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Joch M, Kudrna V. Partial replacement of soybean meal by white lupine seeds in the diet of dairy cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:957-964. [PMID: 31480147 PMCID: PMC7206386 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by white lupine seeds (WLS) on milk yield and quality, feed efficiency and rumen fermentation of high-yielding dairy cows. Methods Thirty multiparous cows of two breeds (20 Holstein and 10 Czech Pied cows) in early mid-lactation received three diets (treatments) in a 3×3 Latin square design with a 28-d period. The dietary treatments were as follows: CON (control total mixed ration with SBM, no WLS), WLS30 (30% of the SBM was replaced, on a dry matter basis, by WLS), and WLS50 (50% of the SBM was replaced by WLS). Results Feed intake by the cows was not affected (p = 0.331) by the diets. Milk production decreased with increasing proportions of WLS in the diet. Cows fed WLS50 yielded approximately 1 kg/d (p<0.001) less milk than cows fed the CON diet. The proportions of milk fat (p = 0.640), protein (p = 0.507), and lactose (p = 0.709) were not altered by the diet. For milk fat, feeding with WLS50 reduced the proportion of total saturated fatty acids (p<0.001) and increased the proportion of total monounsaturated fatty acids (p<0.001), mainly through oleic acid (p<0.001). No differences were found in feed efficiency, body weight, and blood plasma metabolites between groups. Rumen ammonia-N levels tended (p = 0.087) to increase with increasing proportions of WLS in the diet, whereas no effect of diet on rumen pH was found (p = 0.558). Conclusion We did not identify the safe range within which raw WLS can efficiently replace SBM in the diet of high-producing dairy cows. In contrast, even partial replacement of SBM by WLS favorably changed the milk fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Joch
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16500, Czech Republic.,Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Prague 10400, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kudrna
- Department of Nutrition and Feeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, Prague 10400, Czech Republic
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Mendowski S, Chapoutot P, Chesneau G, Ferlay A, Enjalbert F, Cantalapiedra-Hijar G, Germain A, Nozière P. Effects of replacing soybean meal with raw or extruded blends containing faba bean or lupin seeds on nitrogen metabolism and performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5130-5147. [PMID: 30981491 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to test the effects of replacing soybean meal in dairy cow diets with either raw or extruded faba bean:linseed or lupin:linseed blends on intake, milk yield and composition, N partitioning, and ruminal and plasma parameters. Our main hypotheses were that N from extruded blends was less degradable in the rumen than N from raw seeds, and that a higher extrusion temperature favored ruminal protection of proteins and milk protein yield, and lowered urinary N excretion. Eight Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in two 4 × 4 Latin square design experiments conducted in parallel. In both experiments, cows were fed diets with a crude protein content of 14.6%, containing 60% of forage (dry matter basis). Treatments differed by the composition of the concentrates: control in both experiments was based on soybean meal, and experimental treatments were based on proteaginous:linseed (90:10%) blends consisting of faba bean blends (first experiment) or lupin blends (second experiment) presented either raw, extruded at 140°C, or extruded at 160°C. Intake, milk yield and composition, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia kinetics, digestibility, N partitioning, Maillard compounds in feed and feces, plasma AA, and 15N natural enrichment were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA according to the MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Ammonia content in ruminal fluid did not significantly change when soybean meal was replaced by either raw or extruded faba bean, but tended to be higher with lupin. Milk yield was increased by 2.6 kg with faba bean blend extruded at 140°C compared with faba bean blend extruded at 160°C. Milk fat and milk protein concentrations were decreased by 3.1 and 2.3 g/kg, respectively, with lupin blends compared with soybean meal. Nitrogen partitioning between milk, feces, and urine did not change. Nitrogen apparent digestibility decreased by 3 g/100 g of N between faba bean blend extruded at low and at high temperatures. The content of Maillard compounds in feces was higher with blends extruded at 160°C than with raw or extruded at 140°C blends within both experiments. Total plasma AA tended to be higher with extruded blends than with raw in the faba bean experiment. Both extrusion temperatures appeared to protect dietary proteins from ruminal degradability, but proteins seemed to be overprotected at 160°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mendowski
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - P Chapoutot
- UMR MoSAR, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G Chesneau
- Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - A Ferlay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - F Enjalbert
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, F-31320 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - G Cantalapiedra-Hijar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - A Germain
- Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - P Nozière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
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3
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Variation of lupin protein degradation in ruminants studied in situ and using chemical protein fractions. Animal 2019; 13:709-717. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cherif C, Hassanat F, Claveau S, Girard J, Gervais R, Benchaar C. Faba bean (Vicia faba) inclusion in dairy cow diets: Effect on nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, nitrogen utilization, methane production, and milk performance. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8916-8928. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
A substantial proportion of the protein needs of highly productive ruminants in the UK is met by imported protein sources notably soya bean meal (SBM). New determinate varieties of sweet lupin (DSL) (Lupinus albus) low in alkaloids offer the potential to be a useful source of protein as agronomic conditions favour their cultivation in temperate climates where other proteinaceous legumes fail. There are at present no data on the new determinate varieties developed and under agronomic test in the UK. The objective of the work was to determine the chemical composition and the rumen degradability of nitrogen (N) of two UK varieties of lupins and to determine the digestibility and energy value of one of these varieties.The digestibility and metabolisable energy content of one new variety (CH304/70) of UK grown DSL was determined in a hay based diet using wether sheep (n = 5). The diets were offered in a 4 x 4 latin square design at foragexoncentrate ratios of 1.0, 0.9, 0.8 and 0.6 (dry matter (DM) basis) at near to the maintenance level of feeding.
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Vaga M, Hetta M, Huhtanen P. Effects of heat treatment on protein feeds evaluated in vitro by the method of estimating utilisable crude protein at the duodenum. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:1259-1272. [PMID: 27862368 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of heat treatment on the protein value of field beans, lupins and peas was studied using an in vitro method. Protein feeds were subjected to heat treatment for 30, 60 and 90 min in forced air oven at 120, 140 and 160 °C and in autoclave at 105, 120 and 135 °C. The heat-treated protein feeds were incubated in buffered rumen fluid together with grass silage and barley in complete isonitrogenous diets. The gas production (GP) was recorded continuously, and ammonia-N (NH3 -N) concentrations were determined during the in vitro incubation at 8, 24 and 48 h and used to determine the utilisable crude protein (uCP) at the duodenum at 16 h of incubation (uCP16 ). Heat treatments decreased the concentration of soluble crude protein and increased neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP) in all protein feeds compared to untreated. Inclusion of protein feeds to basal diet showed no increase in the uCP16 in untreated field bean diet and only a small numerical increase in the uCP16 concentrations from 160 g/kg dry matter (DM) to 166 and 172 g/kg DM in untreated lupine and pea diets, respectively, indicating high degradability of untreated feeds. Increasing the time and temperature of the heat treatment linearly increased the uCP16 concentrations in field bean and pea diets, but not in lupin diets. Autoclave treatment was more effective in decreasing uCP16 than oven treatment despite the lower temperatures used. However, the combination of highest temperatures and treatment time in autoclave increased acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) concentrations in protein feeds, indicating protein damage and decreased intestinal digestibility. Determining in vitro uCP and ADICP shows to be a promising method for evaluating protein value in heat-treated animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vaga
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Hetta
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Chiofalo B, Presti VL, Chiofalo V, Gresta F. The productive traits, fatty acid profile and nutritional indices of three lupin (Lupinus spp.) species cultivated in a Mediterranean environment for the livestock. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Boguhn J, Kluth H, Bulang M, Engelhard T, Spilke J, Rodehutscord M. Effects of using thermally treated lupins instead of soybean meal and rapeseed meal in total mixed rations on in vitro microbial yield and performance of dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2008; 92:694-704. [PMID: 19012615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study whether thermally treated lupins (TTL) can replace solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) in dairy cow rations. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They differed in the inclusion of the main protein feeds (TTL alone, TTL + RSM and RSM + SBM) but were equal in organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy content. In vitro organic matter fermentation was not significantly different between the TMR. Efficiency of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis was significantly higher for TMR RSM + SBM than for TTL. In vitro gas production potential was similar for the three TMR. The maximal rate of gas production was achieved later in TMR TTL than in RSM + SBM. Feed intake of dairy cows was significantly lower when TMR TTL was fed than when TMR TTL + RSM or RSM + SBM were fed. Milk yield was significantly lower with the high inclusion rate of TTL in comparison with the other TMR. The contents of milk protein and milk fat were significantly lower when the two TTL containing TMR were fed in comparison with the RSM + SBM ration. Effects of TTL inclusion on MCP synthesis may affect the amino acid supply to the duodenum of cows to a greater extent than differences in the degradability of feed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boguhn
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Saale, Germany.
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Lorenzini G, Martini A, Lotti C, Casini M, Gemini S, Riccio F, Squilloni S, Rovida A, Tocci R. Influence of bitter lupin on consumption and digestibility in organic dairy cattle soya bean free diets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Lorenzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - A. Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - C. Lotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - M. Casini
- Cooperativa Agricola Emilio Sereni, Borgo San Lorenzo (FI), Italy
| | - S. Gemini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - F. Riccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - S. Squilloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - A. Rovida
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
| | - R. Tocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze, Italy
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White CL, Staines VE, Staines MVH. A review of the nutritional value of lupins for dairy cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ar06109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Australia is the world’s leading source of lupin grain, producing ~1 million tonnes annually, of which 30% is used by the domestic livestock industry and the rest is exported for use in animal diets, including dairy cows. The domestic dairy industry uses ~70 000 tonnes annually, mainly as a supplementary feed source in pasture-based systems. Although much published information exists on the nutritive value of lupins for dairy cows, it tends to be fragmented and, in some important instances, exists only in the form of reports or publications outside the mainstream scientific journals. This paper aims to present a critical assessment of the current knowledge regarding the nutritional value of lupins as a feed for dairy cows, and offers recommendations for future research.
For cows grazing pasture or fed diets based on conserved pasture or cereal hay, the mean fractional response to lupin feeding was 0.53 kg milk/kg DM lupins, with a range of 0–0.97 kg/kg. The mean fractional forage substitution rate was 0.54 kg DM/kg lupins, and this appeared to be independent of the type of basal forage.
In experiments using cows fed iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic total mixed rations, substituting oilseed protein such as soybean meal with cracked lupin grain had no significant effects on yield of milk, fat, and protein, but it reduced milk protein concentration and had mixed effects on fat concentration. There were no significant differences in milk yield or in fat or protein concentration when lupins were substituted for other pulse grains such as faba beans or peas. Treatment of lupin grain with heat or formaldehyde reduced lupin protein degradability in the rumen, but was not shown to have consistent benefits over untreated lupins in terms of increased milk yield.
Substitution of cereal grains with an equivalent weight of lupins in dairy concentrate rations generally resulted in increased yield of milk, fat, and protein, and a higher fat concentration. The higher yield responses in most cases could be explained on the basis of the higher metabolisable energy content of lupins compared with cereal grains, although the contribution from a potentially lower incidence of rumen lactic acidosis could not be discounted.
Feeding Lupinus albus lupins to cows significantly increased the concentration of C18 : 1 in milk and reduced that of C12 : 0–C16 : 0, thus shifting the fatty acid profile of milk towards national dietary guidelines for improved cardiovascular health in human populations.
Although the review lists some recommendations for improving the nutritive value of lupins, current commercially available cultivars possess characteristics that make them attractive as a feedstuff for dairy cows.
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Masucci F, Francia AD, Romano R, Serracapriola MMD, Lambiase G, Varricchio M, Proto V. Effect of Lupinus albus as protein supplement on yield, constituents, clotting properties and fatty acid composition in ewes’ milk. Small Rumin Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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White CL, Staines MVH, Phillips N, Young P, Coupar F, Ashes JR, Gulati SK. Protected canola meal increases milk protein concentration in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1071/ea03132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Low concentrations of protein in milk occur during the summer–autumn in south-west Australia. This is the period, on dryland farms, when the diet of lactating cows typically consists of grass silage and a mixture of crushed lupins and cereal grain. This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplying protected canola meal would increase the protein concentration of milk and, possibly, milk yield in cows fed grass silage and a lupin–cereal concentrate.
Sixty Holstein cows in mid lactation were allocated to 2 equal-sized dietary treatment groups: control (lupin) or protected canola meal. The control diet consisted of 14.5 kg DM grass silage (annual ryegrasses–subterranean clover) and 5.4 kg DM of crushed lupins and barley (4:1) per head per day. For the protected canola meal diet, 2.15 kg DM protected canola meal replaced 2.15 kg lupins. The protected canola meal was produced by treating solvent-extracted canola meal with formaldehyde, to produce a product with an in sacco fractional degradability of 0.29 at a rumen fractional outflow rate of 0.08/h. The equivalent degradability of untreated canola meal was 0.80 and of lupin was 0.83.
Cows were individually fed the concentrate ration twice daily, after each milking, then were managed as a single herd in dry lots and fed grass silage. By the end of 8 weeks, cows fed the protected canola meal diet had higher milk protein concentrations (30.7 v. 29.2 g/L; P<0.05) and higher liveweights (604 v. 593 kg; P<0.05). Milk yield (L/day) was increased by 1 L/day, but this effect was not significant (P>0.10). Fat concentration was unaffected by diet (P>0.05). Since the only difference in treatment was the replacement of a portion of lupins with protected canola meal, the results indicate that a deficiency of metabolisable amino acids contributes to the low milk protein concentrations recorded during summer–autumn in south-west Australia. Whether this was acting primarily through a stimulus of appetite, or directly on milk components, could not be determined because silage intakes were not recorded.
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Rémond D, Le Guen M, Poncet C. Degradation in the rumen and nutritional value of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) seed proteins effect of extrusion. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yu P, Goelema J, Leury B, Tamminga S, Egan A. An analysis of the nutritive value of heat processed legume seeds for animal production using the DVE/OEB model: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Purine derivative excretion and ruminal microbial yield in growing lambs fed raw and dry roasted legume seeds as protein supplements. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The nutritive value for ruminants of lupin seeds from determinate and dwarf determinate plants. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Effect of the DVE and OEB value changes of grain legumes (lupin and faba beans) after roasting on the performance of lambs fed a roughage-based diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aufrère J, Graviou D, Melcion J, Demarquilly C. Degradation in the rumen of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed proteins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Goelema J, Spreeuwenberg M, Hof G, van der Poel A, Tamminga S. Effect of pressure toasting on the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole and broken peas, lupins and faba beans and a mixture of these feedstuffs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moss AR, Givens D, Grundy H, Wheeler K. The nutritive value for ruminants of lupin seeds from determinate plants and their replacement of soya bean meal in diets for young growing cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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