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Hényková E, Kaleta M, Klíčová K, Gonzalez G, Novák O, Strnad M, Kaňovský P. Quantitative Determination of Endogenous Tetrahydroisoquinolines, Potential Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers, in Mammals. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3230-3246. [PMID: 36375023 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic options for Parkinson's disease are very limited and primarily based on characteristic clinical symptoms. Thus, there are urgent needs for reliable biomarkers that enable us to diagnose the disease in the early stages, differentiate it from other atypical Parkinsonian syndromes, monitor its progression, increase knowledge of its pathogenesis, and improve the development of potent therapies. A promising group of potential biomarkers are endogenous tetrahydroisoquinoline metabolites, which are thought to contribute to the multifactorial etiology of Parkinson's disease. The aim of this critical review is to highlight trends and limitations of available traditional and modern analytical techniques for sample pretreatment (extraction and derivatization procedures) and quantitative determination of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in various types of mammalian fluids and tissues (urine, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue, liver tissue). Particular attention is paid to the most sensitive and specific analytical techniques, involving immunochemistry and gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection. The review also includes a discussion of other relevant agents proposed and tested in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hényková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kaleta
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klíčová
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaňovský
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Quintanilla ME, Rivera-Meza M, Berríos-Cárcamo P, Cassels BK, Herrera-Marschitz M, Israel Y. (R)-Salsolinol, a product of ethanol metabolism, stereospecifically induces behavioral sensitization and leads to excessive alcohol intake. Addict Biol 2016; 21:1063-1071. [PMID: 26032572 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is oxidized in the brain to acetaldehyde, which can condense with dopamine to generate (R/S)-salsolinol [(RS)-SAL]. Racemic salsolinol [(RS)-SAL] is self-infused by rats into the posterior ventral tegmental area (VTA) at significantly lower concentrations than those of acetaldehyde, suggesting that (RS)-SAL is a most active product of ethanol metabolism. Early studies showed that repeated intraperitoneal or intra-VTA administration of (RS)-SAL (10 mg/kg) induced conditioned place preference, led to locomotor sensitization and increased voluntary ethanol consumption. In the present study, we separated the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers from a commercial (RS)-SAL using a high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection system fitted with a β-cyclodextrin-modified column. We injected (R)-SAL or (S)-SAL (30 pmol/1.0 μl) into the VTA of naïve UChB rats bred as alcohol drinkers to study whether one or both SAL enantiomers are responsible for the motivated behavioral effects, sensitization and increase in voluntary ethanol intake. The present results show that repeated administration of (R)-SAL leads to (1) conditioned place preference; (2) locomotor sensitization; and (3) marked increases in binge-like ethanol intake. Conversely, (S)-SAL did not influence any of these parameters. Overall, data indicate that (R)-SAL stereospecifically induces motivational effects, behavioral sensitization and increases ethanol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
- Millennium Institute BNI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Pablo Berríos-Cárcamo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
- Millennium Institute BNI; Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Chile
| | - Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of Chile; Chile
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Grecsó N, Ilisz I, Gecse Z, Schönstein L, Fülöp F, Péter A. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of amino alcohol analogues possessing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:788-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Grecsó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
| | - Zsanett Gecse
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - László Schönstein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
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Ilisz I, Gecse Z, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Péter A. High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of naphthol-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines on polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:142-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
| | - Zsanett Gecse
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Szeged; H-6720 Szeged Dóm tér 7 Hungary
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de los Ángeles Juricic M, Berríos-Cárcamo PA, Acevedo ML, Israel Y, Almodóvar I, Cassels BK. Salsolinol and isosalsolinol: Condensation products of acetaldehyde and dopamine. Separation of their enantiomers in the presence of a large excess of dopamine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 63:170-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Correa M, Salamone JD, Segovia KN, Pardo M, Longoni R, Spina L, Peana AT, Vinci S, Acquas E. Piecing together the puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:404-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Quantitative determination of free and total dopamine in human plasma by LC–MS/MS: the importance of sample preparation. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:1949-61. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Two methods have been developed and validated for the determination of free and total dopamine in human plasma. They are based on solid-phase extraction of the analyte from the matrix by covalent complexation with phenylboronic acid, followed by derivatization with ethylchloroformate. The derivative is quantified by reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a C18 column and positive electrospray ionization MS/MS. Results: The high selectivity obtained, in combination with the stable and relatively non-polar nature of the derivatized analyte, enables the reliable quantification of dopamine in the range 0.05 to 20 ng/ml in a 5 min run time, using only 100 µl of sample. Total dopamine concentrations are determined (range 1 to 400 ng/ml) by including an acidic hydrolysis step, which converts the sulphate and glucuronide conjugates to free dopamine prior to extraction. The method was applied to quantify free and total dopamine levels in human plasma after dosing with the anti-Parkinson’s drug combination L-dopa/carbidopa with and without entacapone. Conclusion: A sensitive and selective LC–MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the determination of free and total dopamine in human plasma. This article demonstrates how essential careful optimization of the sample preparation procedures was for developing a successful method.
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Wu H, Yuan B, Liu YM. Chiral capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry of tetrahydroisoquinoline-derived neurotoxins: observation of complex stereoisomerism. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3118-23. [PMID: 21470616 PMCID: PMC3088083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that certain 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives (TIQs) are neurotoxins inducing Parkinsonism. Further, individual enantiomers of these toxins such as (R/S)-N-methylsalsolinol ((R/S)-NMSal) possess distinct neurotoxicological properties. In this work, a chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-MS/MS) detection was developed for the quantification of TIQ enantiomers. Enantioseparation was achieved with sulfated β-cyclodextrin (sulfated β-CD) as chiral selector. To avoid any potential contamination of MS ionization source by the non-volatile chiral selector, partial filling technique was deployed in the CE separation. TIQ derivatives, including (R/S)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-methy-TIQ (salsolinol, Sal), (R/S)-1-benzyl-TIQ (BTIQ), and (R/S)-NMSal, were base-line resolved with resolution values (R) ranging from 3 (for Sal) to 4.5 (for BTIQ), which were much better than those reported previously by HPLC methods. ESI-MS/MS detection of the resolved TIQ enantiomers was specific and sensitive (LOD=1.2 μM for Sal enantiomers). The proposed chiral CE-MS/MS method was used to study in vitro formation of (R/S)-NMSal. It was found that NMSal was formed from the incubation of epinine (a dopamine metabolite) with acetaldehyde (a metabolite of alcohol). More interestingly, four isomers of NMSal were separated and detected in the incubation solution. They were identified as (R)-e.e-NMSal, (R)-e.a-NMSal, (S)-e.e-NMSal, and (S)-e.a-NMSal. This was the first lab evidence that this Parkinsonian neurotoxin exists in multiple isomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39110, USA
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Huang MJ, Quan Z, Liu YM. Computational Modeling of Inclusion Complexes of β-Cyclodextrin with enantiomers of Salsolinol, N-Methyl-Salsolinol, and 1-Benzyl-Tetrahydroisoquinoline. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2009; 109:81-90. [PMID: 20046208 PMCID: PMC2613309 DOI: 10.1002/qua.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with β-CD as a chiral selector has successfully separated the two enantiomers of salsolinol, N-methyl-salsolinol, and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline. The migration times of each enantiomer in capillary electrophoresis reflect the stability of their β-CD inclusion complexes. This paper reports a computational modeling study of the inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with salsolinol, N-methyl-salsolinol, and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline by using PM3 (Parametric Method 3) semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations and the ONIOM hybrid method. Two types of the inclusion complexes, cis- and trans-orientations, are considered for each enantiomer of the guest molecules, salsolinol, N-methyl-salsolinol, and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline. In the cis-orientation, the nitrogen in the salsolinol, N-methyl-salsolinol, and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline points toward the secondary hydroxyls of the β-CD, while in the trans-orientation, the nitrogen in salsolinol, N-methyl-salsolinol, and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline points toward the primary hydroxyls of the β-CD. We found that the stabilization energies of these inclusion complexes from these PM3 and ONIOM different methods correlate very well with the migration order deduced from the study of capillary electrophoretic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Huang
- The Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, P. O. Box 17910, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217
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Cai M, Liu YM. Quantification of salsolinol enantiomers by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:4171-4177. [PMID: 19034892 PMCID: PMC2839069 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salsolinol, 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroisoquinoline (SAL), is a precursor of a Parkinsonian neurotoxin, N-methysalsolinol (N-methyl-SAL). Previous studies have shown that individual enantiomers of N-methyl-SAL possess distinct neurotoxicological properties. In this work, a chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (ESI-MS/MS) detection was developed for the quantification of (R/S)-SAL enantiomers. Enantioseparation was achieved on a beta-cyclodextrin-bonded silica gel column, and the resolved enantiomers were detected by ESI-MS/MS operated in positive ion mode. The ESI collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectrum of SAL was studied together with that of its deuterium-labeled analog (i.e. salsolinol-alpha,alpha,alpha,1-d(4), SAL-d(4)) so that the fragmentation pathways could be elucidated. Further, using SAL-d(4) as internal standard in HPLC/MS/MS analysis of SAL improved significantly assay accuracy and reliability. Determination of (R/S)-SAL enantiomers present in food samples such as dried banana chips was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Correspondence to: Y.-M. Liu, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA.,
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The influence of acute and chronic administration of 1,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline on the function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in rats. Neuroscience 2008; 156:973-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Rojkovicova T, Mechref Y, Starkey JA, Wu G, Bell RL, McBride WJ, Novotny MV. Quantitative chiral analysis of salsolinol in different brain regions of rats genetically predisposed to alcoholism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:206-14. [PMID: 18272438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method to determine the catecholamine content in putamen (CPU) and midbrain (MB) regions of the brain of alcohol-preferring rats (P) is presented with a focus on the low-level detection of S,R-salsolinol, a metabolite of dopamine and a putative alcoholism marker. The developed strategy allows both quantitative profiling of related catecholamines and the enantiomeric separation and quantification of the S- and R-salsolinol isomers and their ratios. The described LC/MS strategy simplifies the current methodology that typically employs GC-MS by eliminating the need for derivatization. The data also suggest an increase in the non-enzymatic formation of salsolinol as a consequence of ethanol exposure.
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Zhao SL, Shen JS. Enantiomeric Separation and Determination ofR,S-Salsolinol by Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Song Y, Xu J, Hamme A, Liu YM. Capillary liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of tetrahydroisoquinoline derived neurotoxins: A study on the blood–brain barrier of rat brain. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1103:229-34. [PMID: 16310796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives such as 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1-BnTIQ) and N-methylsalsolinol are parkinsonian neurotoxins. This paper describes a sensitive and reliable analytical method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives (TIQs) in brain dialysate. Samples (20 microL injected) were effectively stacked and cleaned up in-line on a capillary column (5 cm x 0.25 mm I.D.) packed with 5 microm phenyl reversed-phase silica particles. Under the optimized conditions, electrospray ionisation-MS/MS detection of TIQs was highly sensitive. The capillary LC-MS/MS method had a detection limit of 2 ng/ml for TIQ. The method was used in combination with in vivo microdialysis to study the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for TIQs. The microdialysis probe was implanted in the frontal cortex of rat brain. Test compounds were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). Four TIQs including 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline (5-TIQ), 1-BnTIQ, and salsolinol (SAL) were studied. A concentration maximum was detected in brain dialysate for TIQ, 5-TIQ, and 1-BnTIQ about 40 min after drug administration. However, SAL, the precursor of N-methylsalsolinol was found unable to cross the BBB of rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Song
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Quan Z, Song Y, Peters G, Shenwu M, Sheng Y, Hwang HM, Liu YM. Chiral CE Separation of Dopamine-Derived Neurotoxins. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:115-9. [PMID: 15732469 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An enantiomeric separation of dopamine-derived neurotoxins by capillary electrophoresis has been developed. Tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ), dopamine (DA), (R/S)-1-benzyl-TIQ (BTIQ), (R/S)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-methyl-TIQ (salsolinol, Sal), and (R/S)-6,7-dihydroxy-1, 2-dimethyl-TIQ (N-methyl-salsolinol, NMSal) were studied as model compounds. The CE running buffer (50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 3.0) contained 1.5 M urea and 12 mM beta-CD as a chiral selector. During separation, the (R)-enantiomers formed more stable inclusion complexes with beta-CD, and thus had a longer migration time than their optical antipodes. It was noticed that the recovery rates of these TIQ derivatives were very poor (< 15%) during protein precipitation, a procedure widely used for cleaning up biological samples. The recovery was significantly improved by pre-mixing the sample with a surfactant (e.g., sodium hexanesulfonate or Triton X-100) to reduce the co-precipitation. The present method in combination with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was applied to study samples obtained from in vitro incubation of two catecholamines, dopamine and epinine, with aldehydes forming neurotoxins including (S)- and (R)-NMSal enantiomers. The later is known to induce Parkinsonism in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Quan
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Péter A, Péter M, Ilisz I, Fülöp F. Comparison of column performances in direct high-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of 1- or 3-methyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs. Application of direct and indirect methods. Biomed Chromatogr 2005; 19:459-65. [PMID: 15856487 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparability of 1- or 3-methyl-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines was investigated by direct and indirect high-performance liquid chromatography. Alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin-, macrocyclic glycopeptide- and cellulose-based chiral columns and isothiocyanate- and Sanger-type chiral derivatizing agents (CDAs) were applied to attain satisfactory enantioseparation. Of the chiral columns, beta-cyclodextrin-, vancomycin- and teicoplanin-containing macrocyclic glycopeptide-based columns appeared to be most suitable; of the CDAs, (1S,2R)-1-acetoxy-1-phenyl-2-propyl isothiocyanate was most favorable. The differences between the selectivities of the columns and CDAs were compared and optimized to yield the best resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Péter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dóm tér 7, Hungary.
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Nagy GM. Dopamine-Derived Salsolinol Derivatives as Endogenous Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Occurrence, Metabolism and Function in Human Brains. Neurotoxicology 2004; 25:193-204. [PMID: 14697894 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salsolinol, 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, is an endogenous catechol isoquinoline detected in humans by M. Sandler. In human brain, a series of catechol isoquinolines were identified as the condensation products of dopamine or other monoamines with aldehydes or keto-acids. Recently selective occurrence of the (R)enantiomers of salsolinol derivatives was confirmed in human brain, and they are synthesized by enzymes in situ, but not by the non-enzymatic Pictet-Spengler reaction. A (R)salsolinol synthase catalyzes the enantio-specific synthesis of (R)salsolinol from dopamine and acetaldehyde, and (R)salsolinol N-methyltransferase synthesizes N-methyl(R)salsolinol, which is further oxidized into 1,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion by non-enzymatic and enzymatic oxidation. The step-wise reactions, N-methylation and oxidation, induce the specified distribution of the N-methylated and oxidized derivatives in the human nigro-striatum, suggesting that these derivatives may be involved in the function of dopamine neurons under physiological and pathological conditions. As shown by in vivo and in vitro experiments, salsolinol derivatives affect the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters though the inhibition of enzymes related in the metabolism of catechol- and indoleamines. In addition, the selective neurotoxicity of N-methyl(R)salsolinol to dopamine neurons was confirmed by preparation of an animal model of Parkinson's disease in rats. The involvement of N-methyl(R)salsolinol in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease was further indicated by the increase in the N-methyl(R)salsolinol levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and that in the activity of its synthesizing enzyme, a neural (R)salsolinol N-methyltransferase, in the lymphocytes prepared from parkinsonian patients. N-methyl(R)salsolinol induces apoptosis in dopamine neurons, which is mediated by death signal transduction in mitochondria. In addition, salsolinol was found to function as a signal transmitter for the prolactin release in the neuro-intermediate lobe of the brain. These results are discussed in relation to role of dopamine-derived endogenous salsolinol derivatives as the regulators of neurotransmission, dopaminergic neurotoxins and neuro-hormonal transmitters in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Brain Sciences, Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Yagi Memorial Park, Matake, Gifu 505-0116, Japan.
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18
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Musshoff F. Chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of chronic and acute alcohol consumption. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:457-80. [PMID: 12450674 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development in chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of alcohol consumption is summarized in this review. The markers included in this article are ethanol in body fluids, ethanol congeners, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), cocaethylene (CE), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), phosphatidylethanol (PEth), 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), dolichol, ketone bodies, acetaldehyde-protein adducts, and salsolinol (SAL). Some of these markers for alcohol consumption do not only indicate previous ethanol ingestion, but also approximate the amount of intake and the time when ethanol ingestion last occurred. Basic information about the procedures, work-up, and chromatographic conditions are summarized in tables. Also the main metabolic pathways and reaction schemes are demonstrated in figures. Some examples of typical applications are presented. The author points out that in many of the reviewed papers validation data of the procedures as well as specificities and sensitivities were not clearly presented and consequently were not comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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19
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Pagel P, Schubert R, Wolf HU. Development of a method for sample preparation for subsequent identification and measurement of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines and other potentially neurotoxic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection in blood plasma of Parkinson's disease patients. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 746:283-95. [PMID: 11076081 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed sample preparation methods for the detection of various biogenic phenylethylamine derivatives such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and their cyclisation products with aldehydes, i.e., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives in blood samples. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines are considered to play an essential role as neurotoxic compounds in the pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease. We used reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection for separation and identification. Ultrafiltration, protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction were investigated for purification of blood samples and enrichment of various compounds with a wide range of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. Protein precipitation by methanol and perchloric acid is a fast method to separate the analytes from the plasma matrix. A higher yield of the analytes is attained with prior addition of an alkylsulfonic acid giving a fine-grained precipitate. With the addition of ion pairing compounds into the sample it is possible to enrich not only lipophilic compounds such as norharman, tryptamine and melatonin, but also hydrophilic ones such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine by reversed-phase solid-phase extraction. Ultrafiltration is not useful as a screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pagel
- Abteilung Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universität Ulm, Germany
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20
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Pagel P, Blome J, Wolf HU. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation and measurement of various biogenic compounds possibly involved in the pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 746:297-304. [PMID: 11076082 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The work presented here describes an optimised, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for separating 46 biogenic compounds, which, as neurotoxins or as their precursors or derivatives, may be relevant in the pathomechanism of Parkinson's disease. In some cases, the physico-chemical properties of these substances are very similar, in other cases they differ greatly. In order to facilitate their detection in one chromatographic run, ion-pair chromatography was uniquely combined with a gradient elution. A diode array or a dual wavelength detector was used in combination with a fluorescence detector to verify the identity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pagel
- Abteilung Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universität Ulm, Germany
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21
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Liu YM, Gordon P, Green S, Sweedler JV. Determination of salsolinol enantiomers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with cyclodextrin chiral columns. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00986-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Musshoff F, Schmidt P, Dettmeyer R, Priemer F, Wittig H, Madea B. A systematic regional study of dopamine and dopamine-derived salsolinol and norsalsolinol levels in human brain areas. Forensic Sci Int 1999; 105:1-11. [PMID: 10605071 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine and the dopamine-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids salsolinol and norsalsolinol were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in 15 regions of the human brain. The regional distribution of dopamine in 32 brains was similar to previous reports with highest concentrations in the basal ganglia, especially in the striatum, followed by the substantia nigra and the hypothalamus. Significant amounts of salsolinol and norsalsolinol were only found in these dopamine-rich areas, whereas in the other regions no alkaloids were detected. These findings suggest that the concentration of the substrate dopamine may determine the alkaloid level during in vivo formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany.
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23
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Müller T, Sällström Baum S, Häussermann P, Przuntek H, Rommelspacher H, Kuhn W. R- and S-salsolinol are not increased in cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinsonian patients. J Neurol Sci 1999; 164:158-62. [PMID: 10402028 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(99)00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various investigators address an augmented synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolines, such as salsolinol (SAL), or an increased N-methylation of these compounds as putative pathophysiologic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Objectives of this study were (1) the evaluation of a putative elevation of enantiomers (R-, S-) of SAL and (2) the investigation of relations between these metabolic precursors of neurotoxic N-methylated-SAL (NMSAL) and dopamine in cerebrospinal fluid of untreated de-novo Parkinsonian patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Levels of R- and S-SAL and dopamine did not significantly (R-SAL: P = 0.75, S-SAL: P = 0.69, dopamine: P = 0.46) differ and dopamine did not correlate to R-SAL and S-SAL in both groups. We conclude, that central accumulation of R-NMSAL, which is neurotoxic to dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons, is not due to elevated synthesis of R-SAL and/or S-SAL in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Musshoff F, Daldrup T. Determination of biological markers for alcohol abuse. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:245-64. [PMID: 9700562 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is one of the most frequent addictions and an important subject in forensic medicine and clinical toxicology. Several laboratory abnormalities are associated with excessive alcohol consumption. They are useful in the diagnosis of alcoholism especially during the follow-up of various treatment programs. The biological markers mostly used for diagnosis of alcoholism are presented. Especially, methods for the determination of the following diagnostic tools are reviewed: congener alcohols, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, beta-hexosaminidase, erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio, macrocytosis, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, (apo)lipoproteins, fatty acid ethyl esters, blood acetate, acetaldehyde adducts, 5-hydroxytryptophol, dolichol and condensation products. No laboratory test exists that is reliable enough for the exact diagnosis of alcoholism. The combination of physician interview, questionnaire and laboratory markers is necessary for the diagnosis of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Institute of Legal Medicine, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Kasamatsu T, Dostert P. Oxidation of N-methyl(R)salsolinol: involvement to neurotoxicity and neuroprotection by endogenous catechol isoquinolines. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1998; 52:125-38. [PMID: 9564615 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6499-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1(R), 2(N)-Dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, is a potent dopaminergic neurotoxin to induce parkinsonism in rats. The cytotoxicity of N-methyl(R)salsolinol proved to be ascribed to its oxidation into cytotoxic 1,2-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyisoquinolinium ion with generation of hydroxyl radical. The isoquinolinium ion caused massive necrosis in the striatum, whereas N-methyl(R)salsolinol depleted selectively dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra without necrotic tissue reaction. N-Methyl(R)salsolinol induced DNA damage to human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, which could be prevented by anti-oxidants and cycloheximide. These results suggest that oxidative stress through oxidation of N-methyl(R)salsolinol induces apoptotic cell death. On the other hand, (R)salsolinol proved to scavenge hydroxyl radical produced by oxidation of dopamine. The neurotoxicity and neuroprotection of catechol isoquinolines may be ascribed to their oxidation and scavenging of radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naoi
- Department of Biosciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
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26
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Minami C, Deng Y, Urano F, Kaiya T, Kohda K, Kawai M, Naoi M. Preparation of (R)-N-methylsalsolinol via reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile-phase additive. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 702:245-8. [PMID: 9449579 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new preparation method was devised using beta-cyclodextrin as a mobile-phase additive in a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography system. Preparative separation of the biologically active (R)-enantiomer was achieved from racemic N-methylsalsolinol. Beta-cyclodextrin was removed completely in good yield by acid extraction and solid-phase extraction. By a slight modification, this method will be applicable to the isolation of various types of biologically important enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Minami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
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27
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Deng Y, Maruyama W, Kawai M, Dostert P, Yamamura H, Takahashi T, Naoi M. Assay for the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of salsolinols in biological samples and foods with ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral mobile phase additive. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:313-20. [PMID: 9080316 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A chromatographic procedure was devised for the quantitative determination of the enantiomers of salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol, which are biologically important alkaloids. The enantiomers of salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol were completely separated using beta-cyclodextrin in a reversed-phase ion-pair system. The HPLC method was sensitive enough to detect the isoquinolines at a concentration less than 0.1 pmol per injection. The presence of (R)- and (S)-salsolinol was confirmed in fermented foods and beverages, while N-methylsalsolinol was not detected. On the other hand, the (R)-enantiomers of both salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol were found to predominate in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
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28
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Dostert P, Hashizume Y. N-methyl-(R)salsolinol as a dopaminergic neurotoxin: from an animal model to an early marker of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1997; 50:89-105. [PMID: 9120428 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6842-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A dopamine-derived 1(R), 2(N)-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrosioquinoline [N-methyl-(R)salsolinol] was found to occur enantioselectively in human brain. This isoquinoline induced parkinsonism in rat after injection in the striatum, and the behavioral, biochemical and pathological changes were very similar to those in Parkinson's disease. N-Methyl-(R)salsolinol depleted dopamine neurons in the rat substantia nigra without necrotic tissue reaction, which may be due to the apoptotic death process, as proved by its induction of DNA damage in dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. N-Methyl-(R)salsolinol was found to increase significantly in the cerebrospinal fluid of parkinsonian patients. All these results suggest that N-methyl-(R)salsolinol may be an endogenous neurotoxin to cause Parkinson's disease and the enzymes involved in its biosynthesis and catabolism may be endogenous factors in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naoi
- Department of Biosciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
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29
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PODSCHUS JAN, DUFEU PETER, SCHMIDT LUTZG, SALLSTROM-BAUM SIEDY, ROMMELSPACHER HANS. Antisocial tendencies in alcohol-dependent men and their relation to harman, salsolinol and dopamine. Addict Biol 1997; 2:81-6. [PMID: 26735443 DOI: 10.1080/13556219772886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma dopamine, β-carbolines (norharman, harman) and isoquinolines ((R)- and (S)-salsolinol) were examined for their relationship to antisocial tendencies in 138 drinking men with an alcohol dependence syndrome according to ICD-10 criteria. Antisociality was assessed according to the following criteria: delinquency, involvement in fist-fights and homelessness. The personality structure was documented by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire of Cloninger. An early age of onset of alcohol dependence and a high degree of 'novelty seeking' were associated with antisocial tendencies. Of the β-carbolines and isoquinolines, harman and (S)-salsolinol were significantly decreased among antisocial alcoholics. Norharman, (R)-salsolinol and dopamine were not associated with antisocial personality. The contribution of endogenous alkaloids to the biological characterization of antisocial tendencies in alcoholics is described.
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30
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Bressolle F, Audran M, Pham TN, Vallon JJ. Cyclodextrins and enantiomeric separations of drugs by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis: basic principles and new developments. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 687:303-36. [PMID: 9017455 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of individual drug enantiomers is required in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of drugs with a chiral centre. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are extensively used in high-performance liquid chromatography as stationary phases bonded to a solid support or as mobile phase additives in HPLC and capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of chiral compounds. We describe here the basis for the liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic resolution of drug enantiomers and the factors affecting their enantiomeric separation. This review covers the use of CDs and some of their derivatives in studies of compounds of pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bressolle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinetique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier I, France
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31
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Abstract
The principles and applications of chromatographic separation of enantiomers in pharmaceutical analysis have been reviewed. Several of recently reported enantioselective analysis of various racemic drugs using both the 'indirect' and 'direct' methods have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bojarski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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32
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Dostert P, Kohda K, Kaiya T. A novel enzyme enantio-selectively synthesizes (R)salsolinol, a precursor of a dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol. Neurosci Lett 1996; 212:183-6. [PMID: 8843103 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12807-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the human brain, only (R)enantiomer of 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline ((R)salsolinol) and N-methyl-salsolinol, a dopaminergic neurotoxin, were detected, suggesting their enzymatic biosynthesis. This paper reports the isolation and characterization of a novel enzyme, which enantio-selectively synthesizes (R)salsolinol from dopamine and acetaldehyde. Dopamine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and pyruvic acid were the substrates of this synthase, whereas N-methyldopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and L-DOPA were not. The possible function of this enzyme under physiological and pathological conditions in the brain is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naoi
- Department of Biosciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan.
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33
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Haber H, Winkler A, Putscher I, Henklein P, Baeger I, Georgi M, Melzig MF. Plasma and urine salsolinol in humans: effect of acute ethanol intake on the enantiomeric composition of salsolinol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:87-92. [PMID: 8651468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) salsolinol (SAL), a condensation product of dopamine and pyruvate or acetaldehyde, is one of the neuropharmacologically active alkaloids in mammals. Previous HPLC studies have shown that the R-enantiomer of SAL is largely predominant, or is the only enantiomer in the urine of healthy subjects, whereas the S-enantiomer was found predominant in the urine of alcoholics. An enzymatic pathway for SAL formation that is influenced by chronic alcohol intake was proposed. However, our analyses showed that the SAL detectable in human urine and plasma is racemic, at least in healthy subjects. No change of the enantiomeric distribution was observed after an acute alcohol ingestion (1 g alcohol/kg body weight). Using a new method for the resolution of the SAL enantiomers and gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, the SAL enantiomers were quantified in the urine and plasma of 24 subjects before and after the intake of alcohol. Special dietary conditions were observed to avoid interferences by the SAL of the foodstuff. Although the distribution of SAL enantiomers was not changed after alcohol intake, the total urinary SAL output and the plasma concentration of SAL were significantly influenced in different ways. Only five subjects showed a significant increase both in plasma SAL concentration and in the total urinary SAL output, whereas 19 subjects showed decreased or unchanged SAL levels after alcohol administration. Data also show that only the subjects with low baseline levels (mean of 0.148 ng SAL/ml plasma) tend to increase SAL levels after ethanol ingestion, which may imply some genetic basis for the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haber
- Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Maruyama W, Narabayashi H, Dostert P, Naoi M. Stereospecific occurrence of a parkinsonism-inducing catechol isoquinoline, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, in the human intraventricular fluid. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1996; 103:1069-76. [PMID: 9013394 DOI: 10.1007/bf01291791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl(R)salsolinol, an endogenous neurotoxin, has been proposed to be closely involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The selective toxicity to dopaminergic neurons was strictly limited for (R)-enantiomer of N-methylsalsolinol. Its precursor, (R)salsolinol was enzymatically synthesized from dopamine and acetaldehyde in human. However, it has never been examined whether a non-enzymatic reaction produces racemic salsolinol derivatives from dopamine especially in patients under L-DOPA therapy. To clarify the point, their contents were examined in intraventricular fluid from parkinsonian patients administrated with L-DOPA. Only (R)-enantiomer of N-methylsalsolinol and very low concentration of salsolinol could be detected. The results suggest that N-methyl(R)salsolinol synthesis may not depend on dopamine level, but on the activity of enzymes related to its synthesis and/or catabolism. The results are discussed in relation to pathogenesis Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Maruyama
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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35
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Haber H, Henklein P, Georgi M, Melzig MF. Resolution of catecholic tetrahydroisoquinoline enantiomers and the determination of R- and S-salsolinol in biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 672:179-87. [PMID: 8581123 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) might be formed endogenously and can act centrally to promote a mechanism governing alcohol drinking behaviour. The possibility that biosynthesis occurs through a stereospecific enzymatic reaction is considered. Several TIQs were transformed into diastereomers by a two-step derivation with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoracetamide and R-(-)-2-phenylbutyrylic acid and were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High resolution of the TIQ enantiomers was achieved. This method was applied to the quantification of the enantiomers of salsolinol (SAL) in urine and plasma of healthy humans. Deuterated SAL was used as the internal standard. SAL was extracted from biological material using phenyl-boronic phase cartridges and transformed into diastereomers. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay permit the determination of the enantiomeric composition of SAL in plasma and urine. The limit of quantification was found to be 100 pg/ml for each enantiomer. The described method has the advantage that optimal resolution of the SAL enantiomers without peak overlapping between analyte and other compounds can be achieved. Contrary to other findings, our GC-MS studies have demonstrated that endogenously formed SAL is racemic in plasma as well as in urine of healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haber
- Research Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Deng Y, Maruyama W, Dostert P, Takahashi T, Kawai M, Naoi M. Determination of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol by use of a chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic column. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 670:47-54. [PMID: 7493084 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the quantitative determination of the enantiomers of salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol, biologically important alkaloids, is reported. The enantiomers were completely separated without derivatization, using a cyclodextrin-modified silica gel column with an HPLC-electrochemical detection system. The HPLC conditions were examined for the best resolution. The method was sensitive enough to detect salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol at a concentration of less than 0.1 pmol per injection. In the product of the Pictet-Spengler reaction of acetaldehyde with dopamine or epinine, almost equimolar (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of salsolinol and N-methylsalsolinol were detected. Preliminary results indicate that the (R)-enantiomer of both isoquinoline derivatives predominate in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
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37
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Rommelspacher H, Sllström Baum S, Dufeu P, Schmidt LG. Determination of (R)- and (S)-salsolinol sulfate and dopamine sulfate levels in plasma of nonalcoholics and alcoholics. Alcohol 1995; 12:309-15. [PMID: 7546326 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(95)00004-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new method to determine free as well as sulfoconjugated salsolinol (SAL), separated into both enantiomers, and free and sulfoconjugated dopamine in human blood plasma. Among the group of nonalcoholics (R)-SAL (mean +/- SEM: 0.24 +/- 0.07 ng/ml) was found in all blood samples and (S)-SAL in 1 out of 20 (0.08 ng/ml). Ethanol loading induced a rise of both enantiomers as well as of dopamine whereby (S)-SAL was detected in the plasma of 13 subjects only [(R)-SAL: 0.79 +/- 0.24 ng/ml; (S)-SAL: 0.49 +/- 0.15 ng/ml; DA: 8.84 +/- 0.75 ng/ml]. The later finding favors the notion of an enzymatic formation of (S)-SAL. In alcoholics, (R)-SAL and (S)-SAL were elevated at the day of admission for detoxification [(R)-SAL: 0.65 +/- 0.82 ng/ml; (S)-SAL: 0.35 +/- 0.05 ng/ml] and normalized after several months, suggesting intoxication marker characteristics [month 6: (R)-SAL: 0.24 +/- 0.14 ng/ml; (S)-SAL: 0.20 +/- 0.05 ng/ml]. Patients with alcoholic parents had lowered (R)-SAL and (S)-SAL levels compared with family history negative alcoholics, suggesting genetic association of disturbance of the SAL biosynthesis and alcoholism. Among the personality traits, suicidality was linked with low (R)-SAL and (S)-SAL concentrations in contrast to novelty seeking, impulsivity, and harm avoidance scores. The scores on the self-rating anxiety scale correlated positive with (R)-SAL. These findings suggest trait marker characteristics of salsolinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rommelspacher
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Free University of Berlin-Ulmenallee 30, Germany
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Heinz A, Lichtenberg-Kraag B, Baum SS, Graf K, Kruger F, Dettling M, Rommelspacher H. Evidence for prolonged recovery of dopaminergic transmission after detoxification in alcoholics with poor treatment outcome. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1995; 102:149-57. [PMID: 8748679 DOI: 10.1007/bf01276510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol addiction. Therefore, peripheral dopamine levels, sensitivity of central dopamine receptors (apomorphine-induced Growth Hormone (GH) secretion), and the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins on adenylyl cyclase activity (as an indicator for dopamine D2-receptor coupled second messenger mechanisms) were measured in 45 alcohol-dependent patients before and after detoxification and in 10 healthy controls. The time needed to adjust to abstinence conditions differed between patients with good and poor treatment outcome. In subsequent abstainers, effects of alcohol withdrawal were already found during the first 24 hours of abstinence (normalisation of GH response, increases in dopamine levels and the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins). During the next 7 days of abstinence, no more significant changes were observed in the assessed variables. In subsequent relapsers, no significant effect of acute ethanol withdrawal on the same measures was found. However, at day 8 of abstinence, increases in apomorphine-induced GH secretion (towards normalisation), in dopamine plasma levels, and in the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins (towards above-normal levels) were observed. This retarded adjustment of dopaminergic signal transduction seems to reflect the relapse risk of treatment nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry, Free University, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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