1
|
Mackey SJ, Cooke RF, Pickett AT, Batista LFD, Mendes EDM, Rincker MJ, Colombo EA. Inclusion of Yucca schidigera extract into finishing diets: impacts on ruminal, physiological, and productive responses of feedlot cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad071. [PMID: 37435479 PMCID: PMC10332497 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment compared ruminal, physiological, and productive responses of feedlot cattle receiving Yucca schidigera extract to replace or fed in conjunction with monensin + tylosin. Angus-influenced steers (n = 120) were ranked by body weight (BW; 315 ± 3 kg) and allocated to 4 groups of 30 steers each. Groups were housed in 1 of 4 drylot pens (30 × 12 m) equipped with GrowSafe feeding systems (4 bunks/pen) during the experiment (day -14 to slaughter). On day 0, groups were randomly assigned to receive a diet containing (2 × 2 factorial): 1) no inclusion or inclusion of monensin + tylosin (360 mg and 90 mg/steer daily, respectively) and 2) no inclusion or inclusion of Y. schidigera extract (4 g/steer daily). Steers were slaughtered in 3 groups balanced by treatment combination (36 steers on day 114, 36 steers on day 142, and 48 steers on day 169). Blood was sampled on days 0, 28, 56, and 84, and the day before shipping to slaughter. On day 41, eight rumen-cannulated heifers (BW = 590 ± 15 kg) were housed with steers (1 pair/pen). Pairs rotated among groups every 21 d, resulting in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (n = 8/treatment combination) with 14-d washout intervals. Heifers were sampled for blood and rumen fluid at the beginning and end of each 21-d period. Monensin + tylosin inclusion decreased (P < 0.01) feed intake and improved (P = 0.02) feed efficiency of steers, but did not alter (P ≥ 0.17) steer BW gain or carcass merit traits. Inclusion of Y. schidigera extract did not impact (P ≥ 0.30) steer performance and carcass characteristics. Plasma glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and urea-N concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.16) by monensin + tylosin, nor by Y. schidigera extract inclusion in steers and heifers. Ruminal pH in heifers was increased (P = 0.04) by monensin + tylosin, and also by (P = 0.03) Y. schidigera extract inclusion. Rumen fluid viscosity was reduced (P = 0.04) by Y. schidigera extract, and rumen protozoa count was increased (P < 0.01) by monensin + tylosin inclusion. The proportion of propionate in the ruminal fluid was increased (P = 0.04) by monensin + tylosin, and tended (P = 0.07) to be increased by Y. schidigera extract inclusion. Hence, Y. schidigera extract yielded similar improvements in rumen fermentation compared with monensin + tylosin, but without increasing performance and carcass quality of finishing cattle. No complimentary effects were observed when combining all these additives into the finishing diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shea J Mackey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | - Autumn T Pickett
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Luis F D Batista
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Egleu D M Mendes
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | - Eduardo A Colombo
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Degradation of Cellulose and Hemicellulose by Ruminal Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122345. [PMID: 36557598 PMCID: PMC9785684 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As major structural components of plant cell walls, cellulose and hemicellulose are degraded and fermented by anaerobic microbes in the rumen to produce volatile fatty acids, the main nutrient source for the host. Cellulose degradation is carried out primarily by specialist bacteria, with additional contributions from protists and fungi, via a variety of mechanisms. Hemicelluloses are hydrolyzed by cellulolytic bacteria and by generalist, non-cellulolytic microbes, largely via extracellular enzymes. Cellulose hydrolysis follows first-order kinetics and its rate is limited by available substrate surface area. Nevertheless, its rate is at least an order of magnitude more rapid than in anaerobic digesters, due to near-obligatory adherence of microbial cells to the cellulose surface, and a lack of downstream inhibitory effects; in the host animal, fiber degradation rate is also enhanced by the unique process of rumination. Cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic microbes exhibit intense competition and amensalism, but they also display mutualistic interactions with microbes at other trophic levels. Collectively, the fiber-degrading community of the rumen displays functional redundancy, partial niche overlap, and convergence of catabolic pathways that all contribute to stability of the ruminal fermentation. The superior hydrolytic and fermentative capabilities of ruminal fiber degraders make them promising candidates for several fermentation technologies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuste S, Amanzougarene Z, de la Fuente G, de Vega A, Fondevila M. Rumen protozoal dynamics during the transition from milk/grass to high-concentrate based diet in beef calves as affected by the addition of tannins or medium-chain fatty acids. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
4
|
Sheikh GG, Ganai AM, Ahmad Sheikh A, Mir DM. Rumen microflora, fermentation pattern and microbial enzyme activity in sheep fed paddy straw based complete feed fortified with probiotics. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1644019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gowher Gull Sheikh
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Majid Ganai
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aasif Ahmad Sheikh
- Division of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Danish Masood Mir
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee SB, Lee KW, Lee JS, Kim KH, Lee HG. Impacts of whey protein on starch digestion in rumen and small intestine of steers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:98-108. [PMID: 31333867 PMCID: PMC6582930 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Four Korean native steers (511 ± 17.2 kg; 2 × 2 replicated
crossover design) fitted with duodenal cannulas were used to investigate the
influence of oral administration of soluble whey protein (WP; 82.29%
crude protein) on ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal (GI) hormone secretion
in the blood, pancreatic α-amylase activity in the duodenum, and
disappearance rate in each segment of the GI tract. Steers were orally fed the
basal diet (control; TMR [total mixed ration] 9 kg/d) or the basal diet with
enriched WP (400 g/d) for 14 days. The apparent crude protein disappearance rate
in the rumen of the WP was higher than in control (p <
0.05). However, no difference between groups was observed in the apparent crude
protein disappearance rate in the intestine and the apparent starch
disappearance rates in the rumen, GI tract. The level of cholecystokinin,
secretin, and ghrelin in serum and pancreatic α-amylase activity in the
duodenum of the WP also did not change. The changes in the level of blood urea
nitrogen related to protein metabolism were higher in the WP than in the control
(p < 0.05). However, the levels of total protein,
lipid, carbohydrate and mineral metabolites did not change. Consequently, we
suggest that the oral administration of WP in steers assisted in ruminal
fermentation due to the population increase of microbes in the rumen but did not
improve the starch digestion rate in the small intestine because GI hormone
secretion in the blood and pancreatic α-amylase activity did not
change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bum Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul
05029, Korea
| | | | - Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul
05029, Korea
- Team of An Educational Program for
Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Kim
- Institute of Green Bio Science and
Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354,
Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul
05029, Korea
- Team of An Educational Program for
Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hong-Gu Lee, Department of
Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea. Tel: +82-2-450-0523, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Temporal fermentation and microbial community dynamics in rumens of sheep grazing a ryegrass-based pasture offered either in the morning or in the afternoon. Animal 2019; 13:2242-2251. [PMID: 30786945 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight ruminally-fistulated wethers were used to examine the temporal effects of afternoon (PM; 1600h) v. morning (AM; 0800 h) allocation of fresh spring herbage from a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-based pasture on fermentation and microbial community dynamics. Herbage chemical composition was minimally affected by time of allocation, but daily mean ammonia concentrations were greater for the PM group. The 24-h pattern of ruminal fermentation (i.e. time of sampling relative to time of allocation), however, varied considerably for all fermentation variables (P⩽0.001). Most notably amongst ruminal fermentation characteristics, ammonia concentrations showed a substantial temporal variation; concentrations of ammonia were 1.7-, 2.0- and 2.2-fold greater in rumens of PM wethers at 4, 6 and 8h after allocation, respectively, compared with AM wethers. The relative abundances of archaeal and ciliate protozoal taxa were similar across allocation groups. In contrast, the relative abundances of members of the rumen bacterial community, like Prevotella 1 (P=0.04), Bacteroidales RF16 group (P=0.005) and Fibrobacter spp. (P=0.008) were greater for the AM group, whereas the relative abundance of Kandleria spp. was greater (P=0.04) for the PM group. Of these taxa, only Prevotella 1 (P=0.04) and Kandleria (P<0.001) showed a significant interaction between time of allocation and time of sampling relative to feed allocation. Relative abundances of Prevotella 1 were greater at 2h (P=0.05), 4h (P=0.003) and 6h (P=0.01) after AM allocation of new herbage, whereas relative abundances of Kandleria were greater at 2h (P=0.003) and 4h (P<0.001) after PM allocation. The early post-allocation rise in ammonia concentrations in PM rumens occurred simultaneously with sharp increases in the relative abundance of Kandleria spp. and with a decline in the relative abundance of Prevotella. All measures of fermentation and most microbial community composition data showed highly dynamic changes in concentrations and genus abundances, respectively, with substantial temporal changes occurring within the first 8h of allocating a new strip of herbage. The dynamic changes in the relative abundances of certain bacterial groups, in synchrony with a substantial diurnal variation in ammonia concentrations, has potential effects on the efficiency by which N is utilised by the grazing ruminant.
Collapse
|
7
|
TAKU T, SANTRA A, BARIK S, MANDAL DK, DAS SK. Assessment of fodder quality and methane production potential of north-eastern Himalayan forest tree leaves. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v89i1.86390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional evaluation as tree fodder as well as a rumen manipulator of six multipurpose Himalayan forest tree leaves, viz. Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba), Kaew (Costus speciosus), Karoi (Albizia procera), Bakful (Sasbania grandiflora), Gamar (Gmelina arborea), and Barhar (Artocarpus lakoocha), were evaluated by in vitro gas production test. The mean content of OM, CP, EE, T-CHO, NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin of these tested tree leaves were 91.4, 14.6, 3.9, 72.8, 42.7, 31.2, 19.8, and 11.1% on DM basis, respectively. The gas production per g digested dry matter varied from 111.1 ml/g DDM/24h in Bakful (Sasbania grandiflora) to 612.3 ml/g DDM/24h in Barhar (Artocarpus lakoocha) tree leaves while methane production per gram digested dry matter varied from 14.7 ml/g DDM/24h in Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) to 102.2 ml/g DDM/24h in Bahar (Artocarpus lakoocha) tree leaves. TVFA and propionate production were higher due to inclusion of Karoi (Albizia procera) tree leaves in the incubation media. However, lowest NH3-N concentration and rumen protozoal population were observed due to incubation of Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) tree leave. Similarly, activity of polysaccharide degrading enzyme like carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and β-glucoidase enzymes were lower due to incubation of Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) in comparison to other tested tree leaves. However, activity of amylase enzyme was similar among all the tested tree leaves. Highest IVTDMD (52.3%) was observed for the Karoi (Albizia procera) tree leaves followed by Kaew (Costus speciosus) (47.9%) and Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) (43.8%) tree leaves. Similarly, TDN and ME content were also highest for Karoi (Albizia procera) tree leaves. The results indicated that among the tested tree leaves, Karoi (Albizia procera) was best tree fodder for feeding to the animals and Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) can be used as rumen manipulator to reduce ruminal methanogenesis and protozoal population for improving animal productivity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility in ruminants following elimination of protozoa: a meta-analysis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:89. [PMID: 30568796 PMCID: PMC6298016 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants. Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks, the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa (also termed defaunation). A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated. Results The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate, but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility. However, these effects were diminished linearly, at different rates, with time during the first few weeks after defaunation, and eventually reached relative stability. The acetate to propionate ratio and methane production were increased at 7 and 11 wk after defaunation, respectively. Conclusions Elimination of protozoa initially shifted the rumen fermentation toward the production of more propionate and less methane, but eventually toward the production of less propionate and more methane over time.
Collapse
|
9
|
Humer E, Kröger I, Neubauer V, Schedle K, Reisinger N, Zebeli Q. Supplementing phytogenic compounds or autolyzed yeast modulates ruminal biogenic amines and plasma metabolome in dry cows experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9559-9574. [PMID: 30031584 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) causes ruminal dysbiosis, thereby increasing the risk of systemic metabolic disorders in cattle. We recently showed that supplementation with phytogenic compounds (PHY) or autolyzed yeast (AY) counteracted negative effects of SARA by improving ruminal pH and microbiome. This study investigated the effects of an intermittent SARA challenge on the ruminal concentration of biogenic amines (BA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as well as on the blood metabolome. We also evaluated effects of PHY and AY on the latter variables. Eight rumen-cannulated nonlactating Holstein cows were arranged in an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design with 4 experimental runs and 3 treatment groups. During each run, cows were switched from an all-forage diet (baseline) to an intermittent concentrate-challenge diet with a forage:concentrate ratio of 35:65 (dry matter basis) to induce SARA for 1 (SARA1) or 2 (SARA2) wk, separated by 1 wk of forage-only feeding. The 3 treatment groups were no additive as control, PHY, or AY. During baseline, SARA1 and SARA2 rumen fluid samples were collected for analysis of BA and LPS. Blood samples were taken during baseline and SARA1 for a targeted metabolomics approach. High-concentrate feeding caused a 9-fold increase in ruminal LPS during SARA1 and an 11-fold increase in SARA2 compared with the baseline. Elevated concentrations of ruminal BA were found during both SARA periods, with histamine showing the strongest increase during SARA1. Moreover, a decrease in phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelines, and several AA in the blood during SARA1 were detected. Supplementation of PHY decreased concentrations of LPS (-43%), histamine (-66%), pyrrolidine (-38%), and spermine (-54%) in SARA1 and cadaverine in SARA2 (-50%). Moreover, cows that received PHY had higher concentrations of cholesterol (+26%), several AA, and phosphatidylcholines in SARA1 compared with control cows. For AY, decreases in ruminal ethanolamine (-21%), methylamine (-52%), histamine (-54%), spermidine (-44%), and spermine (-80%) in SARA1 were observed, whereas in the blood an increase in tryptophan was noticed. In conclusion, the SARA was associated with markedly increased concentrations of LPS and BA in the rumen fluid and undesirable shifts in the plasma metabolome. Supplementation of PHY and AY counteracted some of these changes and therefore may help in attenuating negative effects of high-concentrate feeding in dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Humer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - I Kröger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - V Neubauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Schedle
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products, and Nutrition Physiology, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11/1, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - N Reisinger
- BIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abstract
AbstractYoung calves and lambs are weaned early to reduce the amount of milk products consumed and potentially improve the profitability of rearing enterprises. At weaning the pre-ruminant must make a number of adjustments to cope with the change in dietary substrate. The microbial population in the rumen must develop and metabolic changes are required in order for the young ruminant to metabolize the end products of microbial digestion. It is recognized that early weaning poses a stress to the calf but it is generally considered that the calf rapidly adjusts to the change in diet composition. A number of factors indicate that considerable advantage would be gained from delaying the weaning of calves and indeed that the calf is not physiologically capable of adapting to an early-weaning regime. Work has indicated that a diverse anaerobic microbial population can be identified in the developing rumen of the calf. More recent results show that the presence of a faculative anaerobic population, which exists for a considerable period of time, has an adverse effect on the development of a mature anaerobic population. Low rumen pH is a problem in the young calf. The level of rumen pH verges on that which would be described as acidosis in the adult ruminant. The young calf is unable to stabilize rumen pH and increasing the level of dry food intake at weaning may further depress rumen pH if the salivary buffering capacity of the calf is not adequately developed. Results indicate that the ability to utilize volatile fatty acids is not fully developed in the young calf and that early weaning can result in high levels of VFAs in the circulation.The composition of the dry diet has a major effect on the response of the calf to weaning. Choice of the ingredients can affect the buffering capacity of the rumen and the physiological development of the digestive tract. Strategies to limit the nutrient intake from dry food to levels commensurate with the developing physiology of the calf may result in a more uniform transition to full ruminant status with consequent benefits in growth rate and health.
Collapse
|
12
|
Leo-Penu CLO, Picard J, Fitzpatrick LA, Parker AJ. Feed and water deprivation has a negative but transient effect on the rumen kinetics of Bos indicus steers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:670-678. [PMID: 29427381 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects on rumen kinetics after feed and water had been deprived for 72 hr were studied using four fistulated Bos indicus steers. The animals were assigned in a 2 × 4 crossover design with two treatments: feed and water ad libitum (control) and no feed and water for 72 hr (deprived) with four steers per treatment over two time periods. Feed and water deprivation caused decreases in the numbers of cellulolytic bacteria (1.4 vs. 0.4 cfu × 106 /ml; p = .001), live (23.7 vs. 0.8 × 109 /ml; p = .001), dead (12.7 vs. 0.5 × 109 /ml; p = .001) and total bacterial counts (36.4 vs. 1.4 × 109 /ml; p = .001) at day 0, compared with the control treatment. However, the deprived group had greater numbers of cellulolytic bacteria (2.7 vs. 50.1 cfu × 106 /ml; p = .001), live (18.3 vs. 42.2 × 109 /ml; p = .001), dead (6. 5 vs. 19.1 × 109 /ml; p = .001) and total bacterial counts (24.8 vs. 61.3 × 109 /ml; p = .001) from rumen fluid on day 4, compared with the control treatment. The numbers of protozoa in rumen fluid from the deprived group were less than (551.2 vs. 2.4 × 103 /ml; p = .001) the control group on day 0. However, the deprived treatment had fewer protozoa in rumen fluid than the control treatment on day 4 (p = .001) and day 9 (p = .001). Volatile fatty acids and in vitro gas production as functional measurements of rumen fluid followed the same trend as the bacterial and protozoa populations. These results indicate that feed and water deprivation would have a negative but transient effect on the rumen kinetics of Bos indicus steers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L O Leo-Penu
- Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.,School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - J Picard
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - L A Fitzpatrick
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - A J Parker
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Deparment of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Albores-Moreno S, Alayón-Gamboa JA, Ayala-Burgos AJ, Solorio-Sánchez FJ, Aguilar-Pérez CF, Olivera-Castillo L, Ku-Vera JC. Effects of feeding ground pods of Enterolobium cyclocarpum Jacq. Griseb on dry matter intake, rumen fermentation, and enteric methane production by Pelibuey sheep fed tropical grass. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:857-866. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
14
|
Further assessment of the protozoal contribution to the nutrition of the ruminant animal. J Theor Biol 2017; 416:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Nguyen SH, Bremner G, Cameron M, Hegarty RS. Methane emissions, ruminal characteristics and nitrogen utilisation changes after refaunation of protozoa-free sheep. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
Ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis and nitrogen utilization of sheep receiving tropical grass hay-concentrate diets offered with Sapindus saponaria fruits and Cratylia argentea foliage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800054643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effects of supplementing a tropical, low-quality grass hay (Brachiaria dictyoneura) with legume foliage (Cratylia argentea) or fruits of the multipurpose tree Sapindus saponaria on ruminal fermentation, methane release and nitrogen (N) utilization were evaluated. Six Swiss White Hill lambs were used in a 6 ✕ 6 Latin-square design with a 3 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with measurements of energy metabolism being conducted using open-circuit respiratory chambers. Treatments consisted of three basal diets, either grass alone or legume: grass ratios of 1: 2 or 2: 1. These basal diets were supplemented (1: 3) with a control concentrate or with a concentrate containing 250 g/kg dry matter of S. saponaria fruits. The apparent total tract digestibilities of organic matter (OM) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) were reduced and the proportionate crude protein (CP) losses through faeces were increased (P 0·01) by supplementation with S. saponaria, and digestibilities of OM and NDF were linearly reduced (P 0·001) with increasing legume proportion. Body energy retention, however, was similar in all diets. Along with CP intake, the proportionate CP losses through faeces decreased (P 0·001) with increasing legume proportion which was associated with improved (P 0·001) body protein retention and reduced (P 0·1) fat retention. Ruminal fluid ammonia concentration was not significantly affected (P > 0·1) by the inclusion of S. saponaria in the concentrate, but increased linearly (P 0·001) as dietary legume proportion was elevated. Supplementation with fruits of S. saponaria increased (P 0·01) total bacteria count, and decreased (P 0·001) total ciliate protozoa count by more than proportionately 0·50. Daily methane release was reduced (P 0·01) by S. saponaria supplementation in all basal diet types. Although being not clearly affected on a daily basis, methane release relative to body protein retention decreased linearly (P 0·05) with increasing legume proportion. The fact that interactions were mostly non-significant (P > 0·05) indicates that supplementation with S. saponaria fruits is a useful means to reduce methane emission from sheep given both tropical grass-based and grass-legume-based diets. Likewise, including legumes in N-limited tropical diets seems to represent an environmentally friendly way to improve animal productivity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen SH, Li L, Hegarty RS. Effects of Rumen Protozoa of Brahman Heifers and Nitrate on Fermentation and In vitro Methane Production. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:807-13. [PMID: 26954116 PMCID: PMC4852247 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted assessing the effects of presence or absence of rumen protozoa and dietary nitrate addition on rumen fermentation characteristics and in vitro methane production in Brahman heifers. The first experiment assessed changes in rumen fermentation pattern and in vitro methane production post-refaunation and the second experiment investigated whether addition of nitrate to the incubation would give rise to methane mitigation additional to that contributed by defaunation. Ten Brahman heifers were progressively adapted to a diet containing 4.5% coconut oil distillate for 18 d and then all heifers were defaunated using sodium 1-(2-sulfonatooxyethoxy) dodecane (Empicol). After 15 d, the heifers were given a second dose of Empicol. Fifteen days after the second dosing, all heifers were allocated to defaunated or refaunated groups by stratified randomisation, and the experiment commenced (d 0). On d 0, an oral dose of rumen fluid collected from unrelated faunated cattle was used to inoculate 5 heifers and form a refaunated group so that the effects of re-establishment of protozoa on fermentation characteristics could be investigated. Samples of rumen fluid collected from each animal using oesophageal intubation before feeding on d 0, 7, 14, and 21 were incubated for in vitro methane production. On d 35, 2% nitrate (as NaNO3) was included in in vitro incubations to test for additivity of nitrate and absence of protozoa effects on fermentation and methane production. It was concluded that increasing protozoal numbers were associated with increased methane production in refaunated heifers 7, 14, and 21 d after refaunation. Methane production rate was significantly higher from refaunated heifers than from defaunated heifers 35 d after refaunation. Concentration and proportions of major volatile fatty acids, however, were not affected by protozoal treatments. There is scope for further reducing methane output through combining defaunation and dietary nitrate as the addition of nitrate in the defaunated heifers resulted in 86% reduction in methane production in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Nguyen
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.,National Institute of Animal Sciences, Thuy Phuong, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - L Li
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - R S Hegarty
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effects of phenolic compounds on ruminal protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and digestion in water buffaloes. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
Ebrahimi M, Rajion MA, Meng GY, Shokryzadan P, Sazili AQ, Jahromi MF. Feeding Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis, Jacq.) Fronds Alters Rumen Protozoal Population and Ruminal Fermentation Pattern in Goats. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed A. Rajion
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Goh Y. Meng
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Parisa Shokryzadan
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen SH, Barnett MC, Hegarty RS. Use of dietary nitrate to increase productivity and reduce methane production of defaunated and faunated lambs consuming protein-deficient chaff. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary nitrate supplementation and defaunation on methane (CH4) emission, microbial protein outflow, digesta kinetics and average daily gain were studied in lambs fed chaff containing 4.1% crude protein in dry matter. Twenty ewe lambs were randomly allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment (0% or 3.1% calcium nitrate supplementation and defaunated or faunated protozoal state). Nitrate supplementation increased blood methaemoglobin concentration (P < 0.05), rumen volatile fatty acids, ammonia concentration, dry matter intake, microbial protein outflow, average daily gain, dry matter digestibility, clean wool growth and wool fibre diameter (P < 0.01). Nitrate increased CH4 production (g/day) due to greater dry matter intake, but did not affect CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake). Nitrate-supplemented lambs had a shorter total mean retention time of digesta in the gut (P < 0.05). Defaunation reduced CH4 production and CH4 yield by 43% and 47%, but did not cause changes in dry matter intake, microbial protein outflow, average daily gain or clean wool growth. Defaunation decreased total volatile fatty acids and the molar percentage of propionate, but increased the molar percentage of acetate (P < 0.05). Interactions were observed such that combined treatments of defaunation and nitrate supplementation increased blood methaemoglobin (P = 0.04), and decreased CH4 yield (P = 0.01).
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Galyean ML, Goetsch AL. Utilization of Forage Fiber by Ruminants. FORAGE CELL WALL STRUCTURE AND DIGESTIBILITY 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/1993.foragecellwall.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Galyean
- Clayton Livestock Research Center; Clayton New Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Mills JAN, Crompton LA, Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Hook S, Benchaar C, France J. A dynamic mechanistic model of lactic acid metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2398-414. [PMID: 24565322 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current feed evaluation systems for ruminants are too imprecise to describe diets in terms of their acidosis risk. The dynamic mechanistic model described herein arises from the integration of a lactic acid (La) metabolism module into an extant model of whole-rumen function. The model was evaluated using published data from cows and sheep fed a range of diets or infused with various doses of La. The model performed well in simulating peak rumen La concentrations (coefficient of determination = 0.96; root mean square prediction error = 16.96% of observed mean), although frequency of sampling for the published data prevented a comprehensive comparison of prediction of time to peak La accumulation. The model showed a tendency for increased La accumulation following feeding of diets rich in nonstructural carbohydrates, although less-soluble starch sources such as corn tended to limit rumen La concentration. Simulated La absorption from the rumen remained low throughout the feeding cycle. The competition between bacteria and protozoa for rumen La suggests a variable contribution of protozoa to total La utilization. However, the model was unable to simulate the effects of defaunation on rumen La metabolism, indicating a need for a more detailed description of protozoal metabolism. The model could form the basis of a feed evaluation system with regard to rumen La metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A N Mills
- The University of Reading, Centre for Dairy Research, Department of Agriculture, Reading, RG6 6AT, UK
| | - L A Crompton
- The University of Reading, Centre for Dairy Research, Department of Agriculture, Reading, RG6 6AT, UK
| | - J L Ellis
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 8219 PH, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - S Hook
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Benchaar
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - J France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Faciola AP, Broderick GA. Effects of feeding lauric acid on ruminal protozoa numbers, fermentation, and digestion and on milk production in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2243-53. [PMID: 23463566 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the level of lauric acid (LA) addition to the diet necessary to effectively suppress ruminal protozoa (RP) to the extent observed when a single dose was given directly into the rumen, 2) to assess LA effects on production and ruminal metabolism, and 3) to determine the time needed for RP to reestablish themselves after LA is withdrawn from the diet of lactating dairy cows. In Exp. 1, 2 Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a split-plot design pilot study. Both cows consumed the same level of LA, starting with 0 g/d and increasing to 129, 270, and 438 g/d mixed into the diet. Diets were fed as total mixed ration (TMR) and contained (DM basis) 30% corn silage, 30% alfalfa silage, and 40% concentrate. Lauric acid intake linearly decreased DMI (P = 0.03), RP numbers (P < 0.01), ruminal acetate molar proportion (P = 0.03), and ruminal ammonia concentration (P = 0.03). Lauric acid intake linearly increased ruminal valerate molar proportion (P = 0.02). A quadratic response of LA consumption was observed on total ruminal VFA concentration (P < 0.01) and propionate molar proportion (P < 0.01), with maximum responses at 270 g/d of LA intake. A quadratic response of LA consumption was also observed on total ruminal free amino acid (TAA) concentration (P < 0.01), with minimum concentration at 270 g/d of LA intake. After withdrawing the greatest LA dose from the diet, RP returned to their original numbers in 12 d. In Exp. 2, 48 multiparous Holstein cows (8 with ruminal cannulae) were blocked by days in milk into 12 blocks of 4 cows (2 blocks of cannulated cows) and randomly assigned within replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares to balanced dietary treatment sequences. Diets were fed as TMR and contained (DM basis) 36% corn silage, 29% alfalfa silage, and 35% concentrate, and LA intake levels were 0, 220, 404, and 543 g/d mixed in the TMR. In Exp. 2, LA linearly reduced RP (P < 0.01), ruminal ammonia (P < 0.01), and total free AA concentration (P < 0.01); however, dietary LA also linearly decreased DM intake (P < 0.01). Intake of LA linearly reduced ruminal total VFA concentration (P < 0.01); DM, OM, NDF, and CP digestibility (P < 0.01); and milk production and milk components (P < 0.01). Therefore, LA does not appear to be a feasible RP suppressant for feeding in practical diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Faciola
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kargar S, Ghorbani GR, Alikhani M, Khorvash M, Rashidi L, Schingoethe DJ. Lactational performance and milk fatty acid profile of Holstein cows in response to dietary fat supplements and forage:Concentrate ratio. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
27
|
Bhatta R, Saravanan M, Baruah L, Sampath KT. Nutrient content, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane reduction potential of tropical tannin-containing leaves. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2929-2935. [PMID: 22522493 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant tannins as rumen modifiers are better than chemicals or antibiotic-based modifiers since these compounds are natural products which are environmentally friendly and therefore have a better acceptance with regard to feed safety issues. Tropical plants containing phenols such as tannins were found to suppress or eliminate protozoa from the rumen and reduce methane and ammonia production. The screening of these plants is an important step in the identification of new compounds and feed additives which might contribute to mitigate rumen methanogenesis. The present study was carried out to determine the efficacy of tannins from tropical tree leaves for their methane reduction properties. RESULTS Activity of tannins, as represented by the increase in gas volume with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 as a tannin binder (tannin bioassay) was highest in Ficus bengalensis (555%), followed by Azardirachta indica (78.5%). PEG addition did not alter (P > 0.05) methane percentage in Ficus racemosa, Glyricidia maculata, Leucena leucocephala, Morus alba and Semaroba glauca, confirming that tannins in these samples did not affect methanogenesis. The increase (P < 0.05) in protozoa population with PEG was maximal in Ficus religiosa (50), followed by Moringa oleifera (31.2), Azardirachta indica (29.9) and Semaroba glauca (27.5). There was no change (P > 0.05) in the protozoa population in Autocarpus integrifolia, Ficus bengalensis, Jatropha curcus, Morus alba and Sesbania grandiflora, demonstrating that methane reduction observed in these samples per se was not due to defaunation effect of the tannin. The increase in total volatile fatty acid concentration in samples with PEG ranged from 0.6% to > 70%. The highest increase (%) in NH(3)-N was recorded in Azardirachta indica (67.4), followed by Ficus mysoriensis (35.7) and Semaroba glauca (32.6) leaves, reflecting strong protein binding properties of tannin. CONCLUSION The results of our study established that in vitro methanogenesis was not essentially related to the density of protozoa population. Tropical tree leaves containing tannins such as Autocarpus integrifolia, Jatropha curcus and Sesbania grandiflora have the potential to suppress methanogenesis. Therefore tannins contained in these plants could be of interest in the development of new additives in ruminant nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Bhatta
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Faciola AP, Broderick GA, Hristov A, Leão MI. Effects of lauric acid on ruminal protozoal numbers and fermentation pattern and milk production in lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:363-73. [PMID: 23097406 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate lauric acid (LA) as a practical ruminal protozoa-suppressing agent and assess effects of protozoal suppression on fermentation patterns and milk production in dairy cows. In a pilot study, 6 lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a randomized complete-block design trial. Cows were fed a basal total mixed ration (TMR) containing (DM basis) 15% alfalfa silage, 40% corn silage, 30% rolled high moisture shelled corn, and 14% solvent soybean meal, and assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) control, 2) 160 g/d of LA, or 3) 222 g/d of sodium laurate, which is equimolar to 160 g/d of LA, all given as a single dose into the rumen via cannulae before feeding. Both agents showed high antiprotozoal activity when pulse dosed at these amounts via ruminal cannulae, reducing protozoa by 90% (P<0.01) within 2 d of treatment. Lauric acid reduced ruminal ammonia concentration by 60% (P<0.01) without altering DMI. Both agents reduced ruminal total free AA concentration (P<0.01) and LA did not affect ruminal pH or total VFA concentration. In a large follow-up feeding trial, 52 Holstein cows (8 with ruminal cannulae) were used in a randomized complete-block design trial. Cows were assigned to 1 of 4 diets and fed only that diet throughout the study. The TMR contained (DM basis) 29% alfalfa silage, 36% corn silage, 14% rolled high moisture shelled corn, and 8% solvent soybean meal. The 4 experimental diets were similar, except part of the finely ground dry corn was replaced with LA in stepwise increments from 0 to 0.97% of dietary DM, which provided (as consumed) 0, 83, 164, and 243 g/d of LA. Adding these amounts of LA to the TMR did not affect DMI, ruminal pH, or other ruminal traits, and milk production. However, LA consumed at 164 and 243 g/d in the TMR reduced the protozoal population by only 25% and 30% (P=0.05), respectively, showing that these levels, when added to the TMR, were not sufficient to achieve a concentration within the rumen that promoted the antiprotozoal effect of LA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Faciola
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saleem F, Ametaj BN, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Zebeli Q, Dunn SM, Wishart DS. A metabolomics approach to uncover the effects of grain diets on rumen health in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6606-23. [PMID: 22959937 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows fed high-grain diets during early lactation have a high incidence of metabolic disorders. However, the precise mechanism(s) of how grain feeding causes disease is not clear. In an effort to understand how this diet transition alters the rumen environment and potentially leads to certain metabolic disorders in dairy cattle, we undertook a comprehensive, quantitative metabolomic analysis of rumen fluid samples from dairy cows fed 4 different diets. Using a combination of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and direct flow injection tandem mass spectroscopy, we identified and quantified 93 metabolites in rumen samples taken from 8 dairy cows fed graded amounts of barley grain (i.e., 0, 15, 30, and 45% of diet dry matter). We also studied temporal changes in the rumen by studying metabolite concentration differences between the first day and the last day of each diet phase following the diet adaptation period. Multivariate analysis showed that rumen metabolites arising from the diet containing 45% barley grain were clearly different from those containing 0, 15, and 30% barley grain. Likewise, a clear separation of the metabolic composition of the ruminal fluid was evident at the beginning and at the end of each diet phase-contrary to the belief that 11 d are suitable for the adaptation of cows to high-grain diets. High-grain diets (>30%) resulted in increased rumen fluid concentrations of several toxic, inflammatory, and unnatural compounds including putrescine, methylamines, ethanolamine, and short-chain fatty acids. Perturbations in several amino acids (phenylalanine, ornithine, lysine, leucine, arginine, valine, and phenylacetylglycine) were also evident. The present study confirms and greatly extends earlier observations on dietary effects on rumen fluid composition and shows that the use of multiple metabolomic platforms permits a far more detailed understanding of metabolic causes and effects. These results may improve our understanding of diet-related rumen metabolism and the influence of grain on the overall health of dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Saleem
- Department of Biological and Computing Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada TG6 2P5
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hristov AN, Callaway TR, Lee C, Dowd SE. Rumen bacterial, archaeal, and fungal diversity of dairy cows in response to ingestion of lauric or myristic acid. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4449-57. [PMID: 22952367 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment, part of a larger study, was to investigate changes in rumen bacterial, archaeal, and fungal diversity in cows fed medium-chain saturated fatty acids. In the main study, 6 lactating dairy cows were dosed intraruminally with 240 g/(cow · d) of stearic (SA, control), lauric (LA), or myristic (MA) acid in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design trial. Experimental periods were 28 d, and cows were transfaunated between periods. Lauric acid decreased protozoal counts in the rumen by 96% compared with SA and MA (compared with SA, MA had no effect on ruminal protozoa). Whole ruminal contents samples were collected 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, and 24 h after the morning feeding on d 23 of each experimental period, stored frozen, and later composited by cow and period for microbial profile analyses, which involved tag-encoded flexible (FLX) amplicon pyrosequencing to provide diversity analyses of gastrointestinal bacterial, archaeal, and fungal populations of the cattle. The LA treatment, either directly or through its effect on protozoa, had a profound effect on the microbial ecology of the rumen. Ruminal populations of Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Enterorhabdus were decreased (P = 0.04 to P < 0.001) by more than 2-fold in LA treatments compared with SA, and Clostridium populations were decreased (P = 0.01) in LA- compared with MA-treated cows. The proportion of Ruminococcus was not affected by treatment, although the LA treatment had the least proportion of Ruminococcus. Proportions of Eubacterium, Butyrivibrio, Olsenella, and Lactobacillus genera were increased (P = 0.03 to 0.01) by LA compared with MA or SA. The LA treatment, possibly through its effect on protozoa physically associated with archaea, resulted in an increase (P = 0.01) in the archaeal methanogenic genus Methanosphaera and a decrease (P = 0.01) in Methanobrevibacter. Few changes in fungal populations caused by treatment were detected. Collectively, results indicate that LA, either through antiprotozoal or direct antimicrobial effects, altered bacterial and archaeal populations in the rumen of dairy cows, but effects on fungal populations were not clear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Hristov
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nasri S, Ben Salem H. Effect of oral administration of Agave americana or Quillaja saponaria extracts on digestion and growth of Barbarine female lamb. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
32
|
Rumen fermentation and microbial population in lactating dairy cows receiving diets containing oilseeds rich in C-18 fatty acids. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1211-8. [PMID: 22850225 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen Holstein rumen-cannulated primiparous milking dairy cows were fed a control diet (CN) based on maize silage and soyabean meal during a 4-week period before the start of a 21-d experiment with oilseeds containing high concentration of linoleic acid (Linola™) or linolenic acid (NuLin™). Thereafter, four cows received ad libitum one of each of four dietary treatments comprising of CN, Linola (LN), NuLin (NL) and LN/NL (50/50 % combination). Each LN, NL and LN/NL treatment contained 6 % oil of DM. Rumen digesta samples were collected on days 6, 11, 16 and 21 and milk samples on days 13, 15 and 17. There were no effects (P>0.05) of the oilseeds on pH and concentrations of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids, while the acetate:propionate ratio was decreased (P< 0.05). The oilseeds also decreased (P< 0.05) protozoa and increased (P< 0.1) total cellulolytic bacteria in rumen fluid, especially when containing high dietary linoleic acid (P< 0.05). The milk protein concentration was increased (P< 0.1) by the dietary linoleic acid, which produced most beneficial results. It was concluded that supplements of linoleic acid in diets of ruminants might contribute to better digestion of dietary fibre and increased quality of milk.
Collapse
|
33
|
Methanogenic population and CH₄ production in swedish dairy cows fed different levels of forage. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6172-9. [PMID: 22752163 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00675-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanogenic community structure, methane production (CH(4)), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles were investigated in Swedish dairy cows fed a diet with a forage/concentrate ratio of 500/500 or 900/100 g/kg of dry matter (DM) of total DM intake (DMI). The rumen methanogenic population was evaluated using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, 16S rRNA gene libraries, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Mean CH(4) yields did not differ (P > 0.05) between diets, being 16.9 and 20.2 g/kg DMI for the 500/500 and 900/100 diets, respectively. The T-RFLP analysis revealed that populations differed between individual cows and that each individual population responded differently to the diets. The 16S rRNA gene libraries revealed that Methanobrevibacter spp. dominated for both diets. CH(4) production was positively correlated with a dominance of sequences representing T-RFs related to Methanobrevibacter thaueri, Methanobrevibacter millerae, and Methanobrevibacter smithii relative to Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanobrevibacter olleyae. Total numbers of methanogens and total numbers of Methanobacteriales were significantly higher with the 500/500 diet (P < 0.0004 and P < 0.002, respectively). However, no relationship was found between CH(4) production and total number of methanogens. No differences were seen in total VFA, propionic acid, or acetic acid contents, but the molar proportion of butyric acid in the rumen was higher for the 500/500 diet than for the 900/100 diet (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the results also revealed that a division of the identified methanogenic species into two groups, suggested in the work of King et al. (E. E. King, R. P. Smith, B. St-Pierre, and A. D. G. Wright, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:5682-5687, 2011), increased the understanding of the variation in CH(4) production between different cows.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jesus LPD, Cabral LDS, Espinosa MM, Abreu JGD, Zervoudakis JT, Morenz MJF. Simulação dos efeitos de fatores dietéticos sobre a população de protozoários ruminais. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivouse desenvolver modelos estatísticos que possam estimar as variações da população de protozoários ruminais mediante alterações na dieta, por meio de utilização dos parâmetros: teores de fibra em detergente neutro e proteína bruta, consumo de matéria seca e pH, bem como verificar se as variáveis peso vivo e raça exercem influência sobre a população de protozoários do rúmen. Foram construídas planilhas por meio do software Excel e registrados dados referentes aos parâmetros acima mencionados e sobre o perfil da microbiota ruminal. Estas variáveis foram utilizadas e testadas para obtenção das equações para predição do perfil da microbiota. Os modelos estatísticos obtidos foram verificados por análise residual e para a seleção das variáveis foi considerado o nível de significância de 5%, mediante a utlização do software MINITAB Versão 15 (2010). As equações de regressão obtidas a partir dos dados analisados permitem inferir que: ocorreu um aumento no número de protozoários totais proporcional à elevação do pH; as variáveis raça, peso e aditivos exerceram efeito significativo sobre a população de protozoários totais; à medida que elevouse o consumo de matéria seca, diminuiu o número de protozoários ruminais; o aumento do teor de fibra em detergente neutro na dieta promoveu incremento no número de protozoários; quanto maior o teor de proteína bruta, menor o número de protozoários totais. Os modelos obtidos permitem estimar o número de protozoários em função das variáveis raça, peso, pH, consumo de matéria seca, teores fibra em detergente neutro e proteína bruta da dieta e presença ou ausência de aditivos.
Collapse
|
35
|
Degradation of terpenes and terpenoids from Mediterranean rangelands by mixed rumen bacteria in vitro. Animal 2012; 6:612-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
36
|
Hook S, Dijkstra J, Wright AD, McBride B, France J. Modeling the distribution of ciliate protozoa in the reticulo-rumen using linear programming. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:255-65. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Lorenz M, Karlsson L, Hetta M, Udén P. Recycling of microbial N and estimation of protein degradation by in vitro gas production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Gressley TF, Hall MB, Armentano LE. Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Productivity, digestion, and health responses to hindgut acidosis in ruminants. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:1120-30. [PMID: 21415422 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the hindgut of dairy cattle is responsible for 5 to 10% of total-tract carbohydrate digestion. When dietary, animal, or environmental factors contribute to abnormal, excessive flow of fermentable carbohydrates from the small intestine, hindgut acidosis can occur. Hindgut acidosis is characterized by increased rates of production of short-chain fatty acids including lactic acid, decreased digesta pH, and damage to gut epithelium as evidenced by the appearance of mucin casts in feces. Hindgut acidosis is more likely to occur in high-producing animals fed diets with relatively greater proportions of grains and lesser proportions of forage. In these animals, ruminal acidosis and poor selective retention of fermentable carbohydrates by the rumen will increase carbohydrate flow to the hindgut. In more severe situations, hindgut acidosis is characterized by an inflammatory response; the resulting breach of the barrier between animal and digesta may contribute to laminitis and other disorders. In a research setting, effects of increased hindgut fermentation have been evaluated using pulse-dose or continuous abomasal infusions of varying amounts of fermentable carbohydrates. Continuous small-dose abomasal infusions of 1 kg/d of pectin or fructans into lactating cows resulted in decreased diet digestibility and decreased milk fat percentage without affecting fecal pH or VFA concentrations. The decreased diet digestibility likely resulted from increased bulk in the digestive tract or from increased digesta passage rate, reducing exposure of the digesta to intestinal enzymes and epithelial absorptive surfaces. The same mechanism is proposed to explain the decreased milk fat percentage because only milk concentrations of long-chain fatty acids were decreased. Pulse-dose abomasal fructan infusions (1 g/kg of BW) into steers resulted in watery feces, decreased fecal pH, and increased fecal VFA concentrations, without causing an inflammatory response. Daily 12-h abomasal infusions of a large dose of starch (~4 kg/d) have also induced hindgut acidosis as indicated by decreased fecal pH and watery feces. On the farm, watery or foamy feces or presence of mucin casts in feces may indicate hindgut acidosis. In summary, hindgut acidosis occurs because of relatively high rates of large intestinal fermentation, likely due to digestive dysfunction in other parts of the gut. A better understanding of the relationship of this disorder to other animal health disorders is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T F Gressley
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Menezes AB, Lewis E, O'Donovan M, O'Neill BF, Clipson N, Doyle EM. Microbiome analysis of dairy cows fed pasture or total mixed ration diets. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 78:256-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
40
|
Mosoni P, Martin C, Forano E, Morgavi DP. Long-term defaunation increases the abundance of cellulolytic ruminococci and methanogens but does not affect the bacterial and methanogen diversity in the rumen of sheep1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:783-91. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
41
|
Clauss M, Müller K, Fickel J, Streich WJ, Hatt JM, Südekum KH. Macroecology of the host determines microecology of endobionts: protozoal faunas vary with wild ruminant feeding type and body mass. J Zool (1987) 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Influence of hydrogen on rumen methane formation and fermentation balances through microbial growth kinetics and fermentation thermodynamics. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Kiran D, Mutsvangwa T. Effects of partial ruminal defaunation on urea-nitrogen recycling, nitrogen metabolism, and microbial nitrogen supply in growing lambs fed low or high dietary crude protein concentrations1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1034-47. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
44
|
Marcin A, Südekum KH. Nutritive defaunation of the rumen in steers with subsequent refaunation using a cryopreserved monoculture ofEntodinium caudatum. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:44-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
45
|
Comparison of duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep inoculated with Holotrich protozoa, Entodinium monofauna or total mixed protozoa population. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:34-40. [PMID: 18768100 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508984245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present results are the last part of a series of experiments conducted in this laboratory on metabolism of major individual rumen ciliate protozoa species and their combinations in sheep. These species were inoculated into the rumen of fauna-free (FF) sheep to study digestibility of dietary fibre and duodenal flow of N. Sixteen rumen- and duodenum-cannulated FF sheep were divided into four equal groups and used in the present experiment. One group remained FF, while the other three were each inoculated intraruminally with the Holotrich protozoa sp. (HT), Entodinium sp. (EN) or total mixed fauna (TF). In comparison with the FF group, the HT did not affect (P>0.05) the duodenal flow of non-NH3-N and bacterial-N, while the flow was decreased (P < 0.05) by both the EN and TF populations. The digestibility of fibre was increased (P < 0.05) by both the EN and TF populations, but the results for the HT group were mostly similar to those for the FF sheep. The fibre digestibility in the stomach for TF was intermediate between that for EN and FF. It was concluded that except when fed high-carbohydrate diets, the presence in the rumen of the HT protozoa are of no significant value or major detriment to ruminant production.
Collapse
|
46
|
Williams YJ, Rea SM, Popovski S, Pimm CL, Williams AJ, Toovey AF, Skillman LC, Wright ADG. Reponses of sheep to a vaccination of entodinial or mixed rumen protozoal antigens to reduce rumen protozoal numbers. Br J Nutr 2007; 99:100-9. [PMID: 17697432 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507801553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two rumen protozoa vaccine formulations containing either whole fixed Entodinium or mixed rumen protozoa cells were tested on Merino sheep with the aim of decreasing the number and/or activity of protozoa in the rumen. Negative control (no antigen) and positive control (Tetrahymena corlissi antigens) treatments were also included in the experiment. Blood and saliva were sampled to measure the specific immune response. Protozoal numbers in the rumen were monitored by microscopic counts. Vaccination with protozoal formulations resulted in the presence of specific IgG in plasma and saliva, but saliva titres were low. Titres after secondary vaccination were higher (P < 0·05) than after primary vaccination. There was a moderate (r2 0·556) relationship (P < 0·05) between plasma and saliva titres for the rumen protozoal vaccine formulations. Rumen protozoa were not decreased (P>0·05) by the vaccination and there was also no difference (P>0·05) between treatments in rumen fluid ammonia-N concentration or wool growth. In vitro studies investigated the binding ability of the antibodies and estimated the amount of antibody required to reduce cell numbers in the rumen. The studies showed that the antibodies did bind to and reduced protozoa numbers, but the amount of antibody generated by vaccination was not enough to produce results in an in vivo system. It is suggested that the vaccine could be improved if specific protozoal antigens are determined and isolated and that improved understanding of the actions of protozoa antibodies in rumen fluid and the relationships between levels of antibodies and numbers of protozoa in the rumen is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvette J Williams
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fonty G, Joblin K, Chavarot M, Roux R, Naylor G, Michallon F. Establishment and development of ruminal hydrogenotrophs in methanogen-free lambs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:6391-403. [PMID: 17675444 PMCID: PMC2075041 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00181-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine whether reductive acetogenesis can provide an alternative to methanogenesis in the rumen. Gnotobiotic lambs were inoculated with a functional rumen microbiota lacking methanogens and reared to maturity on a fibrous diet. Lambs with a methanogen-free rumen grew well, and the feed intake and ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations for lambs lacking ruminal methanogens were lower but not markedly dissimilar from those for conventional lambs reared on the same diet. A high population density (10(7) to 10(8) cells g(-1)) of ruminal acetogens slowly developed in methanogen-free lambs. Sulfate- and fumarate-reducing bacteria were present, but their population densities were highly variable. In methanogen-free lambs, the hydrogen capture from fermentation was low (28 to 46%) in comparison with that in lambs containing ruminal methanogens (>90%). Reductive acetogenesis was not a significant part of ruminal fermentation in conventional lambs but contributed 21 to 25% to the fermentation in methanogen-free meroxenic animals. Ruminal H(2) utilization was lower in lambs lacking ruminal methanogens, but when a methanogen-free lamb was inoculated with a methanogen, the ruminal H(2) utilization was similar to that in conventional lambs. H(2) utilization in lambs containing a normal ruminal microflora was age dependent and increased with the animal age. The animal age effect was less marked in lambs lacking ruminal methanogens. Addition of fumarate to rumen contents from methanogen-free lambs increased H(2) utilization. These findings provide the first evidence from animal studies that reductive acetogens can sustain a functional rumen and replace methanogens as a sink for H(2) in the rumen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Fonty
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Protistes, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, 63177 Aubière cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yáñez-Ruiz DR, Williams S, Newbold CJ. The effect of absence of protozoa on rumen biohydrogenation and the fatty acid composition of lamb muscle. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:938-48. [PMID: 17381978 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507675187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the absence of protozoa in the rumen of lambs on animal growth, rumen fermentation, microbial diversity and fatty acid profiles in abomasal fluid and intramuscular fat were measured in ten control and ten protozoa-free (PF) lambs. PF lambs were prepared by isolating them from ewes within the first 24 h after birth. The PF and control lambs were kept for 4 months in two different fields and received a daily supplement of 250 g concentrate. The bacterial populations visualised by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis differed between the two groups of animals and showed a higher bacterial diversity in control lambs than in PF lambs. Abomasal contents from control lambs contained higher concentrations of 22 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3 and lower concentrations of vaccenic acid (trans-11–18 : 1) and 20 : 3n-6 than PF lambs. The rest of the fatty acids, including the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, were present at the same concentrations in abomasal contents from both experimental groups. Fatty acid composition in intramuscular fat showed differences between the groups. PF lambs had higher proportions of 18 : 0, 18 : 3,trans-10,cis-12-CLA and total SFA than control lambs. Control lambs had higher proportions ofcis-9–18 : 1,cis-9,cis-12–18 : 2, 20 : 3n-6, 22 : 6n-3 (DHA) and MUFA. In conclusion, rumen defaunation led to higher tissue levels of thetrans-10,cis-12-CLA isomer and SFA and lower PUFA:SFA ratio andn-3 PUFA in lamb muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Yáñez-Ruiz
- Institute of Rural Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Llanbadarn Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3AL, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Koenig KM, Ivan M, Teferedegne BT, Morgavi DP, Rode LM, Ibrahim IM, Newbold CJ. Effect of dietary Enterolobium cyclocarpum on microbial protein flow and nutrient digestibility in sheep maintained fauna-free, with total mixed fauna or with Entodinium caudatum monofauna. Br J Nutr 2007; 98:504-16. [PMID: 17459191 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507723930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Three groups of five wethers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas and maintained as either fauna-free (FF) or inoculated with total mixed fauna (TF) or Entodinium caudatum as a single-species monofauna (EN) were used in an experiment with two 28 d periods. In the first period, the sheep were fed a control barley-based diet (40:60 concentrate to silage DM) and in the second period the diet was supplemented with 187 g DM of Enterolobium cyclocarpum for the last 12 d of the period. The diets of period 1 and 2 were isonitrogenous. There was no effect of fauna on apparent ruminal and total tract organic matter and fibre digestion, but bacterial and microbial N flow and efficiency were improved in FF sheep compared to TF sheep. In period 2, protozoal numbers were reduced between 31 and 88 % 2 h after feeding E. cyclocarpum for the third to twelfth day of supplementation and by an average of 25 % in samples collected over the 24 h feeding cycle. Supplementation of the diet with E. cyclocarpum and the consequent protozoal reduction in TF and EN sheep improved the flow of non-ammonia N and bacterial N to the small intestine and the efficiency of microbial synthesis. However, E. cyclocarpum reduced ruminal organic matter digestion, especially in faunated sheep, and total tract organic matter, N and fibre digestion. Thus, a reduction in the protozoal cell numbers of 25 % was sufficient to achieve the beneficial effects of reduced fauna on the bacterial protein supply, but diet digestibility was reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Koenig
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Santra A, Karim S, Chaturvedi O. Rumen enzyme profile and fermentation characteristics in sheep as affected by treatment with sodium lauryl sulfate as defaunating agent and presence of ciliate protozoa. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|