1
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Voltammetric sensing using an array of modified SPCE coupled with machine learning strategies for the improved identification of opioids in presence of cutting agents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Khairy M. A synergetic effect of cerium oxide nanocubes and gold nanoparticles for developing a new photoelectrochemical sensor of codeine drug. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Zarad W, Shawky A, Ali A, Aboulella Y, Kamal M, Masujima T, Emara S, El-Gendy H. Field amplified sample stacking and in-capillary derivatization for forensic analysis of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in human urine by capillary electrophoresis. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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4
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Keratin Scaffolds Containing Casomorphin Stimulate Macrophage Infiltration and Accelerate Full-Thickness Cutaneous Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092554. [PMID: 33925737 PMCID: PMC8125279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is a major medical challenge, especially in diabetics. Over the centuries, the main goal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has been to invent biomaterials that accelerate the wound healing process. In this context, keratin-derived biomaterial is a promising candidate due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we evaluated an insoluble fraction of keratin containing casomorphin as a wound dressing in a full-thickness surgical skin wound model in mice (n = 20) with iatrogenically induced diabetes. Casomorphin, an opioid peptide with analgesic properties, was incorporated into keratin and shown to be slowly released from the dressing. An in vitro study showed that keratin-casomorphin dressing is biocompatible, non-toxic, and supports cell growth. In vivo experiments demonstrated that keratin-casomorphin dressing significantly (p < 0.05) accelerates the whole process of skin wound healing to the its final stage. Wounds covered with keratin-casomorphin dressing underwent reepithelization faster, ending up with a thicker epidermis than control wounds, as confirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. This investigated dressing stimulated macrophages infiltration, which favors tissue remodeling and regeneration, unlike in the control wounds in which neutrophils predominated. Additionally, in dressed wounds, the number of microhemorrhages was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) as compared with control wounds. The dressing was naturally incorporated into regenerating tissue during the wound healing process. Applied keratin dressing favored reconstruction of more regular skin structure and assured better cosmetic outcome in terms of scar formation and appearance. Our results have shown that insoluble keratin wound dressing containing casomorphin supports skin wound healing in diabetic mice.
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Abd-Rabboh HSM, E. Amr AEG, Almehizia AA, Kamel AH. All-Solid-State Potentiometric Ion-Sensors Based on Tailored Imprinted Polymers for Pholcodine Determination. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081192. [PMID: 33917178 PMCID: PMC8067864 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, the application of the use of ion-selective electrodes has expanded in the field of pharmaceutical analyses due to their distinction from other sensors in their high selectivity and low cost of measurement, in addition to their high measurement sensitivity. Cost-effective, reliable, and robust all-solid-state potentiometric selective electrodes were designed, characterized, and successfully used for pholcodine determination. The design of the sensor device was based on the use of a screen-printed electrode modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a solid-contact transducer. Tailored pholcodine (PHO) molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared, characterized, and used as sensory receptors in the presented potentiometric sensing devices. The sensors exhibited a sensitivity of 31.6 ± 0.5 mV/decade (n = 5, R2 = 0.9980) over the linear range of 5.5 × 10−6 M with a detection limit of 2.5 × 10−7 M. Real serum samples in addition to pharmaceutical formulations containing PHO were analyzed, and the results were compared with those obtained by the conventional standard liquid chromatographic approach. The presented analytical device showed an outstanding efficiency for fast, direct, and low-cost assessment of pholcodine levels in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham S. M. Abd-Rabboh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Galil E. Amr
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- National Research Center, Applied Organic Chemistry Department, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.E.-G.E.A.); (A.H.K.); Tel.: +966-565-148-750 (A.E.-G.E.A.); +20-1000361328 (A.H.K.)
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayman H. Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.E.-G.E.A.); (A.H.K.); Tel.: +966-565-148-750 (A.E.-G.E.A.); +20-1000361328 (A.H.K.)
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6
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Abd-Rabboh HSM, El-Galil E. Amr A, A. Elsayed E, Sayed AYA, Kamel AH. Paper-based potentiometric sensing devices modified with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) for trace level determination of pholcodine (opiate derivative drug). RSC Adv 2021; 11:12227-12234. [PMID: 35685818 PMCID: PMC9131362 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust, reliable and cost-effective paper-based analytical device for potentiometric pholcodine (opiate derivative drug) ion sensing has been prepared and characterized. A printed pholcodinium (PHL)2+/5-nitrobarbiturate (NB)− ion-association complex as a sensory material-based all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE) on a chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) solid-contact, and a printed all-solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrode, has been combined on a hydrophobic paper substrate coated with fluorinated alkyl silane (CF3(CF2)7CH2CH2SiCl3, CF10). The sensors revealed a potentiometric slope of 28.7 ± 0.3 mV dec−1 (R2 = 0.9998) over a linear range starting from 2.0 × 10−7 M to 1.0 × 10−2 M and a detection limit of 0.04 μg mL−1. The repeatability and stability of the pholcodine paper-based sensor was found to be 2.32%. The RSD% (n = 6) was found to be 2.67% when using five different paper-based sensors. The sensor revealed an excellent selectivity towards PHL over dextromethorphan, codeine, ephedrine, carbinoxamine, caffeine, ketamine, and K+, Na+ and Ca2+ ions. It showed a good recovery (94–104%) for the determination of PHL in different artificial serum samples. The presented paper-based analytical device was successfully introduced for PHL determination in different pharmaceutical formulations (i.e. syrups and suspensions) containing pholcodine. The current work can be considered as a promising possible analytical tool to obtain cost-effective and disposable paper-based potentiometric sensing devices. These devices can be potentially manufacturable at large scales in pharmaceutical, clinical and forensic applications for opiate drug assessment. Robust, reliable and cost-effective paper-based analytical device for potentiometric pholcodine (opiate derivative drug) ion sensing has been prepared and characterized.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abd El-Galil E. Amr
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC)
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Elsayed A. Elsayed
- Zoology Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Y. A. Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC)
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
| | - Ayman H. Kamel
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ain Shams University
- Cairo 11566
- Egypt
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7
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Emara S, Zarad W, Kamal M, Ali A, Aboulella Y. Sensitivity Enhancement for Direct Injection Capillary Electrophoresis to Determine Morphine in Human Serum via In-capillary Derivatization. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:177-185. [PMID: 30272145 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and simple micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with in-capillary derivatization and fluorescence detection has been developed to determine morphine in human serum. The sample was introduced into a background electrolyte (BGE) containing potassium ferricyanide, whereas morphine was oxidized into highly fluorescent product, pseudomorphine. Different parameters for derivatization and subsequent separation were systematically investigated for the analysis of morphine in serum. Efficient performance of the developed MEKC system was carried out in a single run using BGE made up of 70 mM sodium tetraborate decahydrate (pH 10.5), 0.30 mM potassium ferrricyanide, 80 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, and applied voltage of 9 kV. The combination of MEKC with in-capillary derivatization of morphine was successfully achieved with a high degree of sensitivity. The validation of the method showed good linearity between areas of morphine and the corresponding concentrations over the range of 5-5000 ng/mL. Excellent accuracy and precision were obtained at all concentration levels. The mean recoveries of morphine were ranging from 83.86 to 94.45%. The validated MEKC method successfully permitted determination of morphine in clinical samples after a single oral dose of controlled release morphine sulfate tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Emara
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Km 28 Ismailia Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walaa Zarad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Km 28 Ismailia Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Kamal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern Sciences and Arts University, 26 July Mehwar Road intersection with Wahat Road, 6 October City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Laboratory for Single Cell Mass Spectrometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 6-2-3, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasmine Aboulella
- Laboratory for Single Cell Mass Spectrometry, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 6-2-3, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Šesták J, Thormann W. Insights into head-column field-amplified sample stacking: Part I. Detailed study of electrokinetic injection of a weak base across a short water plug. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1502:51-61. [PMID: 28460869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The fundamentals of electrokinetic injection of the weak base methadone across a short water plug into a phosphate buffer at low pH were studied experimentally and with computer simulation. The current during electrokinetic injection, the formation of the analyte zone, changes occurring within and around the water plug and mass transport of all compounds in the electric field were investigated. The impact of water plug length, plug injection velocity, and composition of sample, plug and background electrolyte are discussed. Experimental data revealed that properties of sample, water plug and stacking boundary are significantly and rapidly altered during electrokinetic injection. Simulation provided insight into these changes, including the nature of the migrating boundaries and the stacking of methadone at the interface to a newly formed phosphoric acid zone. The data confirm the role of the water plug to prevent contamination of the sample by components of the background electrolyte and suggest that mixing caused by electrohydrodynamic instabilities increases the water plug conductivity. The sample conductivity must be controlled by addition of an acid to prevent generation of reversed flow which removes the water plug and to create a buffering environment. Results revealed that a large increase in background electrolyte concentration is not accompanied with a significant increase in stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Šesták
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czechia
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Delouei NJ, Mokhtari A, Jamali MR. Determination of pholcodine in syrups and human plasma using the chemiluminescence system of tris(1,10 phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) and acidic Ce(IV). LUMINESCENCE 2016; 32:387-393. [PMID: 27501419 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pholcodine is an opiate derivative drug which is widely used in pediatric medicine. In this study, a chemiluminescence (CL) method is described that determines pholcodine in human plasma and syrup samples. This method is based on the fact that pholcodine can greatly enhance the weak CL emission of reaction between tris(1,10 phenanthroline)ruthenium(II), Ru(phen)32+ , and acidic Ce(IV). The CL mechanism is described in detail using UV-vis light, fluorescence and CL spectra. Effects of chemical variables were investigated and under optimum conditions, CL intensity was proportional to the pholcodine concentration over the range 4.0 × 10-8 to 8.0 × 10-6 mol L-1 . The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) was 2.5 × 10-8 mol L-1 . Percent of relative standard deviations (%RSD) for 3.0 × 10-7 and 3.0 × 10-6 mol L-1 of pholcodine was 2.9 and 4.0%, respectively. Effects of common ingredients were investigated and the method was applied successfully to the determination of pholcodine in syrup samples and human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mokhtari
- Department of Science, Golestan University, Gorgan, I.R., Iran
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10
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Determination of Morphine and Its Metabolites in Human Urine by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection Employing On-Column Labeling with a New Boronic Acid Functionalized Squarylium Cyanine Dye. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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del Mar LópezGuerrero M, Hernández-Mesa M, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. On-line preconcentration strategy for the simultaneous quantification of three local anesthetics in human urine using CZE. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2961-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Carmen Cruces-Blanco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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12
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Atta NF, Hassan HK, Galal A. Rapid and simple electrochemical detection of morphine on graphene–palladium-hybrid-modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6933-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Airado-Rodríguez D, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to field-amplified sample injection for the sensitive analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, phencyclidine and lysergic acid diethylamide by capillary electrophoresis in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:189-97. [PMID: 23141624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ultraviolet detection method has been developed and validated for the analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and phencyclidine (PCP) in human urine. The separation of these three analytes has been achieved in less than 8 min in a 72-cm effective length capillary with 50-μm internal diameter. 100 mM NaH(2)PO(4)/Na(2)HPO(4), pH 6.0 has been employed as running buffer, and the separation has been carried out at temperature and voltage of 20°C, and 25kV, respectively. The three drugs have been detected at 205 nm. Field amplified sample injection (FASI) has been employed for on-line sample preconcentration. FASI basically consists in a mismatch between the electric conductivity of the sample and that of the running buffer and it is achieved by electrokinetically injecting the sample diluted in a solvent of lower conductivity than that of the carrier electrolyte. Ultrapure water resulted to be the better sample solvent to reach the greatest enhancement factor. Injection voltage and time have been optimized to 5 kV and 20s, respectively. The irreproducibility associated to electrokinetic injection has been correcting by using tetracaine as internal standard. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been employed as sample treatment using experimental design and response surface methodology for the optimization of critical variables. Linear responses were found for MDMA, PCP and LSD in presence of urine matrix between 10.0 and 100 ng/mL approximately, and LODs of 1.00, 4.50, and 4.40 ng/mL were calculated for MDMA, PCP and LSD, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the three drugs of interest in human urine with satisfactory recovery percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Airado-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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14
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Rodríguez J, Contento AM, Castañeda G, Muñoz L, Berciano MA. Determination of morphine, codeine, and paclitaxel in human serum and plasma by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2297-306. [PMID: 22887651 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatography method is proposed for the determination of morphine, codeine, and paclitaxel at clinical relevant levels in human serum and plasma, which are employed in the treatment of patients with cancer. Optimal conditions for the separation were investigated. A background electrolyte solutions consisting of 20 mM borate buffer adjusted to pH 8.5, sodium dodecyl sulphate 60 mM and 15% methanol, hydrodynamic injection, and 25 kV as separation voltage were used. Detection wavelength was 212 nm for morphine and codeine and 200 nm for paclitaxel. Aspects such as stability of the solutions, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robust and ruggedness were examined in order to validate the proposed method. Detection limits obtained for all the studied compounds ranged between 26 and 52 ng/mL. Before micellar electrokinetic chromatography determination, the samples were purified and enriched by means of an extraction-preconcentration step with a preconditioned C(18) cartridge. This method was applied to the analysis of serum and plasma samples from different cancer patients undergoing treatment with paclitaxel or/and codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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15
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Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological specimens of forensic interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Navaee A, Salimi A, Teymourian H. Graphene nanosheets modified glassy carbon electrode for simultaneous detection of heroine, morphine and noscapine. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:205-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Scott J. Laboratory study of the effectiveness of filters used by heroin injectors. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/14659890412331319425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Qiang W, Zhai C, Lei J, Song C, Zhang D, Sheng J, Ju H. Disposable microfluidic device with ultraviolet detection for highly resolved screening of illicit drugs. Analyst 2009; 134:1834-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b906434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Zhang Z, Yan B, Liu K, Liao Y, Liu H. CE-MS analysis of heroin and its basic impurities using a charged polymer-protected gold nanoparticle-coated capillary. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:379-87. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Bosch ME, Sánchez AR, Rojas FS, Ojeda CB. Morphine and its metabolites: Analytical methodologies for its determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:799-815. [PMID: 17207954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the methods of determination published for morphine and its metabolites covering the period from 1980 until at the first part of 2006. The overview includes the most relevant analytical determinations classified in the following two types: (1) non-chromatographic methods and (2) chromatographic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Espinosa Bosch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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21
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Lin YH, Li JH, Ko WK, Wu SM. Direct and sensitive analysis of methamphetamine, ketamine, morphine and codeine in human urine by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:281-6. [PMID: 16600267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-Sweep-MEKC) was directly used to test some abuse drugs in human urine, including morphine (M), codeine (C), ketamine (K) and methamphetamine (MA). First, phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 2.5) containing 30% methanol was filled into uncoated fused silica capillary (40 cm, 50 microm I.D.), then high conductivity buffer (100 mM phosphate, 6.9 kPa for 99.9 s) was followed. Electrokinetic injection (10 kV, 500 s) was used to load samples and to enhance sensitivity. The stacking step and separation were performed at -20 kV and 200 nm using phosphate buffer (25 mM, pH 2.5) containing 20% methanol and 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. Using CSEI-Sweep-MEKC, the analytes could be simultaneously analyzed and have a detection limit down to ppb level. It was unnecessary to have sample pretreatments. During method validation, calibration plots were linear (r>or=0.9982) over a range of 150-3,000 ng/mL for M and C, 250-5,000 n g/mL for MA, and 50-1,000 ng/mL for K. The limits of detection were 15 ng/mL for M and C, and 5 ng/mL for MA and K (S/N=3, sampling 500 s at 10 kV). Comparing with capillary zone electrophoresis, the results indicated that this stacking method could increase 6,000-fold sensitivity for analysis of MA. Our method was applied for analysis of 28 real urine samples. The results showed good coincidence with immunoassay and GC-MS. This method was feasible for application to detect trace levels of abused drugs in forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Kovács Z, Hosztafi S, Noszál B. Site-specific acid–base properties of pholcodine and related compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1709-16. [PMID: 17004059 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base properties of pholcodine, a cough-depressant agent, and related compounds including metabolites were studied by 1H NMR-pH titrations, and are characterised in terms of macroscopic and microscopic protonation constants. New N-methylated derivatives were also synthesized in order to quantitate site- and nucleus-specific protonation shifts and to unravel microscopic acid-base equilibria. The piperidine nitrogen was found to be 38 and 400 times more basic than its morpholine counterpart in pholcodine and norpholcodine, respectively. The protonation data show that the molecule of pholcodine bears an average of positive charge of 1.07 at physiological pH, preventing it from entering the central nervous system, a plausible reason for its lack of analgesic or addictive properties. The protonation constants of pholcodine and its derivatives are interpreted by comparing with related molecules of pharmaceutical interest. The pH-dependent relative concentrations of the variously protonated forms of pholcodine and morphine are depicted in distribution diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kovács
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hogyes Endre u. 9, 1092, Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Capella-Peiró ME, Bose D, Rubert MF, Esteve-Romero J. Optimization of a capillary zone electrophoresis method by using a central composite factorial design for the determination of codeine and paracetamol in pharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 839:95-101. [PMID: 16714154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis was optimized to quantitatively determine codeine and paracetamol via central composite factorial design. Critical parameters (concentration, buffer, pH, voltage) assessed effects on resolution, analysis time and efficiencies. Optimum separation conditions were achieved using phosphate buffer 20 mM (pH 6.8) and voltage (15 kV). The optimized procedure easily determined codeine and paracetamol with separation in less than 3 min. Calibration curves (R > 0.999) were prepared, with LODs of 13.5 and 340 ng mL(-1) for codeine and paracetamol, respectively, and a good R.S.D.% (<3%). This method was applied to determine codeine and paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations; recoveries coincided with stated contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elisa Capella-Peiró
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada Le Grazie.15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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24
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Wei F, Zhang M, Feng YQ. Application of poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith microextraction coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis to the determination of opiates in human urine. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1939-48. [PMID: 16619301 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (MAA-EGDMA) monolith microextraction method coupled with CZE was proposed for rapidly determining a mixture of opiates comprising heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine, papaverine, and narcotine in human urine. The extraction device contained a regular plastic syringe, the poly(MAA-EGDMA) monolithic capillary tube (530 microm id x 3 cm) and a plastic pinhead, which connected the monolithic capillary tube and the syringe without leakage. In the polymer monolith microextraction, the sample solution was ejected via the monolithic capillary tube by a programmable syringe pump, followed by desorption with an aliquot of appropriate solution, which was collected into a vial for the subsequent analysis by CZE. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid) and 20% methanol v/v with temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 25 kV, respectively. By applying electrokinetic injection with field-enhanced sample stacking, detection limits of 6.6-19.5 ng/mL were achieved. Excellent method of reproducibility was found over a linear range of 80-2000 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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25
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Qi XH, Mi JQ, Zhang XX, Chang WB. Design and preparation of novel antibody system and application for the determination of heroin metabolites in urine by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Wei F, Fan Y, Zhang M, Feng YQ. Poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith in-tube solid-phase microextraction applied to simultaneous analysis of some amphetamine derivatives in urine by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3141-50. [PMID: 16041709 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A method based on in-tube solid-phase microextraction and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was proposed for simultaneously determining four amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in urine. A poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary column, which can provide sufficient extraction efficiency, was introduced for the extraction of amphetamines from urine samples. The hydrophobic main chains and acidic pendant groups of the monolithic column make it a superior material for extraction of basic analytes from aqueous matrix. After extraction, the samples were analyzed by CZE. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid) and 20% methanol v/v, with a temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 20 kV, respectively. By applying electrokinetic injection with field-amplified sample stacking, detection limits of 25-34 microg/L were achieved. Excellent method of reproducibility was found over a linear range of 0.1-5 mg/L. Determination of these analytes from abusers' urine sample was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, HuBei, P. R. China
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27
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Qi XH, Mi JQ, Zhang XX, Chang WB. Electrochemical studies on the interaction of morphine and its analogs with its antibody. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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28
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Zhuang Y, Zhang D, Ju H. Sensitive determination of heroin based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) immobilized in zeolite Y modified carbon paste electrode. Analyst 2005; 130:534-40. [PMID: 15776164 DOI: 10.1039/b415430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for rapid, inexpensive, sensitive and selective determination of heroin was proposed by flow injection electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). Zeolite Y sieves were used for the preparation of a ECL sensor by immobilizing tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)3(2+)) in their supercages, which was achieved through the ion exchange properties of the sieves. The electrochemical and ECL behaviors of Ru(bpy)3(2+) immobilized in zeolite Y modified carbon paste electrode was investigated. The immobilized Ru(bpy)3(2+) displayed a pair of surface-controlled redox peaks with an electron transfer rate constant of 1.2 +/- 0.1 s(-1) in 0.1 mol dm(-3) pH 6.3 phosphate buffer. The modified electrode showed an electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of heroin, producing a sensitized ECL signal. The ECL sensor showed a linear response to flow injection of heroin in the range of 2.0-80 micromol dm(-3) with a detection limit of 1.1 micromol dm(-3). This method for heroin determination possessed good sensitivity and reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of 1.99% (n = 15) at 50.0 micromol dm(-3). The ECL sensor showed good selectivity and long-term stability. Its surface could be renewed quickly and reproducibly by a simple polish step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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29
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Alnajjar A, McCord B. Determination of heroin metabolites in human urine using capillary zone electrophoresis with β-cyclodextrin and UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:463-73. [PMID: 14550865 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the detection of a mixture of morphine, codeine, 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM) and normorphine using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The method utilized urinary 6-AM as a diagnostic indicator of heroin abuse because it is not a product of either morphine or codeine metabolism. The electrophoretic separation was achieved using an uncoated (50 microm I.D.) fused-silica capillary, 77 cm long, containing the detector window 10.0 cm from the outlet end. The running buffer (pH 6.0) contained 50 mM sodium phosphate and 0.015 M beta-cyclodextrins (beta-CD). The samples were first extracted using a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction procedure and then analyzed by CZE. The UV absorbance detection was monitored at 214 nm. It has been found that beta-CDs can improve separation efficiency due to their hydrophobic cavity. The effect of the concentration of beta-CD and pH was also evaluated. The application of electrokinetic injection with field amplified sample stacking results in low detection limits (40 ng/ml for each analyte) and the method has good reproducibility, precision, accuracy, and high recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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30
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Piette V, Parmentier F. Analysis of illicit amphetamine seizures by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 979:345-52. [PMID: 12498266 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis was applied for the determination of amphetamine and related substances in seized drugs. A buffer made of 0.1 M phosphoric acid adjusted to pH 3.0 with triethanolamine was selected. With this background electrolyte, triethanolamine is adsorbed to the capillary wall and the electroosmotic flow is reversed. This gives rise to peaks with good symmetry, high efficiency and reproducible migration times. The separation of the different analytes was performed in a fused-silica capillary thermostatted at 25 degrees C and the applied voltage was 25 kV. Under these experimental conditions, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine, N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butamine and ephedrine were resolved within 8 min and without interference from adulterants usually found in illicit powders. Their identification by the migration time was confirmed by their UV spectra recorded with a diode array UV detector (190-350 nm). The selected method was then applied to identify these substances in illicit tablets known as "Ecstasy" and the MDMA determined in these samples according to a laboratory validation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Piette
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Scientific Institute of Public Health-Louis Pasteur, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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31
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Stöckigt J, Sheludk Y, Unger M, Gerasimenko I, Warzecha H, Stöckigt D. High-performance liquid chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic and capillary electrophoretic-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric analysis of selected alkaloid groups. J Chromatogr A 2002; 967:85-113. [PMID: 12219932 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systems for efficient separation of selected alkaloid groups by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) are described. The optimized HPLC system was applied for the separation of 23 standard indole alkaloids as well as for qualitative and quantitative analyses of crude alkaloid extracts of Rauvolfia serpentina X Rhazya stricta hybrid cell cultures. The developed conditions for CE analysis proved to be efficient for separation of mixtures of standard indole and beta-carboline alkaloids. The described buffer system is also applicable in the combination of CE with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. This analytical technique allowed the separation and identification of components of standard indole alkaloid mixture as well as crude extracts of R. serpentina roots, R. serpentina cell suspension cultures and cortex of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco. The influence of buffer composition and analyte structures on separation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Stöckigt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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32
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Wey AB, Thormann W. Head-column field-amplified sample stacking in presence of siphoning. Application to capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of opioids in urine. J Chromatogr A 2001; 924:507-18. [PMID: 11521903 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with head-column field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) in presence of a water plug inserted at the capillary tip is a robust approach providing a more than 1000-fold sensitivity enhancement when applied to low-conductivity samples that are analyzed in an integrated instrument. Employing modular systems comprising a small hydrodynamic buffer flow (siphoning) towards the capillary end and featuring UV absorption or electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection, insertion of a water plug is demonstrated to deteriorate the performance of head-column FASS or making it unfunctional. Electroinjection in the absence of the water plug can be employed instead and is shown to provide a ng/ml sensitivity when applied to low conductivity samples. With some suction of sample into the capillary during electroinjection, contamination of the sample vial with buffer is thereby largely avoided. Electroinjection applied to the CE-ion trap MS-MS and MS-MS-MS analysis of twofold diluted urines, urinary solid-phase extracts and urinary liquid-liquid extracts is shown to provide much improved sensitivity compared to hydrodynamic injection of these samples. With electroinjection from diluted urine and urinary solid-phase extracts, the presence of free opioids and their glucuronic acid conjugates can be unambiguously confirmed in urines that were collected after single-dose administration of small amounts of opioids (tested with about 7 mg codeine and 25 mg dihydrocodeine, respectively). Thus, CE-multiple MS with direct electroinjection of opioids from untreated urines could prove to become a rapid and simple approach for unambiguous urinary testing of drug abuse. Procedures leading to the reduction of siphoning in modular CE setups are briefly discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Wey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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33
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Wey AB, Thormann W. Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for analysis and confirmation testing of morphine and related compounds in urine. J Chromatogr A 2001; 916:225-38. [PMID: 11382295 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using an aqueous background electrolyte containing 25 mM ammonium acetate and NH3 (pH 9), CE-tandem MS and CE-triple MS with atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode are shown to represent attractive approaches for analysis and confirmation testing of morphine (MOR) and related opioids in human urine. Injection of plain or diluted urine permits monitoring of solutes at concentrations above 2-5 microg/ml. For the recognition of lower concentrations, solute extraction and concentration is required. Liquid-liquid extraction at alkaline pH is shown to be suitable for analysis of free opioids only whereas solid-phase extraction using a mixed-mode polymer phase is demonstrated to permit analysis of both free and glucuronidated opioids. The former sample preparation approach, however, requires about half of the time only. Commencing with 2 ml of urine, reconstitution to provide a sample volume of 0.2 ml and hydrodynamic sample injection, detection limits for free opioids are shown to be on the 100-200 ng/ml drug level. Much improved (ppb) sensitivity is obtained by infusing the extract directly into the source of the MS system. However, solutes that produce equal fragments (such as the two glucuronides of MOR) can thereby not be distinguished. CE-tandem MS and CE-triple MS are demonstrated to be suitable to confirm the presence of MOR, MOR-3-glucuronide, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine, codeine-6-glucuronide, dihydrocodeine, methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine in a toxicological quality control urine. The same is shown for selected metabolites of codeine and dihydrocodeine in urines collected after administration of pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Wey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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34
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Quirino JP, Terabe S. Sample stacking of cationic and anionic analytes in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:119-35. [PMID: 11192151 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of charged species along concentration boundaries in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) that was first described in detail by Everaerts et al. in 1979 assured the possibility of concentrating charged solutes inside the capillary. The concentration effect is based on the sudden change in analyte electrophoretic velocity brought about by the difference in the magnitude of the electric field. Furthermore, this on-line method could be the needed solution to the problem of low concentration sensitivity in CZE. Sample stacking, which is now its well known name, has then found valuable use in applying CZE in many fields, especially after the in-depth studies performed in the early 90s by Chien and Burgi. This article reviews the theory and methodological developments of sample stacking developed for charged analytes in CZE and also in electrokinetic chromatography. A table conveying the reported applications especially in the biomedical and environmental fields is given. On top of this, other on-line concentration methods for charged species, namely, sample self-stacking, acetonitrile stacking, sweeping, cation selective exhaustive injection-sweeping, and use of a pH junction, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Quirino
- Faculty of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Hyogo, Japan.
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35
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Laboratory study of the effects of citric and ascorbic acids on injections prepared with brown heroin. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2000; 11:417-422. [PMID: 11099922 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-3959(00)00068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The addition of acidic substances to brown street heroin to facilitate the solubility of diamorphine in the injection preparation process is commonplace amongst UK injectors. Knowledge of the chemistry behind this process supports the need for this stage in the injection preparation process. It is currently illegal, under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, section 9A, to supply acidifiers and other paraphernalia to injectors in the UK. In the current climate of evidence-based practice, any consideration given to changing the law would look for evidence to illustrate that the paraphernalia was necessary. Although the theory behind the use of acidifiers suggests they are essential, no previous work using street heroin has actually been reported to illustrate this fact. Anecdotal information has found that drug users are being told by some service providers that the addition of acids is unnecessary. It is important that drugs services give credible information to their clients. The provision of inaccurate information in one area may lead to a lack of trust of all information provided. The small study reported here investigated, under controlled laboratory conditions, the effects of citric and ascorbic acids (vitamin C) on injections prepared with brown heroin, in order to demonstrate the need for acidifiers in the injection preparation process.
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36
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Wey AB, Caslavska J, Thormann W. Analysis of codeine, dihydrocodeine and their glucuronides in human urine by electrokinetic capillary immunoassays and capillary electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:133-46. [PMID: 11105855 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Screening for and confirmation of illicit, abused and banned drugs in human urine is a timely topic in which capillary separation techniques play a key role. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) represents the newest technology employed in this field of analysis. Two rapid competitive binding, electrokinetic capillary-based immunoassays are shown to be capable of recognizing the presence, but not the identity, of urinary opioids, namely codeine (COD), codeine-6-glucuronide, dihydrocodeine (DHC), dihydrocodeine-6-glucuronide, morphine (MOR), morphine-3-glucuronide and ethylmorphine (EMOR). In these approaches, aliquots of urine and immunoreagents of a commercial, broadly cross-reacting fluorescence polarization immunoassay for opiates were combined and analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis or micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser induced fluorescence detection. With the fluorescent tracer solution employed, the former method is shown to provide simple electropherograms which are characterized by an opioid concentration dependent magnitude of the free tracer peak. In presence of dodecyl sulfate micelles, however, two tracer peaks with equal opioid concentration sensitivity are monitored. These data suggest the presence of two fluorescent tracers which react competitively with the urinary opioids for the binding sites of the antibody. Assay sensitivities for COD and MOR are comparable (10 ng/ml), whereas those for DHC and EMOR are about four-fold lower. Furthermore, glucuronides are shown to react like the corresponding free opioids. Analysis of urines that were collected after administration of 7 mg COD and 25 mg DHC tested positively in both assay formats. The presence of the free and conjugated codeinoids in these urines and their identification was accomplished by capillary electrophoresis-ion trap mass spectrometry (CE-MS). This confirmatory assay is based upon solid-phase extraction using a mixed-mode polymer cartridge followed by CE hyphenated to the LCQ mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode. With this technology, MS2 is employed for proper identification of COD (m/z 300.4) and DHC (m/z 302.4) whereas MS3 provides unambiguous identification of the glucuronides of COD (m/z 476.5) and DHC (m/z 478.5) via their fragmentation to COD and DHC, respectively. MSn (n > or = 2) is shown to be capable of properly identifying the urinary codeinoids on the 100-200 ng/ml concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Wey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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37
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Denk OM, Watson DG, Skellern GG. Micellar electrokinetic and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of potential manufacturing impurities in pholcodine. J Chromatogr A 2000; 895:9-16. [PMID: 11105843 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) methods have been developed for the determination of four structurally related potential manufacturing impurities, including morphine, of the opiate derivative pholcodine. Pholcodine and the four impurities were separated by MEKC in less than 14 min using a 70 cm x 75 microm I.D. uncoated fused-silica capillary (25 kV at 30 degrees C) and a running buffer consisting of 10% acetonitrile (v/v) in 20 mM borate-phosphate buffer pH 8.0 containing 40 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The MEKC method was compared to a HPLC method using a 5 microm Luna phenyl-hexyl column (150 x 4.6 mm I.D.) eluted with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 10% (v/v) acetonitrile, 7% (v/v) tetrahydrofuran in 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 8.0. Both methods were fully validated and a comparison was made regarding selectivity, linearity, precision, robustness and limits of detection and quantitation. The presence of the impurities in different samples of pholcodine drug substance was investigated using both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Denk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Scotland, UK
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38
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HPCE analysis of hydrolysing morphine derivatives. Quantitation of decomposition rate and mobility. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Chapter 1 Opiate agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(00)80051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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Thormann W, Wey AB, Lurie IS, Gerber H, Byland C, Malik N, Hochmeister M, Gehrig C. Capillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis: recent advances and breakthrough to routine applications. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:3203-36. [PMID: 10596826 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991001)20:15/16<3203::aid-elps3203>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a comprehensive review article on capillary electrophoresis (CE) in clinical and forensic analysis. It is based upon the literature of 1997 and 1998, presents CE examples in major fields of application, and provides an overview of the key achievements encountered, including those associated with the analysis of drugs, serum proteins, hemoglobin variants, and nucleic acids. For CE in clinical and forensic analysis, the past two years witnessed a breakthrough to routine applications. As most coauthors of this review are associated with diagnostic or forensic laboratories now using CE on a routine basis, this review also contains data from routine applications in drug, protein, and DNA analysis. With the first-hand experience of providing analytical service under stringent quality control conditions, aspects of quality assurance, assay specifications for clinical and forensic CE and the pros and cons of this maturing, cost-and pollution-controlled age technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thormann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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41
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Boone CM, Waterval JC, Lingeman H, Ensing K, Underberg WJ. Capillary electrophoresis as a versatile tool for the bioanalysis of drugs--a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:831-63. [PMID: 10746954 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of current research on the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the analysis of drugs in biological matrices. The principles of capillary electrophoresis and its various separation and detection modes are briefly discussed. Sample pretreatment methods which have been used for clean-up and concentration are discussed. Finally, an extensive overview of bioanalytical applications is presented. The bioanalyses of more than 200 drugs have been summarised, including the applied sample pretreatment methods and the achieved detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Boone
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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42
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Nowatzke W, Zeng J, Saunders A, Bohrer A, Koenig J, Turk J. Distinction among eight opiate drugs in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 20:815-28. [PMID: 10701990 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Opiates are commonly abused substances, and forensic urine drug-testing for them requires gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) confirmation. There are also medical reasons to test urine for opiates, and confirmation procedures other than GC-MS are often used for medical drug-testing. A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method distinguishes morphine, acetylmorphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone in clinical specimens. In certain clinical circumstances, GC-MS confirmation is requested for opiates identified by TLC, but, to our knowledge, no previous report examines all of the above opiates in a single GC-MS procedure. We find that they can be distinguished by GC-MS analyses of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives, and identities of 6-keto opiates can be further confirmed by GC-MS analysis of methoxime (MO)-TMS derivatives. Inclusion of deuterium-labeled internal standards permits identification of the opiates in urine at concentrations below the TLC cutoff level of 600 ng/ml, and the GC-MS assay is linear over a concentration range that spans that level. This GC-MS procedure has proved useful as a third-stage identification step in a medical drug-testing sequence involving prior immunoassay and TLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nowatzke
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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43
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Wey AB, Zhang CX, Thormann W. Head-column field-amplified sample stacking in binary system capillary electrophoresis. Preparation of extracts for determination of opioids in microliter amounts of body fluids. J Chromatogr A 1999; 853:95-106. [PMID: 10486716 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Head-column field-amplified sample stacking (head-column FASS) is an efficient, on-line sample concentration technique that can easily provide a sensitivity enhancement of three orders of magnitude. Application of head-column FASS to the capillary electrophoretic analysis of opioid extracts prepared from 20 to 100 microliters of human plasma, serum or urine is reported. In the described approach, efficient concentration of cationic opiates from low conductivity extracts of body fluids is effected across a water plug, with separation taking place in a binary buffer comprising 60% (v/v) ethylene glycol, 75 mM Na2HPO4 and 25 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 7.9), and detection is effected at 210 nm. Sample extracts are prepared in 55% (v/v) ethylene glycol containing 100 microM H3PO4. Application of mixed-mode polymer solid-phase resins is shown to provide extracts that are either too salty or contain quite a large number of endogenous substances that could interfere with certain opioids. Liquid-liquid extraction with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane-isopropanol is shown to provide extracts that are sufficiently clean. At a given pH, however, only closely related opioids can be extracted. Using ethyl acetate at alkaline pH, dihydrocodeine and nordihydrocodeine can reproducibly be recovered from 20-100 microliters of plasma, serum and urine. Application of head-column FASS and UV absorption detection thereby leads to the determination of ppb concentrations (> or = 1 ng/ml) of these compounds, an approach that only requires microliter amounts of sample and organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Wey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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44
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Lazar IM, Naisbitt G, Lee ML. Capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry of an opium powder. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wu WS, Tsai JL. Analysis of morphine and morphine-3beta-D glucuronide in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis with minimal sample pretreatment. Biomed Chromatogr 1999; 13:216-9. [PMID: 10375121 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199905)13:3<216::aid-bmc821>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of two of the metabolites of heroin, free morphine and morphine 3-beta-D-glucuronide (MO3G) in acidified urine samples was simultaneously determined by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). In a run buffer containing 50 mM sodium borate and 250 mM boric acid (pH 8.6), free morphine migrates before a group of neutral compounds (peak N) in urine, which move with the velocity of electro-osmotic flow. In contrast, the glucuronidated form is negatively charged and migrates behind peak N. Both analytes can be precisely identified within their respective analytical window by their migration time with respect to peak N. The on-line multi-wavelengths scanning of the peak permits further confirmation. The detection sensitivity of both analytes was increased three-four fold if the samples were introduced with electro-injection as compared with hydrodynamic injection. Limits of detection (LOD) of free and conjugated morphine using electro-injection were 200 ng/mL and 500 ng/mL, respectively, determined at a 3:1 signal to noise ratio. A dramatic increase of free morphine was observed after acid hydrolysis of the urine concomitantly with the decrease of the glucuronidated form. We conclude that CZE is a rapid, simple, sensitive and useful screening technique for detection of heroin metabolites in the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Wu
- Poison Control and Analysis Center, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan
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46
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Krivácsy Z, Gelencsér A, Hlavay J, Kiss G, Sárvári Z. Electrokinetic injection in capillary electrophoresis and its application to the analysis of inorganic compounds. J Chromatogr A 1999; 834:21-44. [PMID: 10189689 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In capillary electrophoresis, electrokinetic injection is a highly controversial sampling technique. It is a simple mode of sample introduction which is suitable for on-line preconcentration of the analytes, but its precision and accuracy are more strongly affected by experimental conditions compared to hydrodynamic injection. In the first part of this paper the features of electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injections are compared, followed by a detailed discussion on the different biases of electrokinetic injection and on how to reduce them. Finally, applications of the electrokinetic injection are reviewed with special emphasis on the analysis of inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Krivácsy
- University of Veszprém, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Hungary.
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Wey AB, Thormann W. Head-column field-amplified sample stacking in binary-system capillary electrophoresis: The need for the water plug. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02468971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Taylor RB, Toasaksiri S, Reid RG. A literature assessment of sample pretreatments and limits of detection for capillary electrophoresis of drugs in biological fluids and practical investigation with some antimalarials in plasma. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2791-7. [PMID: 9870375 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A literature survey on published reports of the determination of drugs in biological fluids shows that all methods of sample pretreatment have been used and that the limits of detection achieved vary widely, ranging from low ngcm(-3) to microgcm(-3). The most widely used injection method was hydrodynamic and, in the majority of cases, whenever low detection limits were achieved, this was a result of preconcentration during the sample pretreatment. Only a small proportion of the reported methods employed electrokinetic injection and utilised the field amplified sample injection (FASI) techniques. An experimental investigation of the alternative hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection methods for a small set of antimalarial drugs is reported. It was found that electrokinetic injection with FASI from an acetonitrile-water matrix produced dramatic improvements in detection limits. This improvement could not, however, be achieved when the drugs were in plasma using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction pretreatment methods. This highlights the importance of sample pretreatment in utilising the potential sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis with electrokinetic injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK.
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Tagliaro F, Turrina S, Pisi P, Smith FP, Marigo M. Determination of illicit and/or abused drugs and compounds of forensic interest in biosamples by capillary electrophoretic/electrokinetic methods. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:27-49. [PMID: 9700551 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods in forensic toxicology for the determination of illicit and/or misused drugs in biological samples is reviewed in the present paper. Sample pretreatments and direct injection modes used in CE for analysis of drugs in biological fluids are briefly described. Besides, applications of separation methods based on capillary zone electrophoresis or micellar electrokinetic chromatography with UV absorbance detection to (i) analysis of drugs of abuse, (ii) analysis of other drugs and toxicants of potential forensic interest and (iii) for metabolism studies are reviewed. Also, alternative CE methods are briefly discussed, including capillary isotachophoresis and separation on mixed polymer networks. High sensitivity detection methods used for forensic drug analysis in biological samples are then presented, particularly those based on laser induced fluorescence. A glimpse of the first examples of application of CE-mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology is finally given.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tagliaro
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Italy
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50
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