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Pohl H, Mumtaz M. Evaluation of interactions in chemical mixtures containing cyanides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Satpute RM, Bhutia YD, Lomash V, Bhattacharya R. Efficacy assessment of co-treated alpha-ketoglutarate and N-acetyl cysteine against the subchronic toxicity of cyanide in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:410-423. [PMID: 31244408 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719851902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is an important industrial pollutant, major occupational hazard, and a potential chemical warfare agent. Its intentional or accidental exposure to humans is a big clinical problem because of its rapid mode of action. Certain plant origin foods also contain substantial amount of cyanide and cause chronic toxicity. This study explores the protective efficacy of co-treatment of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and an antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against toxicity of subchronically exposed cyanide in rats. We explore the effect of AKG + NAC co-treatment on oxidative stress, inflammation, and histological changes induced due to long-term sublethal cyanide exposure. Cyanide induces oxidative stress by inhibiting metalloenzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) causing increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH). It also increases the activity of cyclo-oxygenase enzymes causing oxidative stress-mediated inflammation in the brain. Cyanide exposure also causes degenerative changes in the brain as shown in histology. It also causes pathology in liver and kidney. AKG is known to form cyanohydrins with cyanide reducing the free cyanide levels, and its combination with NAC showed overall improvement in by reducing the oxidative stress and subsequent neuroinflammation. Their combination was also found to improve the histological outcome of vital tissues. AKG, an over-the-counter sport medicine, and the antioxidant NAC per se did not show any detrimental effects in any tested parameter. Hence, oral treatment with AKG and NAC can be beneficial for the treatment of chronic cyanide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Satpute
- 1 Toxicology Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Civil Lines, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y D Bhutia
- 2 Division of Pharmacology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - V Lomash
- 3 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - R Bhattacharya
- 3 Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Identification of specific metabolic pathways as druggable targets regulating the sensitivity to cyanide poisoning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193889. [PMID: 29879736 PMCID: PMC5991913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide is a potent toxic agent, and the few available antidotes are not amenable to rapid deployment in mass exposures. As a result, there are ongoing efforts to exploit different animal models to identify novel countermeasures. We have created a pipeline that combines high-throughput screening in zebrafish with subsequent validation in two mammalian small animal models as well as a porcine large animal model. We found that zebrafish embryos in the first 3 days post fertilization (dpf) are highly resistant to cyanide, becoming progressively more sensitive thereafter. Unbiased analysis of gene expression in response to several hours of ultimately lethal doses of cyanide in both 1 and 7 dpf zebrafish revealed modest changes in iron-related proteins associated with the age-dependent cyanide resistance. Metabolomics measurements demonstrated significant age-dependent differences in energy metabolism during cyanide exposure which prompted us to test modulators of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and related metabolic processes as potential antidotes. In cyanide-sensitive 7 dpf larvae, we identified several such compounds that offer significant protection against cyanide toxicity. Modulators of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, as well as the small molecule sodium glyoxylate, consistently protected against cyanide toxicity in 7 dpf zebrafish larvae. Together, our results indicate that the resistance of zebrafish embryos to cyanide toxicity during early development is related to an altered regulation of cellular metabolism, which we propose may be exploited as a potential target for the development of novel antidotes against cyanide poisoning.
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MacRae CA, Boss G, Brenner M, Gerszten RE, Mahon S, Peterson RT. A countermeasure development pipeline. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1378:58-67. [PMID: 27737495 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an integrated pipeline for countermeasure discovery that, under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats network, is one of the few efforts within academia that by design spans the spectrum from discovery to phase I. The successful implementation of this approach for cyanide would enable efficient proof-of-concept studies that would lay the foundation for a generalizable strategy for parallel mechanistic studies and accelerated countermeasure development in the face of new and emerging chemical threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A MacRae
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Gerry Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Robert E Gerszten
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Sari Mahon
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Randall T Peterson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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Oseni K. Respiratory Surveillance and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase Enzyme Activity Studies of <i>Clarias gariepinus </i>Exposed to Acute Toxicity of Cyanide. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.56431/p-320dqu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Potassium cyanide, a highly contaminating and toxic aquatic ecosystems pollutant was investigated for acute toxicity on the freshwater fish Clariasgariepinus. Its effect on the Ca2+ -ATPase activities in the liver, gills, muscle and intestinal tissues and oxygen consumption index was studied. Short-term toxicity test was carried out by static renewal bioassay test over a 96 h period using a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.361mg/mL. Potassium cyanide was highly toxic to the animal tested. Results reveal that normal respiratory activity (O2 consumption) of the fish was significantly affected and there was significant decreased in the Ca2+ - ATPase activities at the end of exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between oxygen consumption index and ATPase enzyme activity of Clariasgariepinus exposed to the toxicant. This study reflects the toxic effect of potassium cyanide to the freshwater fish, Clariasgariepinus and suggestion on the possible application of Ca2+ -ATPase activities and oxygen consumption index as possible biomarkers for early detection of cyanide poisoning in aquatic bodies.
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Oseni K. Respiratory Surveillance and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase Enzyme Activity Studies of <i>Clarias gariepinus </i>Exposed to Acute Toxicity of Cyanide. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.50.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Potassium cyanide, a highly contaminating and toxic aquatic ecosystems pollutant was investigated for acute toxicity on the freshwater fish Clariasgariepinus. Its effect on the Ca2+ -ATPase activities in the liver, gills, muscle and intestinal tissues and oxygen consumption index was studied. Short-term toxicity test was carried out by static renewal bioassay test over a 96 h period using a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.361mg/mL. Potassium cyanide was highly toxic to the animal tested. Results reveal that normal respiratory activity (O2 consumption) of the fish was significantly affected and there was significant decreased in the Ca2+ - ATPase activities at the end of exposure periods (24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between oxygen consumption index and ATPase enzyme activity of Clariasgariepinus exposed to the toxicant. This study reflects the toxic effect of potassium cyanide to the freshwater fish, Clariasgariepinus and suggestion on the possible application of Ca2+ -ATPase activities and oxygen consumption index as possible biomarkers for early detection of cyanide poisoning in aquatic bodies.
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Lee J, Kim JG, Mahon SB, Mukai D, Yoon D, Boss GR, Patterson SE, Rockwood G, Isom G, Brenner M. Noninvasive optical cytochrome c oxidase redox state measurements using diffuse optical spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:055001. [PMID: 24788369 PMCID: PMC4006145 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.5.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A major need exists for methods to assess organ oxidative metabolic states in vivo. By contrasting the responses to cyanide (CN) poisoning versus hemorrhage in animal models, we demonstrate that diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) can detect cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) redox states. Intermittent decreases in inspired O2 from 100% to 21% were applied before, during, and after CN poisoning, hemorrhage, and resuscitation in rabbits. Continuous DOS measurements of total hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and oxidized and reduced CcO from muscle were obtained. Rabbit hemorrhage was accomplished with stepwise removal of blood, followed by blood resuscitation. CN treated rabbits received 0.166 mg/min NaCN infusion. During hemorrhage, CcO redox state became reduced concurrently with decreases in oxyhemoglobin, resulting from reduced tissue oxygen delivery and hypoxia. In contrast, during CN infusion, CcO redox state decreased while oxyhemoglobin concentration increased due to CN binding and reduction of CcO with resultant inhibition of the electron transport chain. Spectral absorption similarities between hemoglobin and CcO make noninvasive spectroscopic distinction of CcO redox states difficult. By contrasting physiological perturbations of CN poisoning versus hemorrhage, we demonstrate that DOS measured CcO redox state changes are decoupled from hemoglobin concentration measurement changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoen Lee
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Jae G. Kim
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, School of Information and Communications, Department of Medical System Engineering, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
| | - David Mukai
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
| | - David Yoon
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Steven E. Patterson
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmacology, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Gary Rockwood
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010
| | - Gary Isom
- Purdue University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Matthew Brenner
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612
- University of California Irvine Medical Center, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, 333 West City Boulevard, Suite 400, Orange, California 92868
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Nath AK, Roberts LD, Liu Y, Mahon SB, Kim S, Ryu JH, Werdich A, Januzzi JL, Boss GR, Rockwood GA, MacRae CA, Brenner M, Gerszten RE, Peterson RT. Chemical and metabolomic screens identify novel biomarkers and antidotes for cyanide exposure. FASEB J 2013; 27:1928-38. [PMID: 23345455 PMCID: PMC3633825 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cyanide causes a spectrum of cardiac, neurological, and metabolic dysfunctions that can be fatal. Improved cyanide antidotes are needed, but the ideal biological pathways to target are not known. To understand better the metabolic effects of cyanide and to discover novel cyanide antidotes, we developed a zebrafish model of cyanide exposure and scaled it for high-throughput chemical screening. In a screen of 3120 small molecules, we discovered 4 novel antidotes that block cyanide toxicity. The most potent antidote was riboflavin. Metabolomic profiling of cyanide-treated zebrafish revealed changes in bile acid and purine metabolism, most notably by an increase in inosine levels. Riboflavin normalizes many of the cyanide-induced neurological and metabolic perturbations in zebrafish. The metabolic effects of cyanide observed in zebrafish were conserved in a rabbit model of cyanide toxicity. Further, humans treated with nitroprusside, a drug that releases nitric oxide and cyanide ions, display increased circulating bile acids and inosine. In summary, riboflavin may be a novel treatment for cyanide toxicity and prophylactic measure during nitroprusside treatment, inosine may serve as a biomarker of cyanide exposure, and metabolites in the bile acid and purine metabolism pathways may shed light on the pathways critical to reversing cyanide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali K. Nath
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lee D. Roberts
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California–Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Sonia Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justine H. Ryu
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Werdich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James L. Januzzi
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; and
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
| | - Calum A. MacRae
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California–Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Randall T. Peterson
- Cardiovascular Research Center and
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Marziaz ML, Frazier K, Guidry PB, Ruiz RA, Petrikovics I, Haines DC. Comparison of brain mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity with cyanide LD50yields insight into the efficacy of prophylactics. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 33:50-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L. Marziaz
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Kathryn Frazier
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Paul B. Guidry
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Robyn A. Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
| | - Donovan C. Haines
- Department of Chemistry; Sam Houston State University; Huntsville; Texas; TX 77341; USA
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Lee J, Keuter KA, Kim J, Tran A, Uppal A, Mukai D, Mahon SB, Cancio LC, Batchinsky A, Tromberg BJ, Brenner M. Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of cyanide toxicity and treatment using diffuse optical spectroscopy in a rabbit model. Mil Med 2010; 174:615-21. [PMID: 19585775 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-02-7408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, no reliable noninvasive methods exist for monitoring the severity of in vivo cyanide (CN) toxicity, treatment, and resulting physiological changes. We developed a broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) system to measure bulk tissue absorption and scattering. DOS was used to optically monitor CN toxicity and treatment with sodium nitrite (NaNO2). To perform experiments, the DOS probe was placed on the hind leg of rabbits. A sodium CN solution was infused intravenously. DOS and concurrent physiologic measurements were obtained. After completion of CN infusion, NaNO2 was infused to induce methemoglobinemia (MetHb). During infusion of CN, blood gas measurements showed an increase in venous partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), and following reversal, venous pO2 values decreased. DOS measurements demonstrated corresponding changes in hemoglobin oxygenation states and redox states of cytochrome-c oxidase (CcO) during CN infusion and NaNO2 treatment. Therefore, DOS enables detection and monitoring of CN toxicity and treatment with NaNO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoen Lee
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, CA 92612-1475, USA
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Hariharakrishnan J, Satpute RM, Prasad GBKS, Bhattacharya R. Oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of cyanide in LLC-MK2 cells and its attenuation by alpha-ketoglutarate and N-acetyl cysteine. Toxicol Lett 2008; 185:132-41. [PMID: 19136048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is a rapidly acting mitochondrial poison that inhibits cellular respiration and energy metabolism leading to histotoxic hypoxia followed by cell death. Cyanide is predominantly a neurotoxin but its toxic manifestations in non-neuronal cells are also documented. This study addresses the oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of cyanide in Rhesus monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLC-MK2). Cells were treated with various concentrations of potassium cyanide (KCN) for different time intervals and cytotoxicity was evidenced by increased leakage of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial dysfunction (MTT assay) and depleted energy status of cells (ATP assay). Cytotoxicity was accompanied by lipid peroxidation indicated by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (DCF-DA staining), diminished cellular antioxidant status (reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase). These cascading events triggered an apoptotic kind of cell death characterized by oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and nuclear fragmentation (Hoechst 33342 staining). Apoptosis was further confirmed by increased caspase-3 activity. Cyanide-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA fragmentation were prevented by alpha-ketoglutarate (A-KG) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). A-KG is a potential cyanide antidote that confers protection by interacting with cyanide to form cyanohydrin complex while NAC is a free radical scavenger and enhances the cellular GSH levels. The study reveals cytotoxicity of cyanide in cells of renal origin and the protective efficacy of A-KG and NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hariharakrishnan
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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Alpha-ketoglutarate and N-acetyl cysteine protect PC12 cells from cyanide-induced cytotoxicity and altered energy metabolism. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bhattacharya R, Rao PVL, Vijayaraghavan R. In vitro and in vivo attenuation of experimental cyanide poisoning by alpha-ketoglutarate. Toxicol Lett 2002; 128:185-95. [PMID: 11869829 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cyanide poisoning generally includes methemoglobin forming agents, like amyl nitrite and/or sodium nitrite (SN), in combination with sodium thiosulphate (STS). However, in many instances of cyanide poisoning, use of nitrites are contraindicated due to their strong vasoactive properties. alpha-Ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) antagonises cyanide by cyanohydrin formation and is considered a promising antidote for cyanide poisoning. In the present study, pre-treatment (30 min) and simultaneous treatment (0 min) of alpha-KG (5 mM) was found to confer significant protection against 5 mM potassium cyanide (KCN) induced cytotoxicity in rat thymocytes as measured by eosin Y exclusion and leakage of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), but could not prevent the mitochondrial dysfunction (MTT assay), depletion of cellular GSH (reduced glutathione) and DNA damage. The post-treatment (5 or 30 min) of alpha-KG did not offer any protection on any of the above parameters. Results of in vitro studies were also supported by in vivo data. Pre-treatment of peroral (p.o.) alpha-KG (0.125-2.0 g/kg) exhibited dose and time dependent effects and was found to be effective even when given upto 60 min prior to KCN (p.o.). Addition of STS significantly enhanced the protective efficacy of alpha-KG at all the doses and time intervals. A 10 min pre-treatment of alpha-KG increased the LD(50) of KCN 7.6-fold, which was further increased to 25.6-fold by the addition of both SN and STS. Simultaneous treatment of alpha-KG (2.0 g/kg) increased the LD50 of KCN 5.4-fold which was increased to 18.1-fold by the addition of STS. However, addition of SN did not confer any additional protection. In the presence of SN+STS, a decrease in the dose of alpha-KG exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in protection, but still a >10-fold protection could be observed at 1.0 g/kg dose of alpha-KG. Considering the efficacy and safety of peroral alpha-KG, a promising treatment regimen consisting of alpha-KG+STS or alpha-KG+SN+STS is proposed, depending upon the individual situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhattacharya
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474 002, M.P., India.
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