss further potential multipotent stem cell populations with the ability to regenerate disrupted innervation and to functionally recover the mechanoreceptors. These capabilities are discussed as in context to cellularly reprogrammed Schwann cells and tissue resident adult mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Widera
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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Drummond HA, Abboud FM, Welsh MJ. Localization of beta and gamma subunits of ENaC in sensory nerve endings in the rat foot pad. Brain Res 2000; 884:1-12. [PMID: 11082481 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02831-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying mechanoelectrical transduction and the receptors that detect light touch remain uncertain. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that members of the DEG/ENaC cation channel family may be mechanoreceptors. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that subunits of the mammalian epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) family are expressed in touch receptors in rat hairless skin. We detected betaENaC and gammaENaC, but not alphaENaC transcripts in cervical and lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Using immunofluorescence, we found betaENaC and gammaENaC expressed in medium to large lumbar DRG neurons. Moreover, we detected these two subunits in Merkel cell-neurite complexes, Meissner-like corpuscles, and small lamellated corpuscles, specialized mechanosensory structures of the skin. Within these structures, betaENaC and gammaENaC were localized in the nerve fibers believed to contain the sensors responsive to mechanical stress. Thus beta and gammaENaC subunits are good candidates as components of the molecular sensor that detects touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Drummond
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 500 EMRB, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Hansson T, Povlsen B. Inferior functional sensory regeneration after suture of sciatic neurotomy in newborns compared with mature rats. Microsurgery 2000; 17:268-71. [PMID: 9220442 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2752(1996)17:5<268::aid-micr6>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that nerve injuries in children regenerate better than those which occur in adults. However, there are no functional experimental studies that support this belief. This study evaluates the functional regeneration of polymodal C-fibres after nerve regeneration in newborn and mature rats 3 months after unilateral sciatic nerve neurotomy and suture. The distribution of polymodal C-fibres was tested by measuring the Evans blue-stained area in the skin after antidromic nerve stimulation. In the newborn group of regenerated animals showed that functional C-fibres were present in a significantly (P < 0.05) smaller area than found in the adult group. We conclude that the functional regeneration of C-fibres is superior in mature rats compared with newborns, 3 months after regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hansson
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery & Burns, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
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Kobayashi H, Ochi K, Saito I, Hanada K, Maeda T. Alterations in ultrastructural localization of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in periodontal Ruffini endings of rat molars during experimental tooth movement. J Dent Res 1998; 77:503-17. [PMID: 9496924 DOI: 10.1177/00220345980770031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that orthodontic forces induce discomfort and/or abnormal sensation after application of an orthodontic appliance in patients, suggesting the adaptation of periodontal neural elements to environmental changes. However, no morphological data have been provided. The present study investigated, by immunoelectron microscopy, the localization of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in periodontal Ruffini endings in rat molars during experimental tooth movement. In the untreated control group, immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that GAP-43-like immunoreactivity in the Ruffini endings was confined to the Schwann sheaths around the axon terminals, and was in neither the cell bodies of terminal Schwann cells nor the axon terminals themselves. Immunoelectron microscopic observation revealed alterations in the localization of GAP-43-like immunoreactivity in the periodontal Ruffini endings during experimental tooth movement. After 1 day of treatment, the cell bodies of the terminal Schwann cells associated with Ruffini endings appeared to contain immunoreaction products for GAP-43, and retained GAP-43-like immunoreactivity during tooth movement. From 5 to 7 days, a major population of the axoplasm of the periodontal Ruffini endings, which was immunonegative in control, filled the GAP-43 immunoreactions, showing a tendency to decrease in number later, and disappeared completely at 14 days. These findings suggest that orthodontic forces easily induce the remodeling of the mechanoreceptive Ruffini endings as well as the active tissue remodeling in a close relationship. Since the ultrastructural localization of GAP-43-like immunoreactivity was drastically changed in the Ruffini endings during tooth movement, GAP-43 functions as one of the key molecules in the remodeling of mechanoreceptive Ruffini endings during tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Orthodontics, Niigata University School of Dentistry, Japan
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Oakley B, Brandemihl A, Cooper D, Lau D, Lawton A, Zhang C. The morphogenesis of mouse vallate gustatory epithelium and taste buds requires BDNF-dependent taste neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(97)00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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