Acetone-induced potentiation of trihalomethane toxicity in male rats

A metabonomic characterization of CCl4-induced acute liver failure using partial least square regression based on the GC/MS metabolic profiles of plasma in mice

This work characterized the metabolism disorders of acute liver failure (ALF) induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in a mouse model with different dosage of intoxication (100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg). Metabolic profiles of mice plasma were detected by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after chemical derivatization. Here an effective information-extracting approach was implemented on the basis of partial least square regression analysis (PLS-RA). PLS modeling was achieved with two kinds of Y-vectors for the acquired metabonomics data and eight metabolites with different changing behaviors were selected. ALF of mice induced by CCl(4) was characterized by the elevation of glutamate, citrate, serine and threonine, as well as the decrease of alpha-glycerophosphate, docosahexaenoic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid in plasma. The difference in the concentrations of serine, threonine, palmitic acid and oleic acid remained insignificant between the control and 100mg/kg groups, while significant distinction appeared when comparing the control and two higher dosed groups. The underlying regulation of CCl(4)-perturbed metabolic pathways was discussed according to the selected metabolites. The present study demonstrated a great potential of PLS-RA in exploiting a comprehensive metabolic effects of CCl(4) intoxication and its efficient capability to reveal the hepatotoxic mechanism of ALF induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid increase chloroform toxicity

Dichloro- and trichloroacetic acids (DCA and TCA) and chloroform are formed during chlorination disinfection of drinking water. The effects of DCA and TCA treatment on CHCl3 toxicity were assessed in these studies. Male and female rats were gavaged with DCA or TCA (0.92 and 2.45 mmol/kg administered 3 times over 24 h). Three hours after the last dose CHCl3 was injected ip (0.75 mg/kg). Male rats experienced some weight loss (15%) and slight increases of ALT and BUN, but there were no effects of either DCA or TCA on any of these responses. In females, CHCl3 increased plasma ALT and this response was greater (up to threefold) in the DCA group, compared to saline controls. Similarly, BUN was increased by CHCl3 and this was more severe (up to threefold) in both the DCA and TCA pretreated groups. These results show that CHCl3 toxicity is increased by DCA and TCA, and this effect is gender-specific, occurring only in females. DCA increases both liver and kidney toxicity, whereas TCA affects only kidney toxicity.

Acetone effects on N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide-induced nephrotoxicity

Acetone has been shown to potentiate the toxicity of many halogenated hydrocarbons. The purpose of this study was to determine if acetone could alter the acute nephrotoxicity produced by the experimental fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS). Male Fischer 344 rats were administered acetone (1, 5 or 10 mmol/kg) or acetone vehicle (corn oil, 10 mg/kg) orally followed 16 h later by a single intraperitoneal injection of NDPS (0.2 or 0.4 mmol/kg) or NDPS vehicle (sesame oil, 2.5 ml/kg) and renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. Acetone (1 or 5 mmol/kg) did not alter NDPS (0.2 mmol/kg)-induced renal effects while acetone (10 mmol/kg) pretreatment attenuated NDPS (0.4 mmol/kg)-induced increases in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and kidney weight but had no effect on NDPS (0.4 mol/kg)-induced changes in urine volume or content, organic ion accumulation by renal cortical slices or renal morphology. These results suggest that acetone weakly attenuates NDPS-induced nephrotoxicity.

Lipid composition of liver microsomes from rats treated with acetone

The metabolism of certain compounds by rat hepatic microsomal preparations obtained from acetone-treated rats is greater than that measured in microsomes obtained from control rats. Since the lipid composition of membranes can significantly influence metabolism catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes, studies were conducted in order to determine whether acetone-induced alterations in microsomal metabolism are associated with changes in the lipid composition of these membranes. Phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations were measured in extracts of rat liver microsomes obtained from rats treated with acetone, sodium phenobarbital, or vehicle. Acetone treatment did not alter the phospholipid and cholesterol content of the microsomes, whereas sodium phenobarbital (positive control) caused a significant decrease in cholesterol content/mg microsomal protein. These data indicate that acetone-induced alterations in microsomal metabolism may not be attributed to changes in the phospholipid and cholesterol content of the microsomes.