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Amery-Gale J, Woinarski J, Hartley CA, Devlin JM. High prevalence of antibodies against feline calicivirus in Australian feral and stray cat (Felis catus) populations. Aust Vet J 2024. [PMID: 39348486 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Feline calicivirus (FCV) commonly causes upper respiratory tract, oral and ocular infections in species of the family Felidae, with high prevalence amongst domestic cat (Felis catus) populations worldwide. Detection of FCV-specific antibodies in serum provides evidence of previous infection with FCV and an indication of whether a cat may be protected against clinical FCV disease. This study describes the most extensive sampling for anti-FCV antibodies in feral and stray cat populations in Australia, and examines variation in prevalence associated with cat age, sex and location. METHODS Blood samples were opportunistically collected from 669 feral, stray or Indigenous community cats from the Northern Territory, South Australia, Victoria, south-east Tasmania and south-west New South Wales. The sera were harvested and tested for antibodies capable of neutralising the FCV vaccine strain F9 by serum-virus neutralisation assay. RESULTS Of the 669 cats tested, 69.7% had detectable FCV-F9-neutralising antibodies (titres ≥5). Maturity was significantly associated with higher seroprevalence and higher antibody titres, with adult cats being more than twice as likely to have detectable FCV-neutralising antibodies than subadults. Male cats had a higher seroprevalence and slightly higher antibody titres than females. Cats living in closer proximity to humans had significantly higher seroprevalences and higher FCV-neutralising antibody titres than feral cats from more remote regions of Australia. CONCLUSION Australian feral and stray cats have a high risk of natural exposure to and infection with FCV, with the prevalence and levels of pre-existing immunity to FCV being highest amongst adult cats living in highly modified urban, peri-urban and agricultural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Amery-Gale
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jcz Woinarski
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - C A Hartley
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Phongroop K, Rattanasrisomporn J, Piewbang C, Tangtrongsup S, Rungsipipat A, Techangamsuwan S. Molecular epidemiology and strain diversity of circulating feline Calicivirus in Thai cats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1377327. [PMID: 38887538 PMCID: PMC11180889 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1377327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a significant viral pathogen causing upper respiratory tract and oral diseases in cats. The emergence of the virulent systemic FCV variant (VS-FCV) has raised global concern in the past decade. This study aims to explore the epidemiology, genetic characterization, and diversity of FCV strains circulating among Thai cats. Various sample types, including nasal, oral, and oropharyngeal swabs and fresh tissues, were collected from 184 cats across different regions of Thailand from 2016 to 2021. Using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), FCV infection was investigated, with additional screening for feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) by qPCR. The detection rates for FCV, FHV-1, and co-infection were 46.7, 65.8, and 31.5%, respectively. Significantly, the odds ratio (OR) revealed a strong association between the detection of a single FCV and the presence of gingivostomatitis lesions (OR: 7.15, 95% CI: 1.89-26.99, p = 0.004). In addition, FCV detection is notably less likely in vaccinated cats (OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07-0.75, p = 0.015). Amino acid sequence analysis based on the VP1 major capsid protein gene of the 14 FCV-Thai (FCV-TH) strains revealed genetic diversity compared to the other 43 global strains (0 to 86.6%). Intriguingly, a vaccine-like FCV variant was detected in one cat. In summary, this study provides insights into the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of FCV diversity within the Thai cat population for the first time. The identification of unique physicochemical characteristics in the capsid hypervariable region of some FCV-TH strains challenges previous hypotheses. Therefore, further exploration of vaccine-like FCV variants is crucial for a comprehensive understanding and to improve viral prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Phongroop
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Schroers M, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Performance and overview of clinically relevant areas of application of saliva testing in the cat. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1385345. [PMID: 38840640 PMCID: PMC11150842 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1385345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cat represents an important model in order to investigate basic physiological knowledge of salivary secretion as well as pharmacokinetics of active substances. Objective The aim of the study was to review in which diagnostic application areas saliva testing is routinely used and in which areas it could be further explored in the future. Materials and methods Literature relevant to the research question was collected in March 2022 using the Pubmed database. Results The diagnosis of infectious diseases in cat saliva is one of the most important fields of application. Saliva diagnostics may also indicate dental diseases, allergies or kidney and other metabolic diseases. Sexual and stress hormones can also be measured in cat saliva. A number of clinically relevant allergens in cat saliva that may cause allergies in humans has been investigated and described, in addition to infectious agents that can be transmitted from cats to humans. Conclusions Saliva testing in cats can be useful in many areas, including the detection of infectious diseases, allergies and dental disease. However, it is far from being used to its full potential within veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Schroers
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Phongroop K, Rattanasrisomporn J, Tangtrongsup S, Rungsipipat A, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. High-resolution melting analysis for simultaneous detection and discrimination between wild-type and vaccine strains of feline calicivirus. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-12. [PMID: 37851857 PMCID: PMC11003490 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2272188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, a post-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) application in a single closed tube, is the straightforward method for simultaneous detection, genotyping, and mutation scanning, enabling more significant dynamic detection and sequencing-free turnaround time. This study aimed to establish a combined reverse-transcription quantitative PCR and HRM (RT-qPCR-HRM) assay for diagnosing and genotyping feline calicivirus (FCV). This developed method was validated with constructed FCV plasmids, clinical swab samples from living cats, fresh-frozen lung tissues from necropsied cats, and four available FCV vaccines. We performed RT-qPCR to amplify a 99-base pair sequence, targeting a segment between open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2. Subsequently, the HRM assay was promptly applied using Rotor-Gene Q® Software. The results significantly revealed simultaneous detection and genetic discrimination between commercially available FCV vaccine strains, wild-type Thai FCV strains, and VS-FCV strains within a single PCR reaction. There was no cross-reactivity with other feline common viruses, including feline herpesvirus-1, feline coronavirus, feline leukemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and feline morbillivirus. The detection limit of the assay was 6.18 × 101 copies/µl. This study, therefore, is the first demonstration of the uses and benefits of the RT-qPCR-HRM assay for FCV detection and strain differentiation in naturally infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika Phongroop
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Anudep Rungsipipat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yang Y, Liu Z, Chen M, Feng K, Qi R, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Kang H, Jiang Q, Yang M, Qu L, Liu J. Classification of genotypes based on the VP1 gene of feline calicivirus and study of cross-protection between different genotypes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1226877. [PMID: 37614595 PMCID: PMC10442547 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1226877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) causes upper respiratory tract diseases and even death in cats, thereby acting as a great threat to feline animals. Currently, FCV prevention is mainly achieved through vaccination, but the effectiveness of vaccination is limited. In this study, 105 FCV strain VP1 sequences with clear backgrounds were downloaded from the NCBI and subjected to a maximum likelihood method for systematic evolutionary analysis. Based on the genetic analysis results, FCV-positive sera were prepared using SPF mice and Chinese field cats as target animals, followed by a cross-neutralization assay conducted on the different genotype strains and in vivo challenge tests were carried out to further verify with the strain with best cross-protection effect. The results revealed that FCV was mainly divided into two genotypes: GI and GII. The GI genotype strains are prevalent worldwide, but all GII genotype strains were isolated from Asia, indicating a clear geographical feature. This may form resistance to FCV prevention in Asia. The in vitro neutralization assay conducted using murine serum demonstrated that the cross-protection effect varied among strains. A strain with broad-spectrum neutralization properties, DL39, was screened. This strain could produce neutralizing titers (10 × 23.08-10 × 20.25) against all strains used in this study. The antibody titers against the GI strains were 10 × 23.08-10 × 20.5 and those against the GII strains were 10 × 20.75-10 × 20.25. Preliminary evidence suggested that the antibody titer of the DL39 strain against GI was higher than that against GII. Subsequent cross-neutralization assays with cat serum prepared with the DL39 strain and each strain simultaneously yielded results similar to those described above. In vivo challenge tests revealed that the DL39 strain-immunized cats outperformed the positive controls in all measures. The results of several trials demonstrated that strain DL39 can potentially be used as a vaccine strain. The study attempted to combine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of FCV with the discovery of potential vaccines, which is crucial for developing highly effective FCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengru Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ruibin Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yating Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingfa Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liandong Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Lewin AC, Hicks SK, Carter RT. A review of evidence-based management of infectious ocular surface disease in shelter-housed domestic cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26 Suppl 1:47-58. [PMID: 36749144 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious ocular surface disease (IOSD) is a common problem in shelter-housed domestic cats and has a widespread negative impact on animal welfare. While the common etiological agents are well-described, addressing IOSD in large groups of animals presents a management challenge to the clinician and logistical challenges to shelter employees. Treatments, diagnostics, and prevention strategies that are effective in privately owned or experimental animals may be impractical or ineffective in the shelter environment. This review article focuses on the relative prevalence of etiological agents in feline IOSD, practical diagnostic testing protocols, prevention strategies, and treatment of IOSD in shelter-housed cats. Discrepancies between experimental laboratory-based studies and clinical trials assessing therapeutics for treatment of feline herpes virus are highlighted. Further high-quality clinical trials are necessary to determine optimal preventative and therapeutic protocols for IOSD in shelter-housed cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sarah K Hicks
- Shelter Medicine Program University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hosie MJ, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Tasker S, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Addie DD, Lutz H, Thiry E, Radford AD, Möstl K. Calicivirus Infection in Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:937. [PMID: 35632680 PMCID: PMC9145992 DOI: 10.3390/v14050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen in domestic cats that is highly contagious, resistant to many disinfectants and demonstrates a high genetic variability. FCV infection can lead to serious or even fatal diseases. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, presents the current knowledge of FCV infection and fills gaps with expert opinions. FCV infections are particularly problematic in multicat environments. FCV-infected cats often show painful erosions in the mouth and mild upper respiratory disease and, particularly in kittens, even fatal pneumonia. However, infection can be associated with chronic gingivostomatitis. Rarely, highly virulent FCV variants can induce severe systemic disease with epizootic spread and high mortality. FCV can best be detected by reverse-transcriptase PCR. However, a negative result does not rule out FCV infection and healthy cats can test positive. All cats should be vaccinated against FCV (core vaccine); however, vaccination protects cats from disease but not from infection. Considering the high variability of FCV, changing to different vaccine strain(s) may be of benefit if disease occurs in fully vaccinated cats. Infection-induced immunity is not life-long and does not protect against all strains; therefore, vaccination of cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Diane D. Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Alan D. Radford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Spiri AM, Riond B, Stirn M, Novacco M, Meli ML, Boretti FS, Herbert I, Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Modified-Live Feline Calicivirus Vaccination Reduces Viral RNA Loads, Duration of RNAemia, and the Severity of Clinical Signs after Heterologous Feline Calicivirus Challenge. Viruses 2021; 13:1505. [PMID: 34452370 PMCID: PMC8402717 DOI: 10.3390/v13081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cat virus causing clinical signs such as oral ulcerations, fever, reduced general condition, pneumonia, limping and occasionally virulent-systemic disease. Efficacious FCV vaccines protect against severe disease but not against infection. FCV is a highly mutagenic RNA virus whose high genetic diversity poses a challenge in vaccine design. The use of only one modified-live FCV strain over several decades might have driven the viral evolution towards more vaccine-resistant variants. The present study investigated the clinical signs, duration, and amount of FCV shedding, RNAemia, haematological changes and acute phase protein reaction in SPF cats after subcutaneous modified-live single strain FCV vaccination or placebo injection and two subsequent oronasal heterologous FCV challenge infections with two different field strains. Neither clinical signs nor FCV shedding from the oropharynx and FCV RNAemia were detected after vaccination. After the first experimental infection, vaccinated cats had significantly lower clinical scores, less increased body temperature and lower acute phase protein levels than control cats. The viral RNA loads from the oropharynx and duration and amount of RNAemia were significantly lower in the vaccinated animals. No clinical signs were observed in any of the cats after the second experimental infection. In conclusion, FCV vaccination was beneficial for protecting cats from severe clinical signs, reducing viral loads and inflammation after FCV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Felicitas S. Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Imogen Herbert
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
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9
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Vojtkovská V, Voslářová E, Večerek V. Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091527. [PMID: 32872242 PMCID: PMC7552334 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At any moment, there are millions of cats housed in foster care facilities for abandoned and stray animals for various reasons worldwide. Care, management and regulation among these facilities differ. Moreover, shelters can never substitute the full comfort of a good home for the animal, and the welfare of cats in shelters is a subject of discussion in many respects. Cats are animals sensitive to changes; for most of them, placement in a shelter is a stressful experience because of changes in routine, environment and the presence of other animals. Stress is reflected in changes in behaviour, causes fluctuations in physiological values and disrupts the immune system, which is a predisposition to the development or reactivation of disease. Evaluation of the presence and intensity of negative impacts is possible through the use of evaluation tools based on indicators that help set the environment and management of keeping so as to disrupt the quality of life as little as possible. Although a comprehensive and valid welfare tool that would evaluate animal-based and at the same time resource-based (or management-based) indicators of cats in shelters is not currently available, it is possible to use partial evaluation of individual welfare indicators to assess welfare. This review aims to provide the readers with an insight into current options of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators with an application in both practical and scientific contexts.
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10
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Smith SL, Afonso MM, Pinchbeck GL, Gaskell RM, Dawson S, Radford AD. Temporally separated feline calicivirus isolates do not cluster phylogenetically and are similarly neutralised by high-titre vaccine strain FCV-F9 antisera in vitro. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:602-607. [PMID: 31411533 PMCID: PMC7252219 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19866521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly variable and globally important feline pathogen for which vaccination has been the mainstay of control. Here, we test whether the continued use of FCV-F9, one of the most frequently used vaccine strains globally, is driving the emergence of vaccine-resistant viruses in the field. METHODS This study made use of two representative panels of field isolates previously collected from cats visiting randomly selected veterinary practices across the UK as part of separate cross-sectional studies from 2001 and 2013/2014. Phylogenetic analysis and in vitro virus neutralisation tests were used to compare the genetic and antigenic relationships between these populations and FCV-F9. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis showed a typically radial distribution dominated by 52 distinct strains, with strains from both 2001 and 2013/2014 intermingled. The sequence for FCV-F9 appeared to be integral to this phylogeny and there were no significant differences in the genetic distances within each studied population (intra-population distances), or between them (inter-population distances), or between each population and FCV-F9. A 1 in 8 dilution neutralised 97% and 100% of the 2001 and 2013/14 isolates, respectively, and a 1 in 16 dilution neutralised 87% and 75% of isolates, respectively. There was no significant difference either in variance between the FCV-F9 neutralising titres for the two populations, or in the distribution of neutralisation titres across the two populations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although FCV is a highly variable virus, we found no evidence for a progressive divergence of field virus from vaccine strain FCV-F9, either phylogenetically or antigenically, with FCV-F9 antisera remaining broadly and equally cross-reactive to two geographically representative and temporally separated FCV populations. We suggest this may be because the immunodominant region of the FCV capsid responsible for neutralisation may have structural constraints preventing its longer term progressive antigenic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley L Smith
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Maria M Afonso
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Rosalind M Gaskell
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, UK
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11
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Pereira JDJ, Baumworcel N, Fioretti JM, Domingues CF, Moraes LFD, Marinho RDSS, Vieira MCR, Pinto AMV, de Castro TX. Molecular characterization of feline calicivirus variants from multicat household and public animal shelter in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:777-784. [PMID: 29548718 PMCID: PMC6175694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform the molecular characterization of conserved and variable regions of feline calicivirus capsid genome in order to investigate the molecular diversity of variants in Brazilian cat population. Twenty-six conjunctival samples from cats living in five public short-term animal shelters and three multicat life-long households were analyzed. Fifteen cats had conjunctivitis, three had oral ulceration, eight had respiratory signs (cough, sneeze and nasal discharge) and nine were asymptomatic. Feline calicivirus were isolated in CRFK cells and characterized by reverse transcription PCR target to both conserved and variable regions of open reading frame 2. The amplicons obtained were sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis along with most of the prototypes available in GenBank database and an amino acid analysis were performed. Phylogenetic analysis based on both conserved and variable region revealed two clusters with an aLTR value of 1.00 and 0.98 respectively and the variants from this study belong to feline calicivirus genogroup I. No association between geographical distribution and/or clinical signs and clustering in phylogenetic tree was observed. The variants circulating in public short-term animal shelter demonstrated a high variability because of the relatively rapid turnover of carrier cats constantly introduced of multiple viruses into this location over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joylson de Jesus Pereira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Natasha Baumworcel
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Veterinária, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Júlia Monassa Fioretti
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Fonseca Domingues
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Clara Rodrigues Vieira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Viana Pinto
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Xavier de Castro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Elllis JA. Another Look at the "Dismal Science" and Jenner's Experiment. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2017; 48:243-255. [PMID: 29195925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The follow-up to Jenner's experiment, routine vaccination, has reduced more disease and saved more vertebrate lives than any other iatrogenic procedure by orders of magnitude. The unassailability of that potentially provocative cliché has been ciphered in human medicine, even if it is more difficult in our profession. Most public relations headaches concerning vaccines are a failure to communicate, often resulting in overly great expectations. Even in the throes of a tight appointment schedule remembering and synopsizing (for clients), some details of the dismal science can make practice great again.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Elllis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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13
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Sato H, Sehata G, Okada N, Iwamoto K, Masubuchi K, Kainuma R, Noda T, Igarashi T, Sawada T, Noro T, Oishi E. Intranasal immunization with inactivated feline calicivirus particles confers robust protection against homologous virus and suppression against heterologous virus in cats. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1730-1738. [PMID: 28691897 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of intranasal (IN) administration of inactivated feline calicivirus (FCV) vaccine against homologous or heterologous FCV infection was investigated. Groups of cats immunized with the experimental inactivated, non-adjuvanted FCV vaccine via either the IN or subcutaneous (SC) route were exposed to homologous or highly heterologous FCV. Both the IN and SC immunization protocols established robust protection against homologous FCV infection. Although neither immunization regimen conferred protection against the heterologous strain, clinical scores and virus titres of oral swabs were lower in cats in the IN group compared to those in the SC group, accompanying a faster neutralizing antibody response against the heterologous virus in cats in the IN group. The IN group secreted more IgA specific to FCV proteins in oral washes (lavage fluids from the oral cavity) than the SC group. IN immunization with an inactivated whole FCV particle, which protects cats from homologous virus exposure and shortens the period of heterologous virus shedding, may serve as a better platform for anti-FCV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Sato
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Go Sehata
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Okada
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Kayo Iwamoto
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Katsuo Masubuchi
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Risa Kainuma
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Noda
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Igarashi
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Takuo Sawada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Taichi Noro
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
| | - Eiji Oishi
- Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan
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14
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A multi-national European cross-sectional study of feline calicivirus epidemiology, diversity and vaccine cross-reactivity. Vaccine 2017; 35:2753-2760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Spiri AM, Thézé J, Meli ML, Cattori V, Berger A, Steinrigl A, Pybus OG, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Willi B. Genetic diversity and phenotypic associations of feline caliciviruses from cats in Switzerland. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3253-3266. [PMID: 27902382 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common viral pathogen in domestic cats worldwide. The variable regions of the capsid (VP1) gene of FCV have one of the highest recorded rates of molecular evolution. Understanding the genetic diversity and phylogeny of FCV is a prerequisite to exploring the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this virus and to the development of efficacious vaccine strategies. In this study, we undertook a nationwide molecular characterization of FCV using for the first time nearly complete capsid (VP1) gene sequences. Sequences from 66 FCV samples were used to investigate the correlation between viral phylogeny and several traits, including geographic origin, signalment, husbandry, FCV vaccination and co-infections. Codon-based nucleotide alignment showed that individual nucleotides and their corresponding amino acid sites were either invariant or highly variable. Using a threshold of 20 % genetic distance in variable region E, FCV samples were grouped into 52 strains, 10 of which comprised two to three samples. Significant associations between FCV phylogeny and host characteristics were found, specifically the pedigree status of the cats, and two well-supported lineages were identified in which the current FCV strain definition was confounded. No correlation between viral genetic distances and geographic distances was evident. The greater resolution of the FCV phylogeny in this study compared to previous studies can be attributed to our use of more conserved regions of the capsid (VP1) gene; nonetheless, our results were still hampered by sequence saturation. The study highlights the need for whole-genome sequences for FCV phylogeny studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Thézé
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valentino Cattori
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alice Berger
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adolf Steinrigl
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Hou J, Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, McGahie D, Lesbros C, Almeras T, Howarth D, O'Hara V, Dawson S, Radford AD. European molecular epidemiology and strain diversity of feline calicivirus. Vet Rec 2016; 178:114-5. [PMID: 26811440 PMCID: PMC4752659 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) causes a variable syndrome of upper respiratory tract disease, mouth ulcers and lameness. A convenience-based prospective sample of oropharyngeal swabs (n=426) was obtained from five countries (France, Germany, Greece, Portugal and the UK). The prevalence of FCV by virus isolation was 22.2 per cent. Multivariable analysis found that animals presenting with lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis complex were more likely to test positive for FCV infection. Furthermore, vaccinated cats up to 48 months of age were significantly less likely to be infected with FCV than unvaccinated animals of similar ages. Phylogenetic analysis based on consensus sequences for the immunodominant region of the capsid gene from 72 FCV isolates identified 46 strains. Thirteen of the 14 strains with more than one sequence were restricted to individual regions or sites in individual countries; the exception was a strain present in two sites close to each other in France. Four strains were present in more than one household. Five colonies, four of which were rescue shelters, had multiple strains within them. Polymerase sequence suggested possible rare recombination events. These locally, nationally and internationally diverse FCV populations maintain a continuous challenge to the control of FCV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hou
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - F Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - D McGahie
- Virbac, 13e rue - LID, Carros 06511, France
| | - C Lesbros
- Virbac, 13e rue - LID, Carros 06511, France
| | - T Almeras
- Virbac, 13e rue - LID, Carros 06511, France
| | - D Howarth
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - V O'Hara
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Dawson
- University of Liverpool, School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - A D Radford
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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17
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Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by noroviruses often has a duration of 2-3 days and is characteristically self-limiting. In contrast, chronic infection caused by noroviruses in immunocompromised individuals can last from weeks to years, making clinical management difficult. The mechanisms by which noroviruses establish persistent infection, and the role of immunocompromised hosts as a reservoir for noroviruses in the general human population, are not known. However, study of this patient cohort may lead to new insights into norovirus biology and approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important pathogen of domestic cats and a frequently used model of human caliciviruses. Here we use an epidemiologically rigorous sampling framework to describe for the first time the phylodynamics of a calicivirus at regional and national scales. A large number of FCV strains cocirculated in the United Kingdom at the national and community levels, with no strain comprising more than 5% and 14% of these populations, respectively. The majority of strains exhibited a relatively restricted geographical range, with only two strains (one field virus and one vaccine virus) spreading further than 100 km. None of the field strains were identified outside the United Kingdom. Temporally, while some strains persisted locally for the majority of the study, others may have become locally extinct. Evolutionary analysis revealed a radial phylogeny with little bootstrap support for nodes above the strain level. In most cases, spatially and temporally diverse strains intermingled in the phylogeny. Together, these data suggest that current FCV evolution is not associated with selective competition among strains. Rather, the genetic and antigenic landscape in each geographical location is highly complex, with many strains cocirculating. These variants likely exist at the community level by a combination of de novo evolution and occasional gene flow from the wider national population. This complexity provides a benchmark, for the first time, against which vaccine cross-protection at both local and national levels can be judged.
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19
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Larson J, Kruger JM, Wise AG, Kaneene JB, Miller R, Fitzgerald SD, Kiupel M, Maes RK. Nested case-control study of feline calicivirus viruria, oral carriage, and serum neutralizing antibodies in cats with idiopathic cystitis. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:199-205. [PMID: 21314728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection in cats with idiopathic cystitis (FIC) has not been investigated by contemporary molecular biologic methods. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of and evaluate risk factors for FCV viruria, oral carriage, and virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies in cats with and without FIC. ANIMALS Cats with nonobstructive FIC (n = 47), obstructive FIC (n = 22), and FCV upper respiratory tract infection (URI; n = 25), and healthy client-owned (n = 18) and colony-housed (n = 24) cats. METHODS Oropharyngeal secretions and urine were evaluated with a FCV p30 gene-based real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Serum VN antibody titers were determined by a modified microtiter assay. Associations of risk factors with log-transformed antibody titers were determined by multivariable generalized linear regression. RESULTS FCV viruria was detected in 4 (6%) and 3 (12%) cats with FIC and URI, respectively. In 3 FIC cats, viruria was unassociated with detectable oral virus carriage. Oral FCV carriage was detected in 7 (10%) FIC cats. Median antibody titers were significantly higher in cats with obstructive FIC (1 :256), nonobstructive FIC (1:128), and URI (1:512) compared with healthy client-owned (1:16) and colony-housed (1:4) cats (P < .001). Other than disease, multivariate analysis did not identify any other explanatory variables for increased titers in cats with FIC or URI. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE FCV viruria was detected in cats with FIC and URI, however, its etiologic significance is uncertain. Serologic results suggest increased FCV exposure in FIC cats compared with controls. Further investigations are needed to clarify the potential role of FCV in FIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Larson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, East Lansing, MI, USA
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20
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Masubuchi K, Wakatsuki A, Iwamoto K, Takahashi T, Kokubu T, Shimizu M. Immunological and genetic characterization of feline caliciviruses used in the development of a new trivalent inactivated vaccine in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1189-94. [PMID: 20453450 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination against feline calicivirus (FCV) infection is widespread in Japan, FCV-associated diseases are still a significant problem in cats. Thus, we developed a new trivalent inactivated vaccine, Kyoto Biken Feline-CPR, consisting of three FCV strains; one was the production strain of our previous vaccine, and the others were screened from 60 field isolates obtained between 1998 and 2000 based on cross-neutralization tests. In this report, the three FCV strains used for development of the new vaccine were antigenically and genetically characterized. The three strains were antigenically quite different, as revealed by cross-neutralization tests. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of capsid regions A to E revealed that there were marked differences between the strains in both the N- and C ends of region E. Antisera against the three vaccine strains, our new vaccine and 2 commercial vaccines were then evaluated for neutralization with 58 field isolates collected between 2003 and 2006. Rat antisera against the three vaccine strains and a mixture of the 3 strains neutralized 49, 37, 42 and 55 isolates, respectively. Cat antiserum against the new vaccine neutralized 50 (86.2%) isolates, whereas the numbers neutralized by cat antisera against 2 commercial vaccines were 37 (63.8%) and 25 (43.1%). In conclusion, the immunological and genetic properties of the 3 vaccine strains investigated varied widely, and the Kyoto Biken Feline-CPR vaccine may have more potential to meet the antigenic diversity of FCVs spreading throughout Japan.
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21
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Radford AD, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Feline calicivirus infection. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:556-64. [PMID: 19481035 PMCID: PMC11132273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly variable virus. More severe, systemic forms of FCV infection have been observed recently. INFECTION Sick, acutely infected or carrier cats shed FCV in oronasal and conjunctival secretions. Infection occurs mainly through direct contact. DISEASE SIGNS The main clinical signs are oral ulcers, upper respiratory signs and a high fever. Feline calicivirus may be isolated from nearly all cats with chronic stomatitis or gingivitis. Cats with 'virulent systemic FCV disease' variably show pyrexia, cutaneous oedema, ulcerative lesions on the head and limbs, and jaundice. Mortality is high and the disease is more severe in adult cats. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis of FCV can be achieved by virus isolation or reverse-transcriptase PCR. Viral RNA can be detected in conjunctival and oral swabs, blood, skin scrapings or lung tissue using PCR. Positive PCR results should be interpreted with caution, as these may be a consequence of low-level shedding by persistently infected carriers. The diagnosis of virulent systemic FCV disease relies on clinical signs and isolation of the same strain from the blood of several diseased cats. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Supportive therapy (including fluid therapy) and good nursing care are essential. Anorexic cats should be fed highly palatable, blended or warmed food. Mucolytic drugs (eg, bromhexine) or nebulisation with saline may offer relief. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may be administered to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Feline calicivirus can persist in the environment for about 1 month and is resistant to many common disinfectants. VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS Two injections, at 9 and 12 weeks of age, are recommended, followed by a first booster 1 year later. In high-risk situations, a third vaccination at 16 weeks is recommended. Boosters should be given every 3 years. However, cats in high-risk situations should be revaccinated annually. Cats that have recovered from caliciviral disease are probably not protected for life, particularly if infected with different strains. Vaccination of these cats is still recommended.
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22
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McVey DS, Kennedy M. Vaccines for Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases of Companion Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:903-17, ix-x. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Porter CJ, Radford AD, Gaskell RM, Ryvar R, Coyne KP, Pinchbeck GL, Dawson S. Comparison of the ability of feline calicivirus (FCV) vaccines to neutralise a panel of current UK FCV isolates. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:32-40. [PMID: 17720588 PMCID: PMC10911152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) comprises a large number of strains which are related antigenically to varying degrees. The antigenic variability creates problems for choosing antigens to include in vaccines. Historically, these have been selected for use based on their cross-reactivity with a high proportion of field strains. However, it is important to determine the current level of cross-reactivity of vaccines and whether or not this may be decreasing owing to widespread vaccine use. In this in vitro study, we have compared the ability of antisera to two vaccine viruses (FCV strain F9 and FCV strain 255) to neutralise a panel of 40 recent UK field isolates. These 40 isolates were obtained by randomised, cross-sectional sampling of veterinary practices in different geographical regions of the UK so as to ensure they were representative of viruses circulating in the veterinary-visiting population of cats in the UK. Virus neutralisation assays showed that both vaccine strains are still broadly cross-reactive, with F9 antiserum neutralising 87.5% and 255 antiserum 75% of isolates tested with antiserum dilutions of 1 in 2 or greater. However, when antibody units were used, in order to take account of differences in homologous titres between antisera, fewer isolates were neutralised, with F9 antiserum showing a slightly higher proportion of isolates neutralised than 255. Multivariable analysis of the sample population of 1206 cats from which the 40 isolates were derived found that vaccinated cats were at a decreased risk of being positive for FCV, whereas cats from households with more than one cat, and cats with mouth ulcers were at increased risk. In addition as cats became older their risk of shedding FCV decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Porter
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases group, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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24
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Coyne KP, Edwards D, Radford AD, Cripps P, Jones D, Wood JLN, Gaskell RM, Dawson S. Longitudinal molecular epidemiological analysis of feline calicivirus infection in an animal shelter: a model for investigating calicivirus transmission within high-density, high-turnover populations. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3239-44. [PMID: 17687017 PMCID: PMC2045375 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01226-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of outbreaks of calicivirus infection in high-density, high-throughput populations is a challenge to both human and veterinary medicine. In such populations, the prevalence of infection is, in part, dependent on the levels of biosecurity and how this affects virus transmission. Here we show how longitudinal analysis of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection in an animal rescue shelter can be used as a model to examine the dynamics of calicivirus transmission and evolution in such environments. FCV was isolated from 33 of 116 cats sampled over a 15-month period (overall prevalence, 28%). Sequence analysis of the immunodominant variable regions of the viral capsid gene identified 16 strains circulating in the shelter, with no single strain appearing to predominate. The majority of these strains were introduced into the shelter from the community and did not appear to be transmitted within the population. However, for three of these strains, putative transmission events within the shelter were identified. The rates of evolution within hypervariable regions of the FCV capsid gene in individual cats ranged from 0.05 to 1.4% per week, with the highest rates generally being found in animals that either acquired the virus while in the shelter or were undergoing acute infection. These data suggest that despite the high prevalence and presence of multiple strains of FCV within the shelter, the spread of such pathogens may be restricted by various control measures, including good hygiene and biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Coyne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, South Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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25
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Radford AD, Coyne KP, Dawson S, Porter CJ, Gaskell RM. Feline calicivirus. Vet Res 2007; 38:319-35. [PMID: 17296159 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an important and highly prevalent pathogen of cats. It belongs to the family Caliciviridae which includes other significant pathogens of man and animals. As an RNA virus, high polymerase error rates convey upon FCV a high genome plasticity, and allow the virus to respond rapidly to environmental selection pressures. This makes the virus very adaptable and has important implications for clinical disease and its control. Being genetically diverse, FCV is associated with a range of clinical syndromes from inapparent infections to relatively mild oral and upper respiratory tract disease with or without acute lameness. More recently, highly virulent forms of the virus have emerged associated with a systemic infection that is frequently fatal. A proportion of FCV infected cats that recover from acute disease, remain persistently infected. In such cats, virus evolution is believed to help the virus to evade the host immune response. Such long-term carriers may only represent a minority of the feline population but are likely to be crucial to the epidemiology of the virus. Vaccination against FCV has been available for many years and has effectively reduced the incidence of clinical disease. However, the vaccines do not prevent infection and vaccinated cats can still become persistently infected. In addition, FCV strain variability means that not all strains are protected against equally. Much progress has been made in understanding the biology and pathogenesis of this important feline virus. Challenges for the future will necessarily focus on how to control the variability of this virus particularly in relation to emerging virulent strains and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Radford
- University of Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, S. Wirral, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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26
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Di Martino B, Marsilio F, Roy P. Assembly of feline calicivirus-like particle and its immunogenicity. Vet Microbiol 2007; 120:173-8. [PMID: 17126499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing the capsid gene of feline calicivirus strain F9 (FCV-F9). The FCV VLPs were morphologically and antigenically similar to the native virus and contained a single capsid protein with a molecular weight of approximately 60 kDa that reacted with FCV antiserum. Moreover, following immunization of rabbits, VLPs were able to elicit neutralizing antibodies against several FCV strains isolated from clinical samples. Our preliminary results showed that FCV-VLP could be considered a candidate vaccine against FCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Department of Scienze Biomediche Comparate, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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27
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Coyne KP, Gaskell RM, Dawson S, Porter CJ, Radford AD. Evolutionary mechanisms of persistence and diversification of a calicivirus within endemically infected natural host populations. J Virol 2006; 81:1961-71. [PMID: 17151126 PMCID: PMC1797550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01981-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the evolutionary mechanisms of persistence and diversification within the Caliciviridae, we have been exploiting endemic infection of feline calicivirus within five geographically distinct household groups of cats. By sequencing immunodominant and variable regions of the capsid gene, we identified the relative contribution of the different evolutionary processes employed by the virus to ensure its long-term survival in the host population. Such strategies included progressive evolution of a given variant of a strain through mutation accumulation within an individual, sequential reinfection with either a variant of the same strain or with a different strain, and mixed infection. Recombination between different strains in this study has been reported in detail elsewhere (K. P. Coyne et al., J. Gen. Virol. 87:921-926, 2006). Here, we provide evidence to suggest that true long-term persistent infection in individuals is relatively rare, with the majority of apparent viral carriers undergoing a combination of progressive evolution and cyclical reinfection. Progressive evolution at the individual level and variant reinfection at both the individual and population levels were associated with positive selection. Two measures of evolution rate were determined; for a virus progressively evolving within an individual (1.32 x 10(-2) to 2.64 x 10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide per year, i.e., no transmission) and for a strain circulating within a population (3.84 x 10(-2) to 4.56 x 10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide per year, i.e., including transmission). Reiteration of both progressive evolution and variant reinfection appeared to lead to a gradual increase in the diversity of a given strain of virus, both in the individual and in the population, until eventually new strains emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Coyne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, South Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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28
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Richards JR, Elston TH, Ford RB, Gaskell RM, Hartmann K, Hurley KF, Lappin MR, Levy JK, Rodan I, Scherk M, Schultz RD, Sparkes AH. The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel Report. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:1405-41. [PMID: 17078805 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.9.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a medical procedure, and the decision to vaccinate should be based on a risk-based assessment for each cat and each vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Richards
- Cornell Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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29
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Coyne KP, Dawson S, Radford AD, Cripps PJ, Porter CJ, McCracken CM, Gaskell RM. Long-term analysis of feline calicivirus prevalence and viral shedding patterns in naturally infected colonies of domestic cats. Vet Microbiol 2006; 118:12-25. [PMID: 16911860 PMCID: PMC7117452 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly infectious respiratory pathogen of domestic cats. The prevalence of FCV in the general cat population is high, particularly in multi-cat households, largely because many clinically recovered cats remain persistently infected carriers. In order to assess how FCV circulates in such groups and to assess the contribution that each individual animal makes to the epidemiology of the disease, we have carried out the first detailed analysis of long-term shedding patterns of FCV in individual cats within naturally infected colonies. The prevalence of FCV in each of the groups on individual sampling occasions ranged from 0% to 91%, with averages for the individual colonies ranging from 6% to 75%. Within each of the colonies, one to three distinct strains of FCV were identified. Individual cats showed a spectrum of FCV shedding patterns over the sampling period which broadly grouped into three categories: those that shed virus relatively consistently, those that shed virus intermittently, and those that appeared never to shed virus. This is the first report identifying non-shedder cats that appear resistant to FCV infection over long periods of time, despite being continually exposed to virus. Such resistance appeared to be age related, which may have been immune-mediated, although by analogy with other caliciviruses, factors such as host genetic resistance may play a role. Given that a proportion of the population appears to be resistant to infection, clearly the cohort of cats that consistently shed virus are likely to provide an important mechanism whereby infection can be maintained in small populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Coyne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Foley J, Hurley K, Pesavento PA, Poland A, Pedersen NC. Virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection: local cytokine modulation and contribution of viral mutants. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:55-61. [PMID: 16213763 PMCID: PMC10832930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) is a novel, emerging pathogen with mortality up to 67% even in previously healthy adult cats; VS-FCV has resulted in at least six epidemics since 1998. Affected cats have systemic vascular compromise and hemorrhagic-fever like signs in part due to viral invasion of epithelium and endothelium, coupled with host cytokine responses. Affected skin tissues had, on average, 3.8 elevated cytokines compared with control tissue, with prominent upregulation in IL-10, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1alpha. Sequencing of most of the genomes of two VS-FCV strains documented patterns of virus relatedness and implicated changes in the capsid gene in the emerging phenotype, possibly through initiation of immune mechanisms manifest in the cytokine changes. Understanding the features contributing to the emergence of this disease is critical for management and prevention of this and similar outbreaks attributable to RNA viruses in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Foley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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31
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Holst BS, Berndtsson LT, Englund L. Isolation of feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus from healthy cats in Swedish breeding catteries. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 7:325-31. [PMID: 15914057 PMCID: PMC10822419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) could be isolated from four cats (2.6%) and feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV) from none of 152 clinically healthy cats from 22 Swedish breeding catteries. These cats had all previously shown signs of respiratory tract disease or conjunctivitis, although several years ago. The results suggest that carriers of FCV and FHV were uncommon in Swedish breeding catteries studied. Prevalence rates in other European countries and North America are usually higher, especially of FCV. The lower prevalence rates in our study might be explained by test group selection, differences in factors such as management, environment, or genetic constitution of the cats, or by sample handling. It was concluded that the presence of an FCV shedder in the cattery does not mean that all cats in the group are infected, but special measures are recommended to avoid infection of susceptible cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Ström Holst
- Department of Companion animals and horses, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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32
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Bannasch MJ, Foley JE. Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats in animal shelters. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 7:109-19. [PMID: 15771947 PMCID: PMC10822251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) propagates readily within cats in shelters and often results in euthanasia of affected cats. In a case-control evaluation of 573 cats in eight shelters in California in 2001 and 2002, the prevalence of feline calicivirus (FCV) was from 13 to 36%, feline herpesvirus (FHV) was from 3 to 38%, and prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma species was from 2 to 14%. Cats with URI tended to be housed in isolation, dehydrated, and younger than cats without URI, and infected with FHV, Mycoplasma species, FCV, or C felis. Shelters differed in the prevalence of pathogens and many cats appeared positive for infection after about 1 week of sheltering. It is helpful for shelters to understand the risk factors associated with URI in order to evaluate the costs and benefits of treatment and improve their procedures to decrease the incidence of URI within their facilities. Antiherpetics and antimycoplasmal drugs may be beneficial for individual animal care. Results document the utility of comprehensive URI surveillance and herd management for specific pathogens typical in that shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Bannasch
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Janet E. Foley
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Pedersen NC, Sato R, Foley JE, Poland AM. Common virus infections in cats, before and after being placed in shelters, with emphasis on feline enteric coronavirus. J Feline Med Surg 2004; 6:83-8. [PMID: 15123152 PMCID: PMC7128562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the origin and subsequent spread of feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) in cats relinquished to shelters. FCV was isolated from the oral fauces of 11% of healthy cats upon entry, and isolation rates were highest for kittens (33%). FHV shedding was very low (4%) at the time of entry and occurred mainly in juveniles. FECV shedding was also common among newly relinquished cats (33%), especially older kittens and juveniles (90%). The subsequent spread of all three viruses was rapid and efficient in the shelter environment. Fifteen percent of cats were shedding FCV, 52% FHV, and 60% FECV after 1 week. More detailed studies were done with FECV shedding, which could be accurately quantitated. The amounts of FECV shed by infected cats ranged from 102to 1016particles/swab of feces. FECV shedding was several logs higher in young kittens with primary infection than adult cats with primary infections. The mean levels of FECV shedding among adults were the same for primary and chronic infections. Although shelters were not the primary source of these viruses for many relinquished cats, factors intrinsic to the shelter environment were critical in amplifying shedding and spread to susceptible individuals. Extrinsic factors were especially important for the spread of FHV and FECV. FHV shedding rates increased from 4% to 50% in 1 week's time. The speed and magnitude of the increase in FHV shedding suggested that there was reactivation of latent infections as well as acquisition of new infections. FECV shedding increased 10 to 1,000,000 fold in 1 week among cats that were already infected at entry, and more than one-half of initially negative cats were shedding FECV a week later. Feline calicivirus infection was the least likely to spread in the shelter. The infection rate only increased from 11 to 15% in 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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34
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Hurley KE, Pesavento PA, Pedersen NC, Poland AM, Wilson E, Foley JE. An outbreak of virulent systemic feline calicivirus disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:241-9. [PMID: 14736069 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe clinical and epidemiologic features of an outbreak of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection caused by a unique strain of FCV and associated with a high mortality rate and systemic signs of disease, including edema of the face or limbs. DESIGN Observational study. Animals-54 cats naturally infected with a highly virulent strain of FCV. PROCEDURE Information was collected on outbreak history, clinical signs, and characteristics of infected and exposed cats. RESULTS A novel strain of FCV (FCV-Kaos) was identified. Transmission occurred readily via fomites. Signs included edema and sores of the face and feet. Mortality rate was 40%, and adults were more likely than kittens to have severe disease (odds ratio, 9.56). Eleven (20%) cats had only mild or no clinical signs. Many affected cats had been vaccinated against FCV. Viral shedding was documented at least 16 weeks after clinical recovery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Outbreaks of highly virulent FCV disease are increasingly common. Strains causing such outbreaks have been genetically distinct from one another but caused similar disease signs and were resistant to vaccination. All cats with suspicious signs (including upper respiratory tract infection) should be handled with strict hygienic precautions. Sodium hypochlorite solution should be used for disinfection following suspected contamination. All exposed cats should be isolated until negative viral status is confirmed. Chronic viral shedding is possible but may not be clinically important. This and similar outbreaks have been described as being caused by hemorrhagic fever-like caliciviruses, but hemorrhage is uncommonly reported. Virulent systemic FCV infection is suggested as an alternative description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Hurley
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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35
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Abstract
The use of potency control testing is a valuable tool for testing the actual relative strength of manufactured assembly lots of vaccine. Biological-based manufacturing methods are inherently variable and potency testing is a tool to ensure lot-to-lot consistency of commercial vaccines. A strong historical link to clinical efficacy has been established where correlation to efficacy and adequate test validation have been achieved. The link to immunogenicity and efficacy has traditionally been strongest with attenuated vaccines and toxoids. Control potency test failure does predict that a serial or batch of vaccine would most likely provide insufficient immunogenicity in typical field applications. Because of the complexity of pathogenic processes and associated immune responses, potency tests may not always directly predict the effectiveness of a vaccine. Thus, vaccines that pass control potency testing may not always provide adequate efficacy. This is particularly true of adjuvanted, inactivated vaccines. In the development of vaccine formulations and control tests for vaccines, the nature of the desired protective immune responses to the targeted pathogen (when known) should be considered. These considerations could provide better alternatives in the assays chosen as correlates of immunity and may more accurately predict efficacy and assure batch-to-batch consistency. Also, the effects of the dose and duration of antigen exposure as well as the nature of antigen presentation and generation of extrinsic cytokines could be characterised and correlated to vaccine potency as additional indicators of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scott McVey
- Biologicals Development, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, 8118D-2001, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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36
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Abstract
During infection, feline calicivirus (FCV) produces an abundant subgenomic RNA of 2.4 kb that is the major template for translation of the single capsid protein. Feline cells infected with FCV (CFI/68 strain) at a high multiplicity of infection produced a population of lower density (ld) viral particles with a density of 1.35 g/cc as compared to the 1.39 g/cc density of the wild-type virus particle. The RNA isolated from the ld particles was 2.4 kb in size, the same as that of the intracellular subgenomic transcript that encodes the single capsid protein of the virus. Primer extension analysis revealed that the 5' end of the RNA from the ld particles mapped to the same genomic location as the intracellular 2.4 kb RNA. RNA protection of the ld RNA using a FCV 4.2 kb minus strand cDNA containing 1984 bases of capsid protein coding sequences, protected an RNA fragment of approximately 2000 bases. The data presented here demonstrates that the ld particles contains the FCV subgenomic RNA and not a genomic RNA containing rearrangements or deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Neill
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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37
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Sommerville LM, Radford AD, Glenn M, Dawson S, Gaskell CJ, Kelly DF, Cripps PJ, Porter CJ, Gaskell RM. DNA vaccination against feline calicivirus infection using a plasmid encoding the mature capsid protein. Vaccine 2002; 20:1787-96. [PMID: 11906766 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV), a member of the diverse family Caliciviridae, is a respiratory and oral pathogen of cats. Although conventional FCV vaccines are available, there are some safety and efficacy problems associated with their use. The potential of DNA vaccination against FCV infection was therefore explored. Four cats were inoculated intramuscularly with three 100 microg doses, 2 weeks apart, with a plasmid (pF9VAC) containing the mature capsid protein gene of FCV strain F9. Four control cats received the same plasmid lacking the FCV gene insert. All eight cats showed clinical signs following heterologous challenge with FCV strain LS027. However, rectal temperatures and general clinical sign scores were significantly lower in vaccinates compared to controls, and there was a marked difference in ulcer distribution between the two groups. Although no serological responses were detected in either group prior to challenge, post-challenge titres in the vaccinated group were generally higher. The results indicate that partial protection against a calicivirus is possible by DNA vaccination but that other approaches to enhance efficacy such as the use of cytokine genes or prime-boost protocols may also be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Sommerville
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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38
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Radford AD, Sommerville LM, Dawson S, Kerins AM, Ryvar R, Gaskell RM. Molecular analysis of isolates of feline calicivirus from a population of cats in a rescue shelter. Vet Rec 2001; 149:477-81. [PMID: 11700925 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.16.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Two visits, six weeks apart, were made to a cat rescue shelter and single oropharyngeal swabs were taken from all the compliant cats. Feline calicivirus was isolated from 14 of 45 swabs (31 per cent) taken on the first visit and 12 of 46 swabs (26 per cent) taken on the second visit. Nucleotide sequences were obtained for nine isolates from the first visit, six isolates from the second visit, and for the vaccine virus used in the cattery. Distance analysis showed that the majority of the isolates could be assigned to one of two groups. All the isolates obtained from cats sharing the same pen or isolates obtained from the same cat on successive visits, were less than 5 per cent distant, whereas most of the isolates from cats in different pens were more than 20 per cent distant. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least seven distinct field isolates were present in the cattery. The only good evidence for virus transmission within the cattery was a case in which two viruses isolated from cats in different pens had sequences that were less than 5 per cent distant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Radford
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Animal Husbandry, University of Liverpool, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Neston, South Wirral
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39
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Radford AD, Sommerville L, Ryvar R, Cox MB, Johnson DR, Dawson S, Gaskell RM. Endemic infection of a cat colony with a feline calicivirus closely related to an isolate used in live attenuated vaccines. Vaccine 2001; 19:4358-62. [PMID: 11483259 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have typed three feline calicivirus (FCV) isolates obtained over a 5-month-period from an endemically infected cat colony. Sequence analysis from variable region E of the capsid gene from these isolates strongly suggests they are minor variants of a single FCV strain, and that this strain is closely related to the one used in many live-attenuated FCV vaccines. Such a vaccine was last used approximately 2 months before the first of the isolates in this study was obtained. Sequence differences between the 'colony isolate' and the vaccine virus suggest that the colony virus has evolved from the vaccine virus and was persisting in the colony. The extent to which vaccine virus may contribute to the continued high prevalence of FCV needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Radford
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Centre for Comparative Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Leahurst, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK.
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40
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Sykes JE, Allen JL, Studdert VP, Browning GF. Detection of feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus 1 and Chlamydia psittaci mucosal swabs by multiplex RT-PCR/PCR. Vet Microbiol 2001; 81:95-108. [PMID: 11376956 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A single tube, multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/PCR assay was developed for detection of feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1), Chlamydia psittaci and feline calicivirus (FCV) in cats with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), incorporating a simple, rapid extraction procedure capable of extracting both DNA and RNA. The assay was found to be as sensitive in vitro as simplex assays that have previously been shown to be as sensitive as, or more sensitive than, culture for each pathogen in experimentally infected cats. Conjunctival alone or both conjunctival and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from cats in 104 households with URTD. FHV1 was detected in 18 (17.3%) and C. psittaci was detected in 12 (11.5%) households. The prevalence of C. psittaci was not significantly different to that determined using a duplex PCR assay for C. psittaci and FHV1. The prevalence of FCV was affected by sample storage temperature. Of samples stored at -70 degrees C, 0/31 were positive for FCV but FCV was detected in 10/73 (13.7%) samples stored at 4 degrees C (P=0.006). Of the samples stored at 4 degrees C, 3/19 (15.8%) conjunctival swabs were positive for FCV and 6/32 (18.8%) oropharyngeal/conjunctival swabs were positive for FCV (P=0.79). The potential utility of restriction endonuclease analysis of RT-PCR products resulting from amplification of the hypervariable region of the capsid protein gene of FCV in field samples, without prior cultivation, was also examined. The assay may have considerable importance for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys of feline upper respiratory tract pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caliciviridae Infections/diagnosis
- Caliciviridae Infections/veterinary
- Caliciviridae Infections/virology
- Calicivirus, Feline/genetics
- Cat Diseases/diagnosis
- Cat Diseases/microbiology
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats
- Chlamydia Infections/diagnosis
- Chlamydia Infections/microbiology
- Chlamydia Infections/veterinary
- Chlamydophila psittaci/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Female
- Herpesviridae/genetics
- Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis
- Herpesviridae Infections/veterinary
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Male
- Mouth Mucosa/microbiology
- Mouth Mucosa/virology
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Fungal/chemistry
- RNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sykes
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Preclinical Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Vic., Australia
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41
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Abstract
Feline conjunctivitis is common and often presents a clinical challenge to the veterinarian. Chlamydia psittaci is an important pathogen and should always be considered when evaluating cats with conjunctivitis. FCV is an infrequent cause of conjunctivitis and only causes the disease in conjunction with other clinical signs of this infection, such as oral mucosal ulcers and upper respiratory tract disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Ramsey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Mochizuki M, Kawakami K, Hashimoto M, Ishida T. Recent epidemiological status of feline upper respiratory infections in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:801-3. [PMID: 10945306 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology of upper respiratory infections of cats was studied. Nasal, ocular, and oral swabs collected from 111 cats presented at animal hospitals during the past 2.5 years were examined. Twenty-four (21.6%) and 4 (3.6%) cats were diagnosed as feline calicivirus (FCV) infection and feline viral rhinotracheitis, respectively, indicating FCV is more prevalent than feline herpesvirus-1, which revealed a considerable shift from data obtained in 1970s. Cat sera immunized by using vaccines containing either FCV F9 or 255 strains neutralized 42.9% and 66.7% of the FCV isolates, respectively. Chlamydia psittaci, examined by a PCR assay amplifying the ompA gene, was found in 26.9% of 26 diseased cats that typically showed conjunctivitis and rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Kyoritsu Shoji Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Pedersen NC, Elliott JB, Glasgow A, Poland A, Keel K. An isolated epizootic of hemorrhagic-like fever in cats caused by a novel and highly virulent strain of feline calicivirus. Vet Microbiol 2000; 73:281-300. [PMID: 10781727 PMCID: PMC7117377 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An isolated epizootic of a highly fatal feline calicivirus (FCV) infection, manifested in its severest form by a systemic hemorrhagic-like fever, occurred over a 1-month period among six cats owned by two different employees and a client of a private veterinary practice. The infection may have started with an unowned shelter kitten that was hospitalized during this same period for a severe atypical upper respiratory infection. The causative agent was isolated from blood and nasal swabs from two cats; the electron microscopic appearance was typical for FCV and capsid gene sequencing showed it to be genetically similar to other less pathogenic field strains. An identical disease syndrome was recreated in laboratory cats through oral inoculation with tissue culture grown virus. During the course of transmission studies in experimental cats, the agent was inadvertently spread by caretakers to an adjoining room containing a group of four normal adult cats. One of the four older cats was found dead and a second was moribund within 48-72h in spite of symptomatic treatment; lesions in these animals were similar to those of the field cats but with the added feature of severe pancreatitis. The mortality in field cats, deliberately infected laboratory cats, and inadvertently infected laboratory cats ranged from 33-50%. This new isolate of calicivirus, named FCV-Ari, was neutralized at negligible to low titer by antiserum against the universal FCV-F9 vaccine strain. Cats orally immunized with FCV-F9, and then challenge-exposed shortly thereafter with FCV-Ari, developed a milder self-limiting form of disease, indicating partial protection. However, all of the field cats, including the three that died, had been previously immunized with parenteral FCV-F9 vaccine. FCV-Ari caused a disease that was reminiscent of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease, a highly fatal calicivirus infection of older rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Pedersen
- Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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44
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Radford AD, Dawson S, Wharmby C, Ryvar R, Gaskell RM. Comparison of serological and sequence-based methods for typing feline calcivirus isolates from vaccine failures. Vet Rec 2000; 146:117-23. [PMID: 10706329 DOI: 10.1136/vr.146.5.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) can be typed by exploiting antigenic differences between isolates or, more recently, by the sequence analysis of a hypervariable region of the virus's capsid gene. These two methods were used to characterise FCV isolates from 20 vaccine failures which occurred after the use of a commercial, live-attenuated vaccine. Using virus neutralisation, the isolates showed a spectrum of relatedness to the vaccine; depending on the criterion adopted for identity, 10 to 40 per cent of them appeared to be similar to the vaccine virus. Using sequence analysis, the isolates fell into one of two categories; 20 per cent had a similar sequence to the vaccine (0-67 to 2-67 per cent distant), and the remainder had a dissimilar sequence (21-3 to 36-0 per cent distant). Sequence analysis identified one cat that appeared to be infected with two distinct FCVs. The serological and sequence-based typing methods gave the same result in 80 to 95 per cent of individual cases, depending on the criterion adopted for serological identity. It is suggested that molecular typing is a more definitive method for characterising the relatedness of FCV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Radford
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, UK
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45
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Radford AD, Willoughby K, Dawson S, McCracken C, Gaskell RM. The capsid gene of feline calicivirus contains linear B-cell epitopes in both variable and conserved regions. J Virol 1999; 73:8496-502. [PMID: 10482602 PMCID: PMC112869 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.10.8496-8502.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/1999] [Accepted: 07/12/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to map linear B-cell (LBC) epitopes in the major capsid protein of feline calicivirus (FCV), an expression library containing random, short (100- to 200-bp) fragments of the FCV F9 capsid gene was constructed. Analysis of this library showed it to be representative of the region of the capsid gene that encodes the mature capsid protein. The library was screened by using polyclonal antisera from a cat that had been challenged experimentally with F9 to identify immunoreactive clones containing LBC epitopes. Twenty-six clones that reacted positively to feline antisera in immunoblots were identified. FCV-derived sequence from these clones mapped to a region of the capsid that spanned 126 amino acids and included variable regions C and E. An overlapping set of biotinylated peptides corresponding to this region was used to further map LBC epitopes by using F9 antisera. Four principal regions of reactivity were identified. Two fell within the hypervariable region at the 5' end of region E (amino acids [aa] 445 to 451 [antigenic site (ags) 2] and aa 451 to 457 [ags 3]). However, the other two were in conserved regions (aa 415 to 421 [ags 1; region D] and aa 475 to 479 [ags 4; central region E]). The reactivity of the peptide set with antisera from 11 other cats infected with a range of FCV isolates was also determined. Ten of 11 antisera reacted to conserved ags 4, suggesting that this region may be useful for future recombinant vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Radford
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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Radford AD, Bennett M, McArdle F, Dawson S, Turner PC, Glenn MA, Gaskell RM. The use of sequence analysis of a feline calicivirus (FCV) hypervariable region in the epidemiological investigation of FCV related disease and vaccine failures. Vaccine 1997; 15:1451-8. [PMID: 9302760 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 235 bp hypervariable region of the feline calicivirus (FCV) genome which encodes part of the capsid protein. Sequence from this region was used to compare viruses used in three attenuated vaccines to viruses isolated from vaccinated cats with clinical signs of FCV-infection (vaccine failures). All three vaccine viruses contained sequence similar to that published for FCV strain F9 (Carter et al. 1992, Virology 190, 443-448). However, two of the three vaccines contained a separate sequence which was 20.67% distant (number of nucleotide substitutions per 100 bases) from F9. The sequences derived from isolates obtained from vaccine failures fell into two categories. Most were distinct (21.33-38.00% distant) from vaccine sequence. However, in some cases, sequences were sufficiently similar to the vaccines' (0.00-5.33% distant) to suggest that the isolate may have originated from the vaccine. In addition, comparison of sequence determined for isolates from the same disease outbreak showed them to be closely related (0.00-1.33% distant), whereas epidemiologically unrelated isolates were 20.67-38.00% distant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Radford
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Neston, S. Wirral, UK
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47
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Lauritzen A, Jarrett O, Sabara M. Serological analysis of feline calicivirus isolates from the United States and United Kingdom. Vet Microbiol 1997; 56:55-63. [PMID: 9228682 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The antigenic relationship of 181 feline calicivirus (FCV) isolates from the United States (USA) and United Kingdom (UK) to 5 reference viruses, representing 2 vaccine strains (F9 VacNor, 2280) and 3 field strains (H, J, TN) was determined by a neutralization assay using two standardized dilutions of reference sera. A comparison between USA and UK isolates indicated that significantly fewer UK isolates could be neutralized by sera specific for each of the reference strains. Isolates from the USA were also analyzed based on the time period and geographical location from which they were derived. Analysis of the cross-neutralization results for isolates derived from the USA indicated that no single reference strain was predominant in all the geographical locations, however, antisera specific to strains 2280, H and J neutralized the highest number of isolates overall. Analysis of the neutralization patterns based on the time period from which the isolates were derived indicated that F9 VacNor was antigenically similar to 86% of feline caliciviruses isolated in 1958-1979. This number decreased to 43% for isolates derived in 1980-1995. By contrast, the J strain maintained its antigenic relatedness to approximately 75% of representative FCV isolates circulating during the last 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lauritzen
- Pfizer Inc, Central Research Division, Lincoln, NE, USA
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48
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Turnquist SE, Ostlund E. Calicivirus outbreak with high mortality in a Missouri feline colony. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9:195-8. [PMID: 9211241 DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S E Turnquist
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65205, USA
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49
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Sussman MD, Maes RK, Kruger JM. Vaccination of cats for feline rhinotracheitis results in a quantitative reduction of virulent feline herpesvirus-1 latency load after challenge. Virology 1997; 228:379-82. [PMID: 9123845 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1996.8393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently described the construction of a feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) recombinant vaccine strain, FHV beta-galgLgE delta, containing a deletion in both the gI and the gE genes. We also reported comparative tests of its safety and efficacy in cats. These cats were unvaccinated or subcutaneously vaccinated with FHV beta-galgLgE delta, its isotypic parent strain (FHV-1SA), or a commercial FHV-1 vaccine strain (FHV-1CV) and subsequently challenged with a virulent field strain of FHV-1. Here we report the determination of FHV-1 field virus latency load after challenge in the same experimental animals. FHV-1 specific quantitative PCR was carried out on feline genomic DNA isolated from trigeminal ganglia, olfactory bulbs, and brain stems. We have determined that a reduction in field virus latency load in cats vaccinated subcutaneously with wild-type FHV-1 strains prior to challenge is dependent upon glycoproteins gL and gE deleted in FHV beta-galgLgE delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Sussman
- Department of Microbiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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