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Ridhwan MJM, Bakar SIA, Latip NA, Ghani NA, Ismail NH. A Comprehensive Analysis of Human CYP3A4 Crystal Structures as a Potential Tool for Molecular Docking-Based Site of Metabolism and Enzyme Inhibition Studies. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOPHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 21:259-285. [DOI: 10.1142/s2737416522300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The notable ability of human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) to metabolize diverse xenobiotics encourages researchers to explore in-depth the mechanism of enzyme action. Numerous CYP3A4 protein crystal structures have been deposited in protein data bank (PDB) and are majorly used in molecular docking analysis. The quality of the molecular docking results depends on the three-dimensional CYP3A4 protein crystal structures from the PDB. Present review endeavors to provide a brief outline of some technical parameters of CYP3A4 PDB entries as valuable information for molecular docking research. PDB entries between 22 April 2004 and 2 June 2021 were compiled and the active sites were thoroughly observed. The present review identified 76 deposited PDB entries and described basic information that includes CYP3A4 from human genetic, Escherichia coli (E. coli) use for protein expression, crystal structure obtained from X-ray diffraction method, taxonomy ID 9606, Uniprot ID P08684, ligand–protein structure description, co-crystal ligand, protein site deposit and resolution ranges between 1.7[Formula: see text]Å and 2.95[Formula: see text]Å. The observation of protein–ligand interactions showed the various residues on the active site depending on the ligand. The residues Ala305, Ser119, Ala370, Phe304, Phe108, Phe213 and Phe215 have been found to frequently interact with ligands from CYP3A4 PDB. Literature surveys of 17 co-crystal ligands reveal multiple mechanisms that include competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, mixed-mode inhibition, mechanism-based inhibition, substrate with metabolite, inducer, or combination modes of action. This overview may help researchers choose a trustworthy CYP3A4 protein structure from the PDB database to apply the protein in molecular docking analysis for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Jemain Mohamad Ridhwan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahrul Imran Abu Bakar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normala Abd Latip
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurunajah Ab Ghani
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
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Weiss J, Foerster KI, Weber M, Burhenne J, Mikus G, Lehr T, Haefeli WE. Does the circulating ketoconazole metabolite N-deacetyl ketoconazole contribute to the drug-drug interaction potential of the parent compound? Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106076. [PMID: 34856349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketoconazole is a strong inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and is often used as an index inhibitor especially for CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism. A preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for drug-drug interactions indicated possible involvement of a metabolite to the perpetrator potential of ketoconazole. Still unknown for humans, in rodents, N-deacetyl ketoconazole (DAK) has been identified as the major ketoconazole metabolite. We therefore investigated in vitro, whether DAK also inhibits the human CYPs and drug transporters targeted by ketoconazole and quantified DAK in human plasma from healthy volunteers after receiving a single oral dose of 400 mg ketoconazole. Our data demonstrated that DAK also inhibits CYP3A4 (2.4-fold less potent than ketoconazole), CYP2D6 (13-fold more potent than ketoconazole), CYP2C19 (equally potent), P-gp (3.4-fold less potent than ketoconazole), breast cancer resistance protein (more potent than ketoconazole) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (7.8-fold and 2.6-fold less potent than ketoconazole). After a single oral dose of 400 mg ketoconazole, maximum concentrations of DAK in human plasma were only 3.1 ‰ of the parent compound. However, assuming that DAK also highly accumulates in the human liver as demonstrated for rodents, inhibition of the proteins investigated could also be conceivable in vivo. In conclusion, DAK inhibits several CYPs and drug transporters, which might contribute to the perpetrator potential of ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Isabelle Foerster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Mikus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C5 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Walter Emil Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Amponsah-Efah KK, Mistry P, Eisenhart R, Suryanarayanan R. The Influence of the Strength of Drug-Polymer Interactions on the Dissolution of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:174-186. [PMID: 33332132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier report, ionic interactions between ketoconazole (KTZ), a weakly basic drug, and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), an anionic polymer, resulted in a dramatic decrease in molecular mobility as well as reduced crystallization propensity of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) in the solid state. On the other hand, weaker dipole-dipole interactions between KTZ and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) resulted in ASDs with higher crystallization propensity (Mistry Mol Pharm., 2015, 12 (9), 3339-3350). In this work, we investigated the behavior of the ketoconazole (KTZ) solid dispersions in aqueous media. In vitro dissolution tests showed that the PAA ASD maintained the level of supersaturation for a longer duration than the PVP ASD at low polymer contents (4-20% w/w polymer). Additionally, the PAA ASDs were more resistant to drug crystallization in aqueous medium when measured with synchrotron X-ray diffractometry. Two-dimensional 1H nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) NMR cross peaks between ketoconazole and PAA confirmed the existence of drug-polymer interactions in D2O. The interaction was accompanied by a reduced drug diffusivity as monitored by 2D diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR and enthalpy-driven when characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). On the other hand, drug-polymer interactions were not detected between ketoconazole and PVP in aqueous solution, with NOESY, DOSY, or ITC. The results suggest that interactions that stabilize ASDs in the solid state can also be relevant and important in sustaining supersaturation in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kweku K Amponsah-Efah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pinal Mistry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Reed Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Dunne CE, Bushee AJ. Ocular non-P450 oxidative, reductive, hydrolytic, and conjugative drug metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:372-394. [PMID: 28438049 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1322609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism in the eye for any species, laboratory animals or human, is gaining rapid interest as pharmaceutical scientists aim to treat a wide range of so-called incurable ocular diseases. Over a period of decades, reports of metabolic activity toward various drugs and biochemical markers have emerged in select ocular tissues of animals and humans. Ocular cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters have been recently reviewed. However, there is a dearth of collated information on non-P450 drug metabolizing enzymes in eyes of various preclinical species and humans in health and disease. In an effort to complement ocular P450s and transporters, which have been well reviewed in the literature, this review is aimed at presenting collective information on non-P450 oxidative, hydrolytic, and conjugative ocular drug metabolizing enzymes. Herein, we also present a list of xenobiotics or drugs that have been reported to be metabolized in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra A Argikar
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Dumouchel
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Christine E Dunne
- b Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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5
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Cirello AL, Dumouchel JL, Gunduz M, Dunne CE, Argikar UA. In vitro ocular metabolism and bioactivation of ketoconazole in rat, rabbit and human. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:121-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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6
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Revisiting the Metabolism and Bioactivation of Ketoconazole in Human and Mouse Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030621. [PMID: 28335386 PMCID: PMC5372636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ketoconazole (KCZ) has been used worldwide for 30 years, its metabolic characteristics are poorly described. Moreover, the hepatotoxicity of KCZ limits its therapeutic use. In this study, we used liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to evaluate the metabolic profile of KCZ in mouse and human and identify the mechanisms underlying its hepatotoxicity. A total of 28 metabolites of KCZ, 11 of which were novel, were identified in this study. Newly identified metabolites were classified into three categories according to the metabolic positions of a piperazine ring, imidazole ring, and N-acetyl moiety. The metabolic characteristics of KCZ in human were comparable to those in mouse. Moreover, three cyanide adducts of KCZ were identified in mouse and human liver microsomal incubates as “flags” to trigger additional toxicity study. The oxidation of piperazine into iminium ion is suggested as a biotransformation responsible for bioactivation. In summary, the metabolic characteristics of KCZ, including reactive metabolites, were comprehensively understood using a metabolomics approach.
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Rösch A, Anliker S, Hollender J. How Biotransformation Influences Toxicokinetics of Azole Fungicides in the Aquatic Invertebrate Gammarus pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7175-7188. [PMID: 27232586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation is a key process that can greatly influence the bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of organic compounds. In this study, biotransformation of seven frequently used azole fungicides (triazoles: cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, fluconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole and imidazoles: ketoconazole, prochloraz) was investigated in the aquatic invertebrate Gammarus pulex in a 24 h exposure experiment. Additionally, temporal trends of the whole body internal concentrations of epoxiconazole, prochloraz, and their respective biotransformation products (BTPs) were studied to gain insight into toxicokinetic processes such as uptake, elimination and biotransformation. By the use of high resolution tandem mass spectrometry in total 37 BTPs were identified. Between one (ketoconazole) and six (epoxiconazole) BTPs were identified per parent compound except for prochloraz, which showed extensive biotransformation reactions with 18 BTPs detected that were mainly formed through ring cleavage or ring loss. In general, most BTPs were formed by oxidation and conjugation reactions. Ring loss or ring cleavage was only observed for the imidazoles as expected from the general mechanism of oxidative ring openings of imidazoles, likely affecting the bioactivity of these BTPs. Overall, internal concentrations of BTPs were up to 3 orders of magnitude lower than that of the corresponding parent compound. Thus, biotransformation did not dominate toxicokinetics and only played a minor role in elimination of the respective parent compound, with the exception of prochloraz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rösch
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Anliker
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Liu J, Lu G, Yang H, Yan Z, Wang Y, Wang P. Bioconcentration and metabolism of ketoconazole and effects on multi-biomarkers in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:145-151. [PMID: 26901470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism and biological effects of the antifungal medication ketoconazole were investigated in fish, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to a series of nominal concentrations (0.2, 2 and 20 μg/L) for 14 days. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy (UPLC/MS/MS) analysis was used to determine the bioconcentration of ketoconazole and its metabolites in fish. The highest tissue concentration of ketoconazole was observed in the liver with the bioconcentration factor of 257.2, which is lower than the estimated BCF value. The ability of crucian carp to metabolize ketoconazole was confirmed and the results pointed out the existence of seven metabolites likely formed via oxidation of imidazole ring and the metabolic alteration of the piperazine rings. In addition, acetylcholinesterase, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase changed significantly after 3, 7 and 14 days of exposure (P < 0.05), which indicated that the accumulation and metabolism of ketoconazole in fish tissues may account for the biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Grunwald H, Hargreaves P, Gebhardt K, Klauer D, Serafyn A, Schmitt-Hoffmann A, Schleimer M, Schlotterbeck G, Wind M. Experiments for a systematic comparison between stable-isotope-(deuterium) labeling and radio-(14C) labeling for the elucidation of the in vitro metabolic pattern of pharmaceutical drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 85:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tachibana S, Tanaka M, Fujimaki Y, Suzuki W, Ookuma T, Ohori Y, Hayashi KI, Iwata H, Okazaki O, Sudo KI. Metabolism of the calmodulin antagonist DY-9760e in animals and humans. Xenobiotica 2008; 35:499-517. [PMID: 16012081 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500136692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of the calmodulin antagonist DY-9760e was investigated using liver microsomes from humans and three other animal species and compared with the in vivo metabolism in rats after intravenous administration of DY-9760e. Seven major metabolites were produced by human liver microsomes by the following metabolic pathways: N-dealkylation, phenyl hydroxylation, O-demethylation and imidazole oxidation. These metabolites were also produced by liver microsomes from monkeys, dogs and rats; additionally, a hydroxylated derivative of the indazole moiety was produced only by rat microsomes. To identify the structures of two imidazole ring metabolites whose authentic compounds could not be obtained, Escherichia coli co-expressing human cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and NADPH-P450 reductase was used to biosynthesize these metabolites. NMR spectra elucidated the precise structures; oxidation occurred at the imidazole ring, and the subsequent ring-opening resulted in the generation of amide and formylamine groups. Glucuronide conjugates of the hydroxylated and O-demethylated derivatives were major components in rat bile. Therefore, DY-9760e metabolites generated in vitro correspond to the aglycones of the major metabolites observed in rat bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tachibana
- Drug Metabolism and Physicochemistry Research Laboratories, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
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Arikuma T, Yoshikawa S, Azuma R, Watanabe K, Matsumura K, Konagaya A. Drug interaction prediction using ontology-driven hypothetical assertion framework for pathway generation followed by numerical simulation. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9 Suppl 6:S11. [PMID: 18541046 PMCID: PMC2423434 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-s6-s11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In accordance with the increasing amount of information concerning individual differences in drug response and molecular interaction, the role of in silico prediction of drug interaction on the pathway level is becoming more and more important. However, in view of the interferences for the identification of new drug interactions, most conventional information models of a biological pathway would have limitations. As a reflection of real world biological events triggered by a stimulus, it is important to facilitate the incorporation of known molecular events for inferring (unknown) possible pathways and hypothetic drug interactions. Here, we propose a new Ontology-Driven Hypothetic Assertion (OHA) framework including pathway generation, drug interaction detection, simulation model generation, numerical simulation, and hypothetic assertion. Potential drug interactions are detected from drug metabolic pathways dynamically generated by molecular events triggered after the administration of certain drugs. Numerical simulation enables to estimate the degree of side effects caused by the predicted drug interactions. New hypothetic assertions of the potential drug interactions and simulation are deduced from the Drug Interaction Ontology (DIO) written in Web Ontology Language (OWL). RESULTS The concept of the Ontology-Driven Hypothetic Assertion (OHA) framework was demonstrated with known interactions between irinotecan (CPT-11) and ketoconazole. Four drug interactions that involved cytochrome p450 (CYP3A4) and albumin as potential drug interaction proteins were automatically detected from Drug Interaction Ontology (DIO). The effect of the two interactions involving CYP3A4 were quantitatively evaluated with numerical simulation. The co-administration of ketoconazole may increase AUC and Cmax of SN-38(active metabolite of irinotecan) to 108% and 105%, respectively. We also estimates the potential effects of genetic variations: the AUC and Cmax of SN-38 may increase to 208% and 165% respectively with the genetic variation UGT1A1*28/*28 which reduces the expression of UGT1A1 down to 30%. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the Ontology-Driven Hypothetic Assertion framework is a promising approach for in silico prediction of drug interactions. The following future researches for the in silico prediction of individual differences in the response to the drug and drug interactions after the administration of multiple drugs: expansion of the Drug Interaction Ontology for other drugs, and incorporation of virtual population model for genetic variation analysis, as well as refinement of the pathway generation rules, the drug interaction detection rules, and the numerical simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Arikuma
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mousa BA, El-Kousy NM, El-Bagary RI, Mohamed NG. Stability Indicating Methods for the Determination of some Anti-fungal Agents Using Densitometric and RP-HPLC Methods. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:143-9. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahia Abbas Mousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University
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Casley WL, Ogrodowczyk C, Larocque L, Jaentschke B, LeBlanc-Westwood C, Menzies JA, Whitehouse L, Hefford MA, Aubin RA, Thorn CF, Whitehead AS, Li X. Cytotoxic doses of ketoconazole affect expression of a subset of hepatic genes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1946-1955. [PMID: 17966066 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701551407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ketoconazole is a widely prescribed antifungal drug, which has also been investigated as an anticancer therapy in both clinical and pre-clinical settings. However, severe hepatic injuries were reported to be associated with the use of ketoconazole, even in patients routinely monitored for their liver functions. Several questions concerning ketoconazole-induced hepatic injury remain unanswered, including (1) does ketoconazole alter cytochrome P450 expression at the transcriptional level?, (2) what types of gene products responsible for cytotoxicity are induced by ketoconazole?, and (3) what role do the major metabolites of ketoconazole play in this pathophysiologic process? A mouse model was employed to investigate hepatic gene expression following hepatotoxic doses of ketoconazole. Hepatic gene expression was analyzed using a toxicogenomic microarray platform, which is comprised of cDNA probes generated from livers exposed to various hepatoxicants. These hepatoxicants fall into five well-studied toxicological categories: peroxisome proliferators, aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists, noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, inflammatory agents, and hypoxia-inducing agents. Nine genes encoding enzymes involved in Phase I metabolism and one Phase II enzyme (glutathione S-transferase) were found to be upregulated. Serum amyloid A (SAA1/2) and hepcidin were the only genes that were downregulated among the 2364 genes assessed. In vitro cytotoxicity and transcription analyses revealed that SAA and hepcidin are associated with the general toxicity of ketoconazole, and might be usefully explored as generalized surrogate markers of xenobiotic-induced hepatic injury. Finally, it was shown that the primary metabolite of ketoconazole (de-N-acetyl ketoconazole) is largely responsible for the hepatoxicity and the downregulation of SAA and hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Casley
- Center for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Argoti D, Liang L, Conteh A, Chen L, Bershas D, Yu CP, Vouros P, Yang E. Cyanide Trapping of Iminium Ion Reactive Intermediates Followed by Detection and Structure Identification Using Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:1537-44. [PMID: 16533017 DOI: 10.1021/tx0501637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary and tertiary alicyclic amines are widely found in pharmaceuticals and environmental compounds. The formation of iminium ions as reactive intermediates in the metabolic activation of alicyclic amines has previously been investigated in radiometric assays where radiolabeled cyanide is typically employed. In this paper, we report a relatively high throughput LC-MS/MS method for the detection of the nonradiolabeled cyanide adduct formed in rat or human liver microsomal incubations via constant neutral loss scan followed by structural characterization using product ion scan on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. A total of 14 alicyclic amine compounds were investigated with the cyanide trapping LC-MS/MS screen and also with the glutathione (GSH) trapping screen, a well-established and commonly employed technique for reactive metabolite screening. Our results are found to be in general agreement with the previous metabolism reports for these compounds, demonstrating the effectiveness, speed, and simplicity of the cyanide trapping LC-MS/MS method to study the iminium ion intermediates from alicyclic amines and its complementarities to GSH trapping method for reactive metabolite screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Argoti
- The Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Miller RR, Doss GA, Stearns RA. IDENTIFICATION OF A HYDROXYLAMINE GLUCURONIDE METABOLITE OF AN ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:178-85. [PMID: 14744939 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.2.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronides of piperazine hydroxylamines are rarely reported in the literature, and even more rarely are their structures unambiguously identified. One major metabolite was detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-radioactivity in urine from monkeys treated with the aryl piperazine oral hypoglycemic agent 9-[(1S,2R)-2-fluoro-1-methylpropyl]-2-methoxy-6-(1-piperazinyl) purine hydrochloride (1). The mass spectrum of this metabolite indicated that it was both monooxygenated and glucuronidated on the piperazine ring. Possible structures included the N- or O-glucuronic acid conjugates of a carbinolamine, hydroxylamine, or N-oxide. Treatment with beta-glucuronidase gave a monooxygenated derivative of the parent compound. 1H NMR analysis of either the glucuronic acid conjugate or the monooxygenated product provided insufficient evidence to unambiguously determine their structures. Incubation of 1 with pig liver microsomes resulted in formation of the same monooxygenated derivative derived from beta-glucuronidase treatment of the glucuronide metabolite. This in vitro system was used to generate sufficient material for analysis by 13C NMR, and the metabolite was identified as a hydroxylamine derivative 2. Incubation of the hydroxylamine with monkey liver microsomes and uridine diphospho-5'-glucuronic acid gave the same glucuronic acid conjugate as that observed in monkey urine. 13C NMR analysis of this biosynthetic product led to its unequivocal structure assignment as the O-glucuronic acid conjugate of the hydroxylamine 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall R Miller
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Dalvie DK, Kalgutkar AS, Khojasteh-Bakht SC, Obach RS, O'Donnell JP. Biotransformation reactions of five-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:269-99. [PMID: 11896674 DOI: 10.1021/tx015574b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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