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Bagherinasab Z, Beitollahi H, Yousefi M, Bagherzadeh M, Hekmati M. A sensitive voltammetric morphine nanosensor based on BaFe12O19 nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrodes. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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2
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Dehnavi F, Dadfarnia S, Shabani AMH, Babaei A. Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Drop for Isolation and Determination of Opium Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481808004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Yang YL, Ye XX, Li YS, Tan ZF, Jiang JZ. Determination of Morphine in Pharmaceutical Products by On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Dehdashtian S, Gholivand MB, Shamsipur M, kariminia S. Construction of a sensitive and selective sensor for morphine using chitosan coated Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticle as a modifier. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Moreno-Vicente R, Fernández-Nieva Z, Navarro A, Gascón-Crespí I, Farré-Albaladejo M, Igartua M, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL. Development and validation of a bioanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of heroin, its main metabolites, naloxone and naltrexone by LC–MS/MS in human plasma samples: Application to a clinical trial of oral administration of a heroin/naloxone formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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7
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Córdova-Mateo E, Poater J, Teixeira-Dias B, Bertran O, Estrany F, del Valle LJ, Solà M, Alemán C. Electroactive polymers for the detection of morphine. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Atta NF, Hassan HK, Galal A. Rapid and simple electrochemical detection of morphine on graphene–palladium-hybrid-modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6933-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Individualizing pain therapy with opioids: The rational approach based on pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujps.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Atta NF, Galal A, Ahmed RA. Direct and Simple Electrochemical Determination of Morphine at PEDOT Modified Pt Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Bosch ME, Sánchez AR, Rojas FS, Ojeda CB. Morphine and its metabolites: Analytical methodologies for its determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:799-815. [PMID: 17207954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the methods of determination published for morphine and its metabolites covering the period from 1980 until at the first part of 2006. The overview includes the most relevant analytical determinations classified in the following two types: (1) non-chromatographic methods and (2) chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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12
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Ho KC, Yeh WM, Tung TS, Liao JY. Amperometric detection of morphine based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) immobilized molecularly imprinted polymer particles prepared by precipitation polymerization. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Mabuchi M, Takatsuka S, Matsuoka M, Tagawa K. Determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in monkey and dog plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:563-73. [PMID: 15137981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 01/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A specific and simultaneous assay of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) in monkey and dog plasma has been developed. These methods are based on rapid isolation using solid phase extraction cartridge, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometric (MSMS) detection. Analytes were separated on a semi-micro ODS column in acetonitrile-formic (or acetic) acid mixed solution. The selected reaction monitoring for assay in monkey and dog plasma, as precursor-->product ion combinations of m/z 286-->286 for morphine, m/z 462-->286 for glucuronides and m/z 312-->312 for internal standard (IS, nalorphine) were used. The linearity of morphine, M-3-G and M-6-G was confirmed in the concentration range of 0.5-50, 25-2500, 2.5-250 ng/ml in monkey plasma, 0.5-100, 25-5000, 2.5-500 ng/ml in dog plasma, respectively. The precision of this assay method, expressed as CV, was less than 15% over the entire concentration range with adequate assay accuracy. Therefore, the HPLC-ESI-MSMS method is useful for the determination of morphine, M-3-G and M-6-G with sufficient sensitivity and specificity in pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Mabuchi
- Analytical Development Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., 16-89, Kashima 3-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8505, Japan.
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14
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Projean D, Minh Tu T, Ducharme J. Rapid and simple method to determine morphine and its metabolites in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 787:243-53. [PMID: 12650748 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple method for the determination of morphine (M), normorphine (NM), morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatographic separation with mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS) has been developed. Samples (40 microl) were cleaned-up by protein precipitation with two volumes (80 microl) of acetonitrile and reconstituted in formic acid 0.1% in water. Naloxone was used as internal standard. Analytes were separated on a phenyl-hexyl column using a step-gradient (1 ml/min) of acetonitrile and formic acid in water. Acetonitrile was added post-column (0.3 ml/min). Quantification of morphine and its metabolites was achieved with an Agilent 1100 series HPLC-MS system equipped with electrospray interface set to selected ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. Calibration curves covered a wide range of concentrations (2.44-10,000 nM) and were best fitted with a weighed quadratic equation. The limits of quantification achieved with this method were 2.44 nM for M and 4.88 nM for NM, M3G and M6G. The method proved accurate (85-98%), precise (C.V.<10%) and was successfully applied to a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Projean
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Ary K, Róna K. LC determination of morphine and morphine glucuronides in human plasma by coulometric and UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:179-87. [PMID: 11470195 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with coulometric and UV detection has been developed for the simultaneous determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide. The separation was carried out by using a Supelcosil LC-8 DB reversed-phase column and 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 2.5)--acetonitrile--methanol (94:5:1 v/v) containing 4 mM pentanesulfonic acid as the mobile phase. The compounds were determined simultaneously by coulometry for morphine and with UV detection for morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide. Morphine, morphine glucuronides and the internal standard were extracted from human plasma using Bond-Elut C18 (1 ml) solid-phase extraction cartridges. In the case of coulometric detection, the detection limit was 0.5 ng/ml for morphine; in the case of UV detection the detection limit was 10 ng/ml for morphine-3-glucuronide and for morphine-6-glucuronide, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ary
- Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Ist Medicine, Clinical Pharmacological Laboratory, H-1389, P.O. Box 112, Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Meng QC, Cepeda MS, Kramer T, Zou H, Matoka DJ, Farrar J. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronide metabolites by two-step solid-phase extraction. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:115-23. [PMID: 10892590 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To provide more accurate measurement of morphine and its metabolites for a study of the genetic differences on morphine response, a method for the analysis of morphine and its metabolites is described which has the advantages of increased sensitivity and specificity by using a cleaner extraction. The new extraction method involves both the hydrophobic isolation on a carbon cartridge and ion-exchange isolation on ion-exchange resin which has not preliminary been described for morphine analysis. The combination of these two steps successfully purified drugs from human plasma with maximum removal of interfering substance comparing with a conventional C18 cartridge alone. The analytes are quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase C18 column employing a mobile phase consisting of 25% acetonitrile in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.1), and 2.5 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate as the pairing ion with a combination of electrochemical and fluorometric detections. The recoveries for morphine (M), morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) and hydromorphone after the SPE procedure were 86+/-7.1%, 82+/-6.9%, 79+/-6.0% and 85+/-6.0%, respectively. Limits of detection for this method are 0.1 ng/ml for M, and 0.18 ng/ml for M3G and M6G. Limits of quantitation were approximately 0.25 ng/ml for M, and 0.45 ng/ml for M3G and M6G. The present assay was applied to measure M, M3G and M6G content in human plasma to test the applicability and suitability of this method for clinical and research use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q C Meng
- Center for Research in Anesthesia and Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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17
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Hara S, Mochinaga S, Fukuzawa M, Ono N, Kuroda T. Simple and highly sensitive determination of morphine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Schänzle G, Li S, Mikus G, Hofmann U. Rapid, highly sensitive method for the determination of morphine and its metabolites in body fluids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 721:55-65. [PMID: 10027637 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, highly sensitive method for the determination of morphine and its metabolites morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) and normorphine has been developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry, with the deuterated analogues as internal standards. The analytes were extracted automatically using end-capped C2 solid-phase extraction cartridges. Baseline separation of morphine, M3G and M6G was achieved on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 end-capped analytical column (125x3 mm I.D., 5 microm particle size) with water-acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-formic acid (100:1:1:0.1, v/v) as the mobile phase. Morphine and normorphine coeluate and were separated mass spectrometrically. The mass spectrometer was operated in the selected-ion monitoring mode using m/z 272 for normorphine, m/z 286 for morphine, m/z 462 for morphine-6-glucuronide. Due to an interfering peak, M3G was measured by tandem mass spectrometry in the daughter-ion mode. The limits of quantitation achieved with this method were 1.3 pmol/ml for morphine, 1.5 pmol/ml for normorphine, 1.0 pmol/ml for M6G and 5.4 pmol/ml for M3G in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. The limits of quantitation achieved in urine were 10 pmol/ml for morphine, 20 pmol/ml for normorphine and M6G and 50 pmol/ml for M3G using a sample size of 100 microl. The method described was successfully applied to the determination of morphine and its metabolites in human serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine in pharmacokinetic and drug interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schänzle
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Bedford CT. Glucuronic acid conjugates. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:313-26. [PMID: 9832252 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The methods of assay in body fluids of 1-beta-alkyl, 1-beta-phenyl and 1-beta-acyl glucuronic acids ("glucuronide conjugates") have been reviewed. Most of the 78 references cited (from the literature of the period 1990-1997) concern the glucuronide conjugates of drug metabolites, and these have been considered, for reasons of accessibility, within sections of individual drug classes such as analgesics, anti-cancer agents and opioids. Other glucuronide conjugates are considered under "miscellaneous compounds". A few gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods are described, but the major technique of assay (62 citations) is reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Bedford
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Westminister, London, UK
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20
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Moeller MR, Steinmeyer S, Kraemer T. Determination of drugs of abuse in blood. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:91-109. [PMID: 9700554 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection and quantitation of drugs of abuse in blood is of growing interest in forensic and clinical toxicology. With the development of highly sensitive chromatographic methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with sensitive detectors and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), more and more substances can be determined in blood. This review includes methods for the determination of the most commonly occurring illicit drugs and their metabolites, which are important for the assessment of drug abuse: Methamphetamine, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDA), cannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene and the opiates (heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine and dihydrocodeine). A number of drugs/drug metabolites that are structurally close to these substances are included in the tables. Basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, GC column or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, reference data and validation data of each procedure is summarized in the tables. Examples of typical applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Moeller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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21
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He H, Shay SD, Caraco Y, Wood M, Wood AJ. Simultaneous determination of codeine and its seven metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 708:185-93. [PMID: 9653961 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the measurement of codeine and its seven metabolites, norcodeine, morphine, normorphine, codeine-6-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide and norcodeine glucuronide, in plasma and urine. The compounds were recovered from plasma and urine using solid-phase extraction with C18 cartridges and separated on a reversed-phase C8 column with a mobile phase consisting of 77% buffer (5 mM sodium phosphate monobasic and 0.70 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, pH 2.35) and 23% acetonitrile. Codeine, norcodeine, codeine-6-glucuronide, norcodeine glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide were detected by ultraviolet detection at 214 nm, with a detection limit of 0.02 nmol/ml for each compound in plasma. Morphine-6-glucuronide, normorphine and morphine were monitored by electrochemical detection at 350 mV, with a detection limit of 0.003 nmol/ml for each compound in plasma. The assay showed good reproducibility and accuracy using external standardization. The recovery and inter-day variation for all compounds in plasma samples were 63.40-77.90% and 3.49-16.77% (R.S.D.) and while in urine were 64.98-90.13% and 2.93-9.96% (R.S.D.), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H He
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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22
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Laneury JP, Duchene P, Hirt P, Delarue A, Gleizes S, Houin G, Molinier P. Comparative bioavailability study of codeine and ibuprofen after administration of the two products alone or in association to 24 healthy volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1998; 23:185-9. [PMID: 9725479 DOI: 10.1007/bf03189337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study objective was to compare the bioavailability of codeine and ibuprofen after oral administration of the two drugs alone or in association. The study was performed in three different periods, each separated by a wash-out of 6 days. Plasma concentrations were measured in 24 healthy volunteers after administration of a single oral dose of codeine phosphate (25 mg) and/or ibuprofen (200 mg). Codeine and ibuprofen assays were performed using two different HPLC methods. The relative bioavailabilities of codeine and ibuprofen (alone or in association) were 106 +/- 24% (mean +/- sd) and 101 +/- 19%, respectively. The results obtained demonstrated that bioavailabilities of codeine and ibuprofen were not modified when the two drugs were administrated alone or in association.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Laneury
- Adme Bioanalyses, Parc Haute Technologie, Mougins, France
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23
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Zheng M, McErlane KM, Ong MC. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry analysis of morphine and morphine metabolites and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1998; 16:971-80. [PMID: 9547700 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(97)00094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) assay was developed for the analyses of morphine, morphine glucuronides and normorphine in plasma samples from rats. The analytes were extracted by using C2 solid-phase extraction cartridges. The extraction recoveries were 100% for morphine, 84% for morphine-3-glucuronide, 64% for morphine-6-glucuronide and 88% for normorphine. Both intra- and inter-assay variabilities were below 11%. Using a plasma sample size of 100 microliters, the limits of detection were 13 nmol l-1 (3.8 ng ml-1) for morphine, 12 nmol l-1 (5.5 ng ml-1) for morphine-3-glucuronide, 26 nmol l-1 (12 ng ml-1) for morphine-6-glucuronide and 18 nmol l-1 (5.0 ng ml-1) for normorphine, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The present assay was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after intraperitoneal administration of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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24
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Separation of phenolic compounds and corresponding glucuronides by coupled-column micellar reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Bourquin D, Lehmann T, Hämmig R, Bührer M, Brenneisen R. High-performance liquid chromatographic monitoring of intravenously administered diacetylmorphine and morphine and their metabolites in human plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 694:233-8. [PMID: 9234868 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and selective reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with gradient elution and diode-array detection for diacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine, and their free and glucuronidated metabolites in plasma, was developed. After addition of ethylmorphine as internal standard the plasma samples were extracted using C18 ODS-2 solid-phase columns with a recovery better than 80%. The limit of quantitation using an injection volume of 2 microl was 25 ng/ml for each compound. The intra- and inter-day precision was better than 5%. The described method cannot only be used for pharmacokinetic studies but also for intoxication cases to monitor a wide range of opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bourquin
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Taylor MR, Westwood SA, Perrett D. Determination of phase II drug metabolites in equine urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1996; 745:155-63. [PMID: 8843684 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) using diode array detection has been investigated for the determination of phase I and phase II metabolites of drugs in biofluids. Methods were optimised for the determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, normorphine, meclofenamic acid and its metabolites in equine urine. Solid-phase extraction procedure were developed to concentrate and purify the analytes from spiked and post administration urines for MECC analysis. A simple on-line procedure for monitoring the kinetics of hydrolysis of morphine-glucuronide conjugates by beta-glucuronidase was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Taylor
- Horseracing Forensic Laboratory, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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27
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Bogusz MJ, Maier RD, Schiwy-Bochat KH, Kohls U. Applicability of various brands of mixed-phase extraction columns for opiate extraction from blood and serum. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 683:177-88. [PMID: 8891914 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Four commercially available types of mixed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns (Bond Elut Certify, Isolute Confirm HCX, Chromabond Drug and Bakerbond Narc-2) were examined in order to compare the extraction efficiencies and chromatographic purity of extracts. The absolute recovery of morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine and codeine was examined in blood and serum (ten samples each at two concentration levels), using SPE columns of the same batch. GC-MS (ion trap) and HPLC with amperometric detection were used for quantitation. A distinct variability in extraction recovery was observed among the same batches of all brands of SPE columns. All extracts were chromatographically pure and no interfering peaks were observed, neither in GC-MS nor in HPLC examinations, but in some extracts large peaks of plasticizers were identified. The measurements of flow velocities of the same samples of blood or serum through the SPE columns of the same batch showed very large variability of random character. The morphometric analysis of particles was performed for two batches of each sort of SPE columns by means of an image analysing system. Symmetrical distribution of particle size was observed only in Chromabond MN Drug packing, while in other cartridges large fractions of fine particles and nonhomogenous distribution were found. Only in one case the morphometric findings were pretty concordant with the data available from the manufacturer; in two cases, observed data varied considerably from that expected, and in one case no information was available at all. The study showed generally that there was room for improvement in the quality of mixed-phase SPE columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bogusz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Klinikum RWTH, Aachen University of Technology, Germany
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28
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Gerostamoulos J, Drummer OH. Solid phase extraction of morphine and its metabolites from postmortem blood. Forensic Sci Int 1996; 77:53-63. [PMID: 8675136 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(95)01833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, normorphine and morphine in postmortem blood. A solid phase extraction technique employing C18 Sep-Pak cartridges was used to recover morphine and its metabolites from 0.5 ml of blood. Reverse phase ion-pair chromatography was used to achieve separation with a C18 bonded column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile, lauryl sulphate and sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer at low pH. Electrochemical detection (ECD) in series with ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometric detection (210 nm) was used for quantitation. The lower limit of detection using ECD was 10 ng/ml for all analytes and a linear response was observed to 5000 ng/ml. Coefficients of variation for all analytes ranged between 3-13% for both intra- and inter-assay. This method is reproducible, quick and easy to perform and allows morphine conjugates and morphine to be measured simultaneously in postmortem blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerostamoulos
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, South Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Huwyler J, Rufer S, Küsters E, Drewe J. Rapid and highly automated determination of morphine and morphine glucuronides in plasma by on-line solid-phase extraction and column liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 674:57-63. [PMID: 8749252 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of morphine and its main metabolites, morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) and morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G), in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. Samples were extracted using on-line solid-phase extraction followed by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Recoveries of 20 ng morphine and morphine glucuronides in plasma were over 95%. The limit of detection using 400 microliters of a biological matrix was 0.85, 3.4 and 1.0 ng/ml of M-3-G, M-6-G and morphine, respectively. Inter- and intra-day assay precision was better than 10%. The main advantages of the present described method are increased recoveries (> 95%) and a high degree of automation allowing a high speed in routine analysis. The time required for the fully automated analysis of one sample was less than 26 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huwyler
- Department of Anaesthesia and Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Theodoridis G, Papadoyannis I, Vasilikiotis G, Tsoukali-Papadopoulou H. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography--photodiode-array analysis of alkaloid drugs of forensic interest. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 668:253-63. [PMID: 7581860 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode-array method for the analysis of 23 drugs of forensic interest is presented. The separation method development was based on mobile-phase optimisation, temperature control and use of three ODS stationary phases. Multiwavelength detection and quantitation was performed at 225, 232, 239, 254, 275 and 289 nm. Absorbance rationing proved to be very helpful for the identification of these drugs. Recognition of the analysed compounds was achieved by means of correlation of retention time and absorbance ratios. The method was directly applied to the analysis of illicit heroin and cocaine samples and to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations containing codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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31
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Weingarten B, Wang HY, Roberts DM. Determination of codeine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1995; 696:83-92. [PMID: 7735464 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, reliable and rugged assay for determining codeine in human plasma using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed. This analytical method utilized an ion-exchange/mixed-mode solid-phase extraction procedure. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a 150 x 4.6 mm I.D., 3-microns reversed-phase C8 (deactivated for basic analytes) column at ambient temperature. Fluorescence detection (excitation at 214 nm and emission above 345 nm) for codeine and nalorphine allowed for a detectable limit of 5 ng/ml. The results showed that the method was linear from 10 to 300 ng/ml. The method had good reproducibility, precision, accuracy and recoveries of 91 and 90% for codeine and nalorphine, respectively. This method has been applied to study the pharmacokinetics of codeine in normal human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weingarten
- Purdue Frederick Company, Purdue Research Center, Department of Pharmacokinetics/Drug Metabolism, Yonkers, NY 10701, USA
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32
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Pacifici R, Pichini S, Altieri I, Caronna A, Passa AR, Zuccaro P. High-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric determination of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides: application to pharmacokinetic studies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 664:329-34. [PMID: 7780584 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00496-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and selective assay of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides in serum, based on high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry has been developed. The analytes and the internal standard, codeine or naltrexone, were subjected to solid-phase extraction, using ethyl solid-phase extraction columns, prior to chromatography. A reversed-phase column and a gradient mobile phase consisting of water and methanol were used. The mass spectrometer was operated in the selected-ion monitoring mode. The following ions were used: m/z 286 for morphine, m/z 300 for codeine, m/z 342 for naltrexone, and m/z 462 for morphine 3- and 6-glucuronides. The limit of quantitation observed with this method was 10 ng/ml morphine, 50 ng/ml morphine-6-glucuronide and 100 ng/ml morphine-3-glucuronide. The present method proved useful for the determination of serum levels of the parent drug and its metabolites in pain patients, heroin addicts and in morphine-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pacifici
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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33
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Low AS, Taylor RB. Analysis of common opiates and heroin metabolites in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 663:225-33. [PMID: 7735470 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00459-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A separation of heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine, pholcodine, dihydrocodeine and morphine using a 200 x 2 mm I.D., 3 microns silica column with dichloromethane-pentane-diethylamine-methanol mobile phase is described. Data on the determination of these compounds in a urine matrix based on this separation using a solid-phase pretreatment with Bond Elut Certify cartridges and nalorphine as an internal standard are shown. The compounds listed can be quantified at levels below that generally accepted as the cut-off level for the screening for opiates by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) with detection limits for the different opiates ranging from 4 to 20 ng ml-1. Comparative data are shown of subject urine samples assayed for opiates by both the enzyme immunoassay and the proposed method. The utility of the method for the elimination of so-called false positives detected by EMIT due to the presence of medically prescribed and non-prescription opiates in urine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Low
- School of Pharmacy, Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK
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34
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Murphey LJ, Olsen GD. A Stereospecific Microassay for the Determination of Morphine-6-β-D-Glucuronide and other Active Morphine Metabolites in the Neonatal Guinea Pig. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079308019591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Wernly P, Thormann W, Bourquin D, Brenneisen R. Determination of morphine-3-glucuronide in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 616:305-10. [PMID: 8376511 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80399-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Attempts to determine morphine-3-glucuronide (MO3G) by high-performance capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography are reported. Using direct injection of urine, it was possible to achieve a limit of detection of about 20 micrograms/ml, which is poor compared with high-performance liquid chromatography and immunoassays. However, employing sample extraction with C8 cartridges, the presence of MO3G in urines that tested positive for opioids using a commercial enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique could be successfully confirmed. The limit of detection with unambiguous identification of MO3G via spectral analysis was about 1 microgram/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wernly
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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36
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Wielbo D, Bhat R, Chari G, Vidyasagar D, Tebbett IR, Gulati A. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine and its metabolites in plasma using diode-array detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 615:164-8. [PMID: 8340456 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80304-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of morphine, codeine, normorphine, morphine 3-glucuronide and morphine 6-glucuronide in plasma using a diol column and diode-array detection. Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction with recoveries in excess of 90%. The limit of determination was 1 ng/ml for morphine, codeine and morphine 3-glucuronide, and 10 ng/ml for normorphine and morphine 6-glucuronide. Inter- and intra-day precision were better than 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wielbo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612
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37
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Pawula M, Barrett DA, Shaw PN. An improved extraction method for the HPLC determination of morphine and its metabolites in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:401-6. [PMID: 8357878 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A new, simple and rapid extraction procedure coupled with a combined coulometric-fluorescence HPLC assay is described for the simultaneous determination of morphine (M) and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), and normorphine (NM) in plasma. The effect of concentration and pH of selected ion-pairing agents on the extraction of these compounds from plasma by solid-phase extraction was investigated. The extraction procedure was optimized in terms of recovery, reproducibility and lack of interference from endogenous materials. The optimized method uses tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate (TBAHS) at pH 10 followed by separation on a single C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge. For routine analysis the procedure provides high and reproducible recoveries over a concentration range of 1.0-1000 ng ml-1 for morphine, M6G and normorphine and 20-1000 ng ml-1 for M3G. The method was used successfully to analyse plasma samples from a pharmacokinetic study in which sheep had received an intravenous dose of 0.015 mg kg-1 of M6G.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pawula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK
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38
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Bogusz M. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide and codeine in biological samples using multi-wavelength forward optical detection: a reply. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 579:189-90; discussion 191-2. [PMID: 1447348 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bogusz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Technical University RWTH, Aachen, Germany
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39
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Chari G. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide and codeine in biological samples using multi-wavelength forward optical detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Abstract
To examine the manner in which morphine is metabolized in acutely ill premature infants, we measured the levels of morphine, morphine-3- and -6-glucuronides, and codeine in timed urine specimens and paired plasma specimens at 4 hours and 24 hours after a single dose of morphine in 16 preterm infants (less than 32 weeks of gestational age). A large amount of unmetabolized morphine was found in the urine in 13 (81.2%) of the 16 infants at 4 hours; in 12 of them, morphine was excreted even at 24 hours. Urinary morphine levels varied greatly; the coefficient of variation was 130% at 4 hours and 118% at 24 hours. Codeine was not found in any of the infants. In 10 (62.5%) of the 16 infants, at least one metabolite was found in either plasma or urine. Plasma and urinary levels of morphine conjugates also varied greatly among these 10 infants (coefficient of variation: 109% to 317%). All six infants (37.5%) who had no metabolites excreted large amounts of unmetabolized morphine in the urine for up to 24 hours. Birth weight, gestational age, postnatal age, systemic blood pressure, and other clinical or physiologic variables did not differ significantly between the 10 infants who had morphine conjugates and the six who did not. We conclude that (1) nearly two thirds of acutely ill preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestational age conjugate morphine; (2) irrespective of their ability to produce morphine conjugates, preterm infants excrete large amounts of morphine unmetabolized, as late as 24 hours after a single dose; (3) morphine handling patterns are highly variable among premature infants, and no obvious factors account for the variability; and (4) such variability in morphine handling in general, and the production of the highly potent morphine-6-glucuronide in particular, could explain the variance in morphine pharmacokinetic measures and in the clinical responses to morphine during the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, Chicago
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