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Materniak-Kornas M, Kubiś P, Sell B, Pougialis G, Löchelt M, Kuźmak J. An Outbred Calf Model for Determining Innate Immune Sensing and Evolutionary Trajectories of a Cell Culture-Adapted Bovine Foamy Virus Variant. Viruses 2023; 15:1772. [PMID: 37632114 PMCID: PMC10458543 DOI: 10.3390/v15081772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine foamy virus (BFVbta) displays a very high degree of cell-associated replication which is unprecedented even among the other known foamy viruses. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that it can in fact adapt in vitro to high-titer (HT) cell-free transmission due to genetic changes acquired during repeated rounds of cell-free BFVbta passages in immortalized bovine MDBK cells. Molecular clones obtained from the HT BFVbta Riems cell-free variant (HT BFVbta Riems) have been thoroughly characterized in MDBK cell cultures However, during recent years, it has become increasingly clear that the source of the host cells used for virus growth and functional studies of virus replication and virus-cell interactions plays a paramount role. Established cell lines, mostly derived from tumors, but occasionally experimentally immortalized and transformed, frequently display aberrant features relating, for example. to growth, metabolism, and genetics. Even state-of-the-art organoid cultures of primary cells cannot replicate the conditions in an authentic host, especially those concerning cell diversity and the role of innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, to determine the overall replication characteristics of the cloned wt and HT BFVbta Riems variant, we conducted a small-scale animal pilot study. The replication of the original wt BFVbta Riems isolate, as well as that of its HT variant, were analyzed. Both BFVbta variants established infection in calves, with proviruses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induced Gag-specific antibodies. In addition, a related pattern in the host innate immune reaction was detected in the peripheral blood leukocytes of the BFV-infected calves. Surprisingly, an analysis of the Gag sequence two weeks post-inoculation revealed that the HT BFVbta variant showed a very high level of genetic reversion to the wild type (parental BFVbta genotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Materniak-Kornas
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Piotr Kubiś
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (P.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Bartosz Sell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Georgios Pougialis
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (G.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Löchelt
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (G.P.); (M.L.)
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (P.K.); (J.K.)
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Occurrence of Equine Foamy Virus Infection in Horses from Poland. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091973. [PMID: 36146781 PMCID: PMC9504846 DOI: 10.3390/v14091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine foamy virus (EFVeca) is a foamy virus of non-primate origin and among the least-studied members of this retroviral subfamily. By sequence comparison, EFVeca shows the highest similarity to bovine foamy virus. In contrast to simian, bovine or feline foamy viruses, knowledge about the epidemiology of EFVeca is still limited. Since preliminary studies suggested EFVeca infections among horses in Poland, we aimed to expand the diagnostics of EFVeca infections by developing specific diagnostic tools and apply them to investigate its prevalence. An ELISA test based on recombinant EFVeca Gag protein was developed for serological investigation, while semi-nested PCR for the detection of EFVeca DNA was established. 248 DNA and serum samples from purebred horses, livestock and saddle horses, Hucul horses and semi-feral Polish primitive horses were analyzed in this study. ELISA was standardized, and cut off value, sensitivity and specificity of the test were calculated using Receiver Operating Characteristic and Bayesian estimation. Based on the calculated cut off, 135 horses were seropositive to EFVeca Gag protein, while EFVeca proviral DNA was detected in 85 animals. The rate of infected individuals varied among the horse groups studied; this is the first report confirming the existence of EFVeca infections in horses from Poland using virus-specific tools.
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A novel Betaretrovirus discovered in cattle with neurological disease and encephalitis. Retrovirology 2021; 18:40. [PMID: 34930327 PMCID: PMC8686636 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of animal origin, and many of them are caused by neuropathogenic viruses. Many cases of neurological disease and encephalitis in livestock remain etiologically unresolved, posing a constant threat to animal and human health. Thus, continuous extension of our knowledge of the repertoire of viruses prone to infect the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for pathogen monitoring and the early detection of emerging viruses. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics, we discovered a new retrovirus, bovine retrovirus CH15 (BoRV CH15), in the CNS of a cow with non-suppurative encephalitis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the affiliation of BoRV CH15 to the genus Betaretrovirus. Results BoRV CH15 genomes were identified prospectively and retrospectively by PCR, RT-PCR, and HTS, with targeting of viral RNA and proviral DNA, in six additional diseased cows investigated over a period of > 20 years and of different geographical origins. The virus was not found in brain samples from healthy slaughtered control animals (n = 130). We determined the full-length proviral genomes from six of the seven investigated animals and, using in situ hybridization, identified viral RNA in the cytoplasm of cells morphologically compatible with neurons in diseased brains. Conclusions Further screening of brain samples, virus isolation, and infection studies are needed to estimate the significance of these findings and the causative association of BoRV CH15 with neurological disease and encephalitis in cattle. However, with the full-length proviral sequences of BoRV CH15 genomes, we provide the basis for a molecular clone and further in vitro investigation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-021-00585-x.
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Molecular Epidemiology and Whole-Genome Analysis of Bovine Foamy Virus in Japan. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061017. [PMID: 34071542 PMCID: PMC8230093 DOI: 10.3390/v13061017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is a member of the foamy virus family in cattle. Information on the epidemiology, transmission routes, and whole-genome sequences of BFV is still limited. To understand the characteristics of BFV, this study included a molecular survey in Japan and the determination of the whole-genome sequences of 30 BFV isolates. A total of 30 (3.4%, 30/884) cattle were infected with BFV according to PCR analysis. Cattle less than 48 months old were scarcely infected with this virus, and older animals had a significantly higher rate of infection. To reveal the possibility of vertical transmission, we additionally surveyed 77 pairs of dams and 3-month-old calves in a farm already confirmed to have BFV. We confirmed that one of the calves born from a dam with BFV was infected. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that a novel genotype was spread in Japan. In conclusion, the prevalence of BFV in Japan is relatively low and three genotypes, including a novel genotype, are spread in Japan.
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Iwasaki R, Nakagiri Y, Yaguchi Y, Oguma K, Ono M, Horikita T, Sentsui H. Survey of bovine foamy virus infection among cattle in Japan and comparison with bovine leukemia virus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:615-618. [PMID: 32201403 PMCID: PMC7273609 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of bovine foamy virus (BFV) infections in cattle on farms in the Kanto region of Japan was determined using agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). Six out of 20 farms contained BFV-positive cattle. Furthermore, 16.7% (91/545) of all cattle tested positive for BFV. This suggested that BFV-infected cattle are widely prevalent in
Japan. Positive results for BFV infection were consistent between AGID and PCR tests. Additionally, we tested for bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections at nine farms, primarily those
containing BFV-infected cows. At each farm, the infection rate of BFV was lower than that of BLV. Further, cattle that were PCR-positive but antibody-negative, indicating immune tolerance to
BFV, were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yu Nakagiri
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuji Yaguchi
- Ibaraki Kenhoku Animal Hygiene Service Station, Nakakawauchi 966-1, Mito, Ibaraki 310-0002, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oguma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ono
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horikita
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Infection with Foamy Virus in Wild Ruminants-Evidence for a New Virus Reservoir? Viruses 2020; 12:v12010058. [PMID: 31947727 PMCID: PMC7019589 DOI: 10.3390/v12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are widely distributed and infect many animal species including non-human primates, horses, cattle, and cats. Several reports also suggest that other species can be FV hosts. Since most of such studies involved livestock or companion animals, we aimed to test blood samples from wild ruminants for the presence of FV-specific antibodies and, subsequently, genetic material. Out of 269 serum samples tested by ELISA with the bovine foamy virus (BFV) Gag and Bet antigens, 23 sera showed increased reactivity to at least one of them. High reactive sera represented 30% of bison samples and 7.5% of deer specimens. Eleven of the ELISA-positives were also strongly positive in immunoblot analyses. The peripheral blood DNA of seroreactive animals was tested by semi-nested PCR. The specific 275 bp fragment of the pol gene was amplified only in one sample collected from a red deer and the analysis of its sequence showed the highest homology for European BFV isolates. Such results may suggest the existence of a new FV reservoir in bison as well as in deer populations. Whether the origin of such infections stems from a new FV or is the result of BFV inter-species transmission remains to be clarified.
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Materniak-Kornas M, Tan J, Heit-Mondrzyk A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Löchelt M. Bovine Foamy Virus: Shared and Unique Molecular Features In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:E1084. [PMID: 31766538 PMCID: PMC6950176 DOI: 10.3390/v11121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retroviral subfamily of Spumaretrovirinae consists of five genera of foamy (spuma) viruses (FVs) that are endemic in some mammalian hosts [1]. Closely related species may be susceptible to the same or highly related FVs. FVs are not known to induce overt disease and thus do not pose medical problems to humans and livestock or companion animals. A robust lab animal model is not available or is a lab animal a natural host of a FV. Due to this, research is limited and often focused on the simian FVs with their well-established zoonotic potential. The authors of this review and their groups have conducted several studies on bovine FV (BFV) in the past with the intention of (i) exploring the risk of zoonotic infection via beef and raw cattle products, (ii) studying a co-factorial role of BFV in different cattle diseases with unclear etiology, (iii) exploring unique features of FV molecular biology and replication strategies in non-simian FVs, and (iv) conducting animal studies and functional virology in BFV-infected calves as a model for corresponding studies in primates or small lab animals. These studies gained new insights into FV-host interactions, mechanisms of gene expression, and transcriptional regulation, including miRNA biology, host-directed restriction of FV replication, spread and distribution in the infected animal, and at the population level. The current review attempts to summarize these findings in BFV and tries to connect them to findings from other FVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Anke Heit-Mondrzyk
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.-M.); (A.H.-W.)
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.-M.); (A.H.-W.)
| | - Martin Löchelt
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Div. Viral Transformation Mechanisms, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Murray SM, Linial ML. Simian Foamy Virus Co-Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100902. [PMID: 31569704 PMCID: PMC6833048 DOI: 10.3390/v11100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs), also known as spumaretroviruses, are complex retroviruses that are seemingly nonpathogenic in natural hosts. In natural hosts, which include felines, bovines, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), a large percentage of adults are infected with FVs. For this reason, the effect of FVs on infections with other viruses (co-infections) cannot be easily studied in natural populations. Most of what is known about interactions between FVs and other viruses is based on studies of NHPs in artificial settings such as research facilities. In these settings, there is some indication that FVs can exacerbate infections with lentiviruses such as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Nonhuman primate (NHP) simian FVs (SFVs) have been shown to infect people without any apparent pathogenicity. Humans zoonotically infected with simian foamy virus (SFV) are often co-infected with other viruses. Thus, it is important to know whether SFV co-infections affect human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Murray
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Maxine L Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Isolation of an Equine Foamy Virus and Sero-Epidemiology of the Viral Infection in Horses in Japan. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070613. [PMID: 31284407 PMCID: PMC6669534 DOI: 10.3390/v11070613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An equine foamy virus (EFV) was isolated for the first time in Japan from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a broodmare that showed wobbler syndrome after surgery for intestinal volvulus and the isolate was designated as EFVeca_LM. Complete nucleotide sequences of EFVeca_LM were determined. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the long terminal repeat (LTR) region, gag, pol, env, tas, and bel2 genes revealed that EFVeca_LM and the EFV reference strain had 97.2% to 99.1% identities. For a sero-epidemiological survey, indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests were carried out using EFVeca_LM-infected cells as an antigen against 166 sera of horses in five farms collected in 2001 to 2002 and 293 sera of horses in eight farms collected in 2014 to 2016 in Hokkaido, Japan. All of the farms had EFV antibody-positive horses, and average positive rates were 24.6% in sera obtained in 2001 to 2002 and 25.6% in sera obtained in 2014 to 2016 from broodmare farms. The positive rate in a stallion farm (Farm A) in 2002 was 10.7%, and the positive rates in two stallion farms, Farms A and B, in 2015 were 40.9% and 13.3%, respectively. The results suggested that EFV infection is maintained widely in horses in Japan.
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Hachiya Y, Kimura K, Oguma K, Ono M, Horikita T, Sentsui H. Isolation of bovine foamy virus in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1604-1609. [PMID: 30175751 PMCID: PMC6207520 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine foamy virus (BFV) is endemic in many countries, but has not been reported in
Japan. A syncytium-forming virus was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes of
clinically healthy cattle on a farm in Kanagawa prefecture during a periodic
epidemiological survey of viral diseases. The isolate was propagated in primary fetal
bovine muscle cells and subsequently passaged in Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. Since
the isolate appeared to be distinct from the viruses with syncytium-forming ability
previously isolated in Japan, we attempted to identify it using genomic analyses and
electron microscopy. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belongs to the
bovine foamy virus cluster and is highly similar to a BFV strain isolated in China. A
sero-epidemiological survey was performed using agar gel immunodiffusion test with the
isolated virus as the antigen, and five of the 57 cattle tested were found to be
seropositive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Hachiya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kimura
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oguma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horikita
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Pinto-Santini DM, Stenbak CR, Linial ML. Foamy virus zoonotic infections. Retrovirology 2017; 14:55. [PMID: 29197389 PMCID: PMC5712078 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses (FV) are ancient complex retroviruses that differ from orthoretroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV) and comprise a distinct subfamily of retroviruses, the Spumaretrovirinae. FV are ubiquitous in their natural hosts, which include cows, cats, and nonhuman primates (NHP). FV are transmitted mainly through saliva and appear nonpathogenic by themselves, but they may increase morbidity of other pathogens in coinfections. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes and discusses what is known about FV infection of natural hosts. It also emphasizes what is known about FV zoonotic infections A large number of studies have revealed that the FV of NHP, simian foamy viruses (SFV), are transmitted to humans who interact with infected NHP. SFV from a variety of NHP establish persistent infection in humans, while bovine foamy virus and feline foamy virus rarely or never do. The possibility of FV recombination and mutation leading to pathogenesis is considered. Since humans can be infected by SFV, a seemingly nonpathogenic virus, there is interest in using SFV vectors for human gene therapy. In this regard, detailed understanding of zoonotic SFV infection is highly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maxine L. Linial
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., A3-205, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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Materniak-Kornas M, Osiński Z, Rudzki M, Kuźmak J. Development of a Recombinant Protein-based ELISA for Detection of Antibodies Against Bovine Foamy Virus. J Vet Res 2017; 61:247-252. [PMID: 29978080 PMCID: PMC5894420 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infections with bovine foamy virus (BFV) were found in many countries but there is a lack of large-scale surveys on the prevalence of BFV among dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the recombinant Gag protein-based ELISA and to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against BFV. Material and Methods Gag coding region from BFV was cloned into expression vector pT7Arg-STOP, which expressed a high level of recombinant Gag protein from E.coli. The ELISA was standardised, and the cut-off value and sensitivity and specificity of the test were calculated using a receiver operating characteristic and Bayesian estimation. Results A total of 3,051 serum samples were tested by ELISA and 939 (30.8%) sera were recognised as positive. When Bayesian approach was used, the overall true BFV prevalence was 29.7% (95% CI: 25.9–33.4%). Conclusion Expressed Gag protein of BFV has been used successfully as an antigen for ELISA. Eventually, this study provides basic information about the epidemiological status of infection with BFV in dairy cattle in Poland, which can be used for further studies on dissemination and transmission of BFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zbigniew Osiński
- Departament of Hygiene of Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marcin Rudzki
- Chair and Department of Jaw Orthopaedics, Medical University, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Kehl T, Tan J, Materniak M. Non-simian foamy viruses: molecular virology, tropism and prevalence and zoonotic/interspecies transmission. Viruses 2013; 5:2169-209. [PMID: 24064793 PMCID: PMC3798896 DOI: 10.3390/v5092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the field of retrovirus, our knowledge of foamy viruses (FV) is still limited. Their unique replication strategy and mechanism of viral persistency needs further research to gain understanding of the virus-host interactions, especially in the light of the recent findings suggesting their ancient origin and long co-evolution with their nonhuman hosts. Unquestionably, the most studied member is the primate/prototype foamy virus (PFV) which was originally isolated from a human (designated as human foamy virus, HFV), but later identified as chimpanzee origin; phylogenetic analysis clearly places it among other Old World primates. Additionally, the study of non-simian animal FVs can contribute to a deeper understanding of FV-host interactions and development of other animal models. The review aims at highlighting areas of special interest regarding the structure, biology, virus-host interactions and interspecies transmission potential of primate as well as non-primate foamy viruses for gaining new insights into FV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kehl
- German Cancer Research Center, INF242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-6221-42-4935; Fax: +49-6221-42-4932
| | - Juan Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; E-Mail:
| | - Magdalena Materniak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Ave. 57, Pulawy 24-100, Poland; E-Mail:
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Tan J, Qiao W, Xu F, Han H, Chen Q, Geng Y. Dimerization of BTas is required for the transactivational activity of bovine foamy virus. Virology 2008; 376:236-41. [PMID: 18448144 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The BTas protein of bovine foamy virus (BFV) is a 249-amino-acid nuclear regulatory protein which transactivates viral gene expression directed by the long terminal repeat promoter (LTR) and the internal promoter (IP). Here, we demonstrate the BTas protein forms a dimeric complex in mammalian cells by using mammalian two hybrid systems and cross-linking assay. Functional analyses with deletion mutants reveal that the region of 46-62aa is essential for dimer formation. Furthermore, our results show that deleting the dimerization region of BTas did not affect the localization of BTas, but that it did result in the loss of its transactivational activity on the LTR and IP. Furthermore, BTas (Delta46-62aa) retained binding ability to the LTR and IP similar to that of the wild-type BTas. These data suggest the dimerization region is necessary for the transactivational function of BTas and is crucial to the replication of BFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Romen F, Backes P, Materniak M, Sting R, Vahlenkamp TW, Riebe R, Pawlita M, Kuzmak J, Löchelt M. Serological detection systems for identification of cows shedding bovine foamy virus via milk. Virology 2007; 364:123-31. [PMID: 17408715 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biology of foamy viruses, their mode of transmission and disease potential in their natural host and after interspecies transmission are largely unknown. To gain insights into the prevalence of bovine foamy virus (BFV) and its zoonotic potential, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were established to determine antibody responses against Gag, Env, and the non-structural protein Bet in bovine serum and milk. In Polish cattle, strong Gag reactivity was most frequent (41.5%) and strongly associated with Bet antibodies, Env antibodies were less frequent. German cattle showed a low overall BFV antibody prevalence of 6.8%. Besides clearly BFV-positive animals, a substantial number of weakly reacting cattle were identified. BFV-specific antibodies were also detectable in milk. BFV was isolated from PBLs and milk cells of BFV-positive cattle but not from antibody-negative or weakly reacting animals. The implications of these findings for the potential interspecies transmission of BFV to humans will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Romen
- Dept. Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, Research Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Lew AE, Bock RE, Miles J, Cuttell LB, Steer P, Nadin-Davis SA. Sensitive and specific detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine syncytial virus by 5' Taq nuclease assays with fluorescent 3' minor groove binder-DNA probes. J Virol Methods 2004; 116:1-9. [PMID: 14715301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive assays are required to detect bovine retroviruses in donor cattle used for the in vivo preparation of Australian tick fever vaccines. 5' Taq nuclease assays using 3' minor groove binder DNA probes (TaqMan)MGB) were developed and compared to conventional PCR assays for the sensitive detection of bovine syncytial virus (BSV) and bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). Seven beef and dairy herds were screened to evaluate these tests. Comparative sensitivities of PCR tests were determined by testing log(10) dilutions of plasmids with inserts containing corresponding provirus sequences. Published PCR assays targeting BIV env sequences did not adequately amplify Australian BIV sequences. Pol sequences from Australian strains of BIV and BSV were used to design TaqMan MGB assays, which improved sensitivity 10-fold (BIV) and 100-fold (BSV), respectively, over conventional PCR tests. This is the first report of Australian sequences of BIV and BSV and the first 5' Taq nuclease assays described to detect these viruses. These methods could be applied to future studies requiring sensitive detection of these two bovine retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala E Lew
- Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, c/o Locked Mail Bag No. 4, Moorooka, 4105, Qld, Australia.
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17
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Abstract
The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human‐to‐human transmission pose a serious risk for world‐wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well‐documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Bastone
- Addresses of authors: Abt. Genomveränderung und Carcinogenese, Forschungsschwerpunkt Infektion und Krebs, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - U. Truyen
- Institut für Tierhygiene und Öffentliches Veterinärwesen, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M. Löchelt
- Addresses of authors: Abt. Genomveränderung und Carcinogenese, Forschungsschwerpunkt Infektion und Krebs, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg
- Corresponding author: Tel.: 49 6221 424853; fax: 49 6221 424865; E‐mail:
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18
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Abstract
Foamy viruses (PFVs), also called spumaviruses, are complex retroviruses inducing a characteristic cytopathic effect in cell culture, leading rapidly to cell lysis. These viruses have been isolated mostly in non-human primates, but three non primate PFVs were characterized, namely the bovine foamy virus, the feline foamy virus and more recently the equine foamy virus. In their hosts, PFVs seem to be apathogenic, mirroring an efficient control of virus replication in vivo. Comparing the biology of the different virus isolates will certainly help to unravel the biology of these retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saïb
- CNRS UPR9051, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.
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19
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Abstract
Foamy viruses (FV) are complex retroviruses which are widespread in many species. Despite being discovered over 40 years ago, FV are among the least well characterized retroviruses. The replication of these viruses is different in many interesting respects from that of all other retroviruses. Infection of natural hosts by FV leads to a lifelong persistent infection, without any evidence of pathology. A large number of studies have looked at the prevalence of primate foamy viruses in the human population. Many of these studies have suggested that FV infections are prevalent in some human populations and are associated with specific diseases. More recent data, using more rigorous criteria for the presence of viruses, have not confirmed these studies. Thus, while FV are ubiquitous in all nonhuman primates, they are only acquired as rare zoonotic infections in humans. In this communication, we briefly discuss the current status of FV research and review the history of FV epidemiology, as well as the lack of pathogenicity in natural, experimental, and zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Meiering
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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20
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Winkler IG, Löchelt M, Flower RL. Epidemiology of feline foamy virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections in domestic and feral cats: a seroepidemiological study. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2848-51. [PMID: 10449463 PMCID: PMC85393 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.9.2848-2851.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although foamy viruses (Spumaviruses) have repeatedly been isolated from both healthy and diseased cats, cattle, and primates, the primary mode of transmission of those common viruses remains undefined. A database of the feline foamy virus (FeFV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibody status, age, and sex of 389 domestic cats presented to veterinarians was assembled. A similar database for 66 feral (wild) cats was also assembled. That FeFV antibody status reflects infection was validated by PCR. Both FeFV and FIV infection rates were found to gradually increase with age, and over 70% of cats older than 9 years were seropositive for FeFV. In domestic cats, the prevalence of FeFV infection was similar in both sexes. In feral cats, FeFV infection was more prevalent in female cats than in male cats. Although both FeFV and FIV have been reported to be transmitted by biting, the patterns of infection observed are more consistent with an interpretation that transmission of these two retroviruses is not the same. The prevalence of FIV infection is highest in nondesexed male cats, the animals most likely to display aggressive behavior. The gradual increase in the proportion of FeFV-infected animals is consistent with transmission of foamy viruses by intimate social contact between animals and less commonly by aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Winkler
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, City East, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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21
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Winkler IG, Flügel RM, Löchelt M, Flower RL. Detection and molecular characterisation of feline foamy virus serotypes in naturally infected cats. Virology 1998; 247:144-51. [PMID: 9705907 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of two distinct feline foamy virus sequence groupings in the external surface portion of the viral env gene are reported. Although amino acid identities in the Gag nucleocapsid, Pol protease, and Env transmembrane domains were greater than 92% in the 12 proviral sequences examined, two distinct sequence groups were observed in the Env surface (SU) protein. Only 57% amino acid identity was observed in the Env SU between the two groups designated FUV7-like or 951-like, while within these groups > 97% identity was found. Isolates FUV7 and 951 represent two serogroups previously characterised by Flower et al. (1985). A 100% correlation was found among FeFV seroreactivity, virus isolation, and detection of viral DNA in feline leucocytes using a single round of PCR amplification. Serum neutralisation assay using autologous virus, as well as isolates 951 and FUV7, revealed that viruses with FUV7-like sequences were in a single neutralisation group and viruses with 951-like sequences were in a single neutralisation group. Based on these results, group-specific PCRs were developed, using the same sense primer with an antisense primer specific for each group. Using he PCR, no evidence of superinfection of any cat with virus from both serogroups was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Winkler
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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22
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Evermann JF, Jackson MK. Laboratory diagnostic tests for retroviral infections in dairy and beef cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1997; 13:87-106. [PMID: 9071748 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of bovine retroviruses stretches our diagnostic creativity to its limits. The nucleic acid-based, PCR-amplified assays are finding increased clinical use as the veterinary and livestock industry seek earlier detection of infection for eventual corrective management decisions. We are evolving from a point of disease diagnosis by tumor identification through conventional histopathology, to molecular diagnostics for early identification of retroviral nucleic acid (provirus). The clinical use of antibody-based assays lies in the simplicity of testing large numbers of animals, the relative sensitivity of the assays, and the low cost of testing. Although the pathogenicity of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) for cattle has been well documented, the disease potential for bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) for cattle is still being determined. Nevertheless, pressure to test for retroviral infections of livestock and, when feasible, removal of these infected animals from the herd will be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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23
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Amborski GF, Lo JL, Seger CL. Serological detection of multiple retroviral infections in cattle: bovine leukemia virus, bovine syncytial virus and bovine visna virus. Vet Microbiol 1989; 20:247-53. [PMID: 2549686 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individual experimental animals used in our studies on bovine leukemia virus (BLV) are routinely screened for the presence of antibodies to the three bovine lymphotropic retroviruses. We utilized these screening methods to examine frozen sera from eight herds for antibodies to BLV, bovine visna virus (BVV) and bovine syncytial virus (BSV). Serum samples from 235 animals in four dairy and four beef herds were analyzed. Detection methods used included indirect fluorescent antibody tests of virus-infected cell cultures (BLV, BSV, BVV) and agar gel immunodiffusion (BLV). Sera from the BLV-infected animals in the dairy herds showed the highest single (50%, 49/97) and multiple (30%, 29/97) infections compared with 5% (7/138) and less than 1% (1/138), respectively in the beef herds. Single BVV infections were not detected in the dairy herds, but 11% (11/97) of the sera contained antibodies to BVV plus BLV or BSV. Five sera from beef cattle had antibodies only to BVV and four were obtained from one herd. Only one beef serum of the 138 tested demonstrated multiple antibodies (BLV, BVV).
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Amborski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA
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24
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Kertayadnya IG, Johnson RH, Abher I, Burgess GW. Detection of immunological tolerance to bovine spumavirus (BSV) with evidence for salivary excretion and spread of BSV from the tolerant animal. Vet Microbiol 1988; 16:35-9. [PMID: 2833004 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(88)90125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A group of 17 Friesian-Holstein steers held in individual pens was examined for evidence of infection with bovine spumavirus (BSV). Serum was examined for specific antibody by 2 serological procedures, and circulatory leucocytes and throat swabs were examined for the presence of circulatory leucocyte-associated BSV (CLAB) and saliva-associated BSV (SAB). Initial tests showed that 7 of the 17 steers had specific antibody to BSV by both serological procedures, and a further steer developed such antibody during the first 3 months of holding the animals in single contiguous pens. All 8 of these specific antibody-positive steers were CLAB positive and SAB negative. Nine steers showed no specific antibody to BSV by either of the 2 serological procedures; 8 of these 9 steers showed no evidence of CLAB or SAB. The exception was one steer which was CLAB- and SAB-positive at each of 30 samplings taken over a period of 9 months observation, whilst remaining specific-antibody free. This steer was classed as immunologically tolerant of BSV, and epidemiological data suggested that lateral spread of infection had originated from this animal through the agency of saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Kertayadnya
- Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld., Australia
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