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Kovács Á, Mörtl M, Kende A. Development and optimization of a method for the analysis of phenols and chlorophenols from aqueous samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, after solid-phase extraction and trimethylsilylation. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Shabir GA. Development and Validation of a Reversed-phase HPLC Method for the Determination of Hydroxybenzene in a Cream Formulation. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010; 72:307-11. [PMID: 21188038 PMCID: PMC3003162 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.70475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and specific reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection has been developed and validated for the determination of hydroxybenzene (0.494%, w/w) in a commercially available cream pharmaceutical formulation. Isocratic chromatography was performed on a C18 column with methanol-water 60:40 (v/v) containing 0.1% phosphoric acid (v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. UV detection was at 254 nm. Linearity of the method was excellent (r(2) = 0.9999). The relative standard deviation values for intra- and inter-day precision studies were < 1% and the recovery of hydroxybenzene was >99%. The limit of detection and quantitation for hydroxybenzene was found to be 13.5 η g/ml and 2 μg/ml, respectively. The method was also validated for specificity and robustness. The method was found to be robust and can be reliably used to determine the hydroxybenzene content of marketed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Shabir
- Oxford Brookes University, School of Life Sciences, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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3
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Go BR, Choi HS, Kim HD, Kim JH. One Step Clean-Up Method Combined with Single Accelerated Solvent Extraction for Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phenols in Creosote-Treated Woods by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.11.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Mardones C, von Baer D, Hidalgo A, Contreras A, Sepúlveda C. Determination of pentachlorophenol and tribromophenol in sawdust by ultrasound-assisted extraction and MEKC. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1124-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Sljukić B, Banks CE, Crossley A, Compton RG. Lead(IV) oxide–graphite composite electrodes: Application to sensing of ammonia, nitrite and phenols. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 587:240-6. [PMID: 17386779 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Carbon powder modified with lead(IV) oxide was synthesised by a wet impregnation procedure from concentrated lead(II) nitrate solution. The impregnated powder was subsequently thermally treated at 823 K. Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterisation of the modified powder showed that lead(IV) oxide has been formed during the procedure. A novel composite lead(IV) oxide modified carbon powder epoxy electrode was developed for electrocatalytic sensing of gaseous, inorganic and organic analytes. The behaviour and analytical advantages of the composite electrode are evaluated with respect to determination of ammonia, nitrite ions and several different phenols. It has been demonstrated that the composite electrode can be used to analyze these analytes in standard aqueous solutions with competitively low limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Sljukić
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Pino V, Ayala JH, González V, Afonso AM. Focused microwave-assisted micellar extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction--gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine chlorophenols in wood samples. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 582:10-8. [PMID: 17386468 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the utilization of the focused microwave-assisted micellar extraction in combination with the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to determine chlorophenols in wood samples. The influence of the nature of the surfactant in the extraction process, the optimization of the variables of the focused-microwave system, and the effect of the ageing time of the samples in the extraction efficiency of the method, have been assessed in this study. The overall method using the non-ionic surfactant POLE as extracting medium allows us to determine chlorophenols in wood samples achieving an average extraction efficiency of 104.1%, limits of detection ranging from 2 to 120 ng g(-1), and intermediate precision values ranging between 3.5 and 13.2%. The proposed method is also characterized by short analysis times (around 5 min for the microwaves extraction step) and by avoiding the use of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Pino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Campus de Anchieta, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain
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7
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Muna GW, Quaiserová-Mocko V, Swain GM. Chlorinated Phenol Analysis Using Off-Line Solid-Phase Extraction and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Amperometric Detection and a Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrode. Anal Chem 2005; 77:6542-8. [PMID: 16223238 DOI: 10.1021/ac050473u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of chlorinated phenols (2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol) in river water was accomplished using off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) and capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemical detection. A key to the sensitive, reproducible, and stable detection of these pollutants was the use of a boron-doped diamond microelectrode in the amperometric detection mode. An off-line SPE procedure was utilized to extract and preconcentrate the pollutants prior to separation and detection, with ENVI-Chrom P, a highly cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, being employed as the sorbent. Pollutant recoveries in the 95-100% range with relative standard deviations of 1-4% were achieved. The diamond microelectrode provided a low and stable background current with low peak-to-peak noise. The oxidative detection of the pollutants was accomplished at +1.05 V vs Ag/AgCl without the need for electrode pretreatment. The method was evaluated in terms of the linear dynamic range, sensitivity, limit of quantitation, response precision, and response stability. A reproducible electrode response was observed during multiple injections of the chlorinated phenol solutions with a relative standard deviation of < or =5.4%. Good electrode response stability was observed over many days of continuous use with no significant electrode deactivation or fouling. The separation efficiencies for all six pollutants were greater than 170,000 plates/m. The minimum concentration detectable for all six ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 ppb (S/N > or = 3) using a 250:1 preconcentration factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace W Muna
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
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8
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Muna G, Quaiserova-Mocko V, Swain G. The Analysis of Chlorinated Phenol Solutions by Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Direct and Indirect Amperometric Detection Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrode. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Analysis of phenols by high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization by 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl-chloroformate. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Mardones C, Palma J, Sepúlveda C, Berg A, von Baer D. Determination of tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol and its metabolite pentachloroanisole inAsparagus officinalis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Fiamegos YC, Nanos CG, Pilidis GA, Stalikas CD. Phase-transfer catalytic determination of phenols as methylated derivatives by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass-selective detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 983:215-23. [PMID: 12568384 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A convenient method for the GC determination of phenols as methylated derivatives is proposed, taking advantage of the beneficial features of phase-transfer catalysis (PTC). The optimal experimental conditions of pH, temperature, organic solvent, time of extraction-derivatization and amounts of the participating reactants and catalysts, were properly established. Several catalysts in soluble or polymer-bound form were tested. Most of them demonstrated appreciably high-performance characteristics but the polymer-bound catalyst is most favourable due to its facile separation from the rest of the reaction system after the extraction-derivatization. Interferences with the extraction and derivatization yield were not noticed. The chromatographic separation of 11 methylated derivatives of phenols was complete within 23 min. The detection limits of the method, which range from 0.005 to 0.120 microg, are inadequate for drinking water analysis. However, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of fortified composite lake water samples using GC-flame ionization detection and GC-MS in the single ion monitoring mode with the most abundant characteristic ions. Spiked recoveries of phenolics were in the range 94-102%, on the basis of distilled water calibration graph, signifying that PTC determination of phenols is not affected by the composition of such matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis C Fiamegos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Ioannina 451 10, Greece
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12
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Crespín MA, Gallego M, Valcarcel M. Solid-phase extraction method for the determination of free and conjugated phenol compounds in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 773:89-96. [PMID: 12031833 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A rapid flow system for automatic sample conditioning for the determination of phenol compounds in human urine has been developed and optimised. Free phenols are detected directly in urine samples while total phenols require acid hydrolysis to convert their conjugate fraction into free phenols, all compounds then being cleaned up and preconcentrated by solid-phase extraction. Separation and determination are done by gas chromatography, using mass spectrometry operating in the selective ion monitoring mode for quantitation. The linear range was 1-160 ng/ml of urine for most of the phenols. Limits of detection for phenol compounds (phenol, alkylphenols and chlorophenols) in the nanogram-per-millilitre range (0.3-0.6 ng/ml) are thus achieved by using 1 ml of urine; also, the repeatability, as RSD, is less than 6.5%. Based on the results for urine samples from unexposed individuals, 2-methylphenol, 2-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol are largely detected in hydrolysed urine samples, whereas phenol and 4-methylphenol are detected in hydrolysed and unhydrolysed urine. Other chlorophenols such as trichlorophenols and pentachlorophenol are not detected. The results obtained in the analysis of urine from an individual before and after dietary intake reveal that the levels of phenol compounds in urine look related to food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Crespín
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Campus de Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Spain
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13
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Mardones C, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. Automatic on-line coupling of supercritical fluid extraction and capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5736-9. [PMID: 11101256 DOI: 10.1021/ac000367m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An interface for the automatic coupling of a supercritical fluid extractor (SFE) with capillary electrophoretic (CE) equipment, both commercially available, was developed with a view to improving sample treatment, which is a crucial step in capillary electrophoresis. Extracted analytes were collected in a trap following depressurization in the SFE and were transferred to the CE equipment across the interface. The key elements of the experimental assembly are a laboratory-made programmable arm and the autosampler of the CE equipment, both of which are controlled by a built-in microprocessor using an appropriate electronic interface and customized software. This combined system was successfully used to determine cresols and chlorophenols in liquid samples (river water and human urine) with increased precision, throughput, and automatability. The proposed arrangement opens up interesting prospects for the direct determination of analyte traces in solid samples without human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mardones
- Analytical Chemistry Division, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Spain
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14
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Kim KR, Kim H. Gas chromatographic profiling and screening for phenols as isobutoxycarbonyl derivatives in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2000; 866:87-96. [PMID: 10681012 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method is described for the simultaneous determination of phenol and 49 substituted phenols present in aqueous samples. The method is based on the extractive two-phase isobutoxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatization with subsequent solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the direct analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenolic hydroxyl groups in acidic aqueous solutions were allowed to react with isobutyl chloroformate present in the dichloromethane phase containing triethylamine. The resulting isoBOC derivatives were then recovered by SPE using Chromosorb P in normal-phase partition mode, followed by direct GC and GC-MS analysis. Using this combined procedure, linear detector responses were obtained in the concentration range of 0.5-8 microg ml(-1), with correlation coefficients varying from 0.925 to 0.999 for most of the phenols studied except for 2,4-dinitorphenol (0.789). The temperature-programmed retention index (I) sets as measured on DB-5 and DB-17 dual-capillary columns of different polarity were characteristic of each isoBOC phenol derivative and thus, useful in the screening for isomeric phenols by I matching only. The mass spectral patterns, exhibiting characteristic [M-100]+, [M-200]+ and [M-300]+ ions for the mono-, di- and trihydroxybezenes, respectively with common ions at m/z 57, facilitated their rapid structural confirmation. The present method allowed rapid screening for phenols when applied to water samples spiked with phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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15
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KHOSCHSORUR G, PETEK W. Rapid Determination of Benzene Metabolites Phenol and p-Cresol in the Urine of Petrol Station Workers by Gas Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- GholamAli KHOSCHSORUR
- University Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Walter PETEK
- University Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
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16
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Mardones C, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. Determination of chlorophenols in human urine based on the integration of on-line automated clean-up and preconcentration unit with micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2922-9. [PMID: 10546829 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991001)20:14<2922::aid-elps2922>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed and validated for the determination of chlorophenols in human urine by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) coupled via a mechanic arm to an on-line automatic clean-up and preconcentration unit for urine samples. Separation is accomplished by using a selective buffer consisting of 15 mM borate, 25 mM phosphate and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 9.1 in addition to a positive power supply of 25 kV at 18 degrees C. The proposed capillary electrophoresis (CE) method allows the separation of 11 chlorophenols within 7 min with a reproducibility as relative standard deviation (RSD) between 2.6% and 7.2%, and limits of detection (LODs) between 0.08 and 0.46 microg/mL for all chlorophenols. Urine samples were previously hydrolyzed with 37% HCl at 80 degrees C for 60 min and then cleaned on a C-18 mini-column. Recoveries ranged from 58% to 103%. The preconcentration treatment affords limits of determination between 4 and 12 ng/mL for all chlorophenols except pentachlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol, which could not be determined. The overall analysis time, including on-line clean-up, preconcentration and electrophoretic separation is 20 min per sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mardones
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cordoba, Spain
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17
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Navarro-Villoslada F, Pérez-Arribas L, León-González M, Polo-Dı́ez L. Matrix effect modelling in multivariate determination of priority pollutant chlorophenols in urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Bartels MJ, Brzak KA, Bormett GA. Determination of ortho-phenylphenol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 703:97-104. [PMID: 9448066 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed to quantitate total o-phenylphenol (OPP) (free plus conjugates) in human urine. Conjugates of OPP were acid-hydrolyzed to free OPP, derivatized to the pentafluorobenzoyl ester derivative and analyzed via negative-ion chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two stable isotope analogs of OPP were shown to be suitable as internal standards for this method (D2-phenol ring, 13C6-phenyl ring). A synthetic method is presented for the preparation of the D2-OPP internal standard. The 13C6-OPP analog was also shown to be useful as an alternate test material for laboratory-based exposure studies. The limit of quantitation for this method was 1 ng OPP/ml urine. Calibration curves were linear for the analyte over the concentration range of 0.5-1117 ng OPP/ml urine. Relative recovery of OPP from urine ranged from 97.0 to 104.7%. Low levels of OPP (mean=6+/-7 ng/ml; n=22) were found in control human urine samples. The method was validated with urine samples obtained from human volunteers undergoing a dermal exposure study with 12C-/13C6-/14C-OPP. This method was developed to aid in assessments of human exposure to OPP during a variety of uses of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bartels
- Health and Environmental Research Laboratories, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
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19
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Heberer T, Stan HJ. Detection of more than 50 substituted phenols as their t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Abstract
A method for determining urinary concentrations of 2,4-D in samples collected from non-occupationally, environmentally exposed individuals was developed. The 2,4-D was extracted from fortified human urine samples using octadecylsilane solid phase extraction cartridges. The average percent recovery for urine samples spiked at 2 and 20 ng/mL was 100% and 93%, respectively. The method detection limit was estimated to be 0.75 ng of 2,4-D per mL of urine based on a 10 mL sample size. The potential use of 2,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid as a surrogate standard was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Thompson
- Saskatchewan Health Laboratory & Disease Control Services Branch, Regina, Canada
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21
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Gabelish CL, Crisp P, Schneider R. Simultaneous determination of chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and chlorobenzoates in microbial solutions using pentafluorobenzylbromide derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Veningerová M, Uhnák J, Prachar V, Kovacicová J. Chlorinated phenols in human milk. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1996; 203:309-10. [PMID: 8873463 DOI: 10.1007/bf01192883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The paper deals with the contamination of human milk with chlorinated phenols. The average and median concentrations of the chlorophenols investigated ranged from 0.75 to 9.74 micrograms.kg-1 and from being not detectable to 5.62 micrograms.kg-1, respectively, for the different compounds. The highest average and median levels were found for pentachlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. The concentrations determined were below the permissible levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veningerová
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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23
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Treble RG, Thompson TS. Determination of pentachlorophenol in commercially prepared lyophilized human urine control samples. CHEMOSPHERE 1996; 33:693-697. [PMID: 8759307 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Commercially available reference materials consisting of lyophilized human urine are routinely utilized by clinical chemists to monitor laboratory performance for a variety of analyses. In this study commercially prepared lyophilized human urine control samples were reconstituted and analyzed for pentachlorophenol. Based on replicate analyses of two different reference materials, the levels of PCP in each were found to be representative of the levels typically present in urine samples collected from the general population of the province of Saskatchewan.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Treble
- Saskatchewan Health, Laboratory & Disease Control Services Branch, Regina, Canada
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24
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Extraction methodology and chromatography for the determination of residual pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Veningerová M, Prachar V, Uhnák J, Kovacicová J. Polychlorinated phenols in total diet. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND -FORSCHUNG 1994; 199:317-21. [PMID: 7839742 DOI: 10.1007/bf01193319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the isolation, separation and determination of chlorinated phenols in total diet. The isolation takes place following acid hydrolysis of the conjugates and is performed by simultaneous extraction and distillation with water vapour and toluene. The isolated chlorophenols are removed by clean-up on a Florisil column using a mixture of 15% dichloromethane in toluene for elution. The separation and determination is carried out by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The recovery of the method ranged between 70.1 +/- 5 and 96.8 +/- 4.9% for the individual chlorophenols. The determination limits were 0.5 to 1.0 microgram.kg-1. The method was applied in a study aimed at estimating the chlorophenol burden in two population groups (children up to the age of 6 years and students up to the age of 18 years). In two successive years, 80 total diet samples were analysed. Average contents of the individual chlorophenols were from 0.7 to 33.5 micrograms.kg-1 and were higher for the dichlorophenol isomers. The calculated average daily intake ranged from 0.04 to 1.69 micrograms.kg-1 body weight for the individual phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veningerová
- Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
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