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Branković J, Matejić V, Simijonović D, Vukić MD, Kačaniova M, Živanović M, Mirić A, Košarić J, Branković M, Petrović VP. Novel N-pyrocatechoyl and N-pyrogalloyl hydrazone antioxidants endowed with cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300725. [PMID: 38346258 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, pharmacological agents bearing antioxidant merits arose as beneficial in the prophylaxis and treatment of various health conditions. Hazardous effects of radical species hyperproduction disrupt normal cell functioning, thus increasing the possibility for the development of various oxidative stress-associated disorders, such as cancer. Contributing to the efforts for efficient antioxidant drug discovery, a thorough in vitro and in silico assessment of antioxidant properties of 14 newly synthesized N-pyrocatechoyl and N-pyrogalloyl hydrazones (N-PYRs) was accomplished. All compounds exhibited excellent antioxidant potency against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The extensive in silico analysis revealed multiple favorable features of N-PYRs to inactivate harmful radical species, which supported the obtained in vitro results. Also, in silico experiments provided insights into the preferable antioxidant pathways. Prompted by these findings, the cytotoxicity effects and the influence on the redox status of cancer HCT-116 cells and healthy fibroblasts MRC-5 were evaluated. These investigations exposed four analogs exhibiting both cytotoxicity and selectivity toward cancer cells. Furthermore, the frequently uncovered antimicrobial potency of hydrazone-type hybrids encouraged investigations on G+ and G- bacterial strains, which revealed the antibacterial potency of several N-PYRs. These findings highlighted the N-PYRs as excellent antioxidant agents endowed with cytotoxic and antibacterial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovica Branković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vesna Matejić
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Čačak, Serbia
| | - Dušica Simijonović
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milena D Vukić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Kačaniova
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Marko Živanović
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ana Mirić
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Košarić
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Branković
- Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vladimir P Petrović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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2
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Hypochlorous Acid Chemistry in Mammalian Cells—Influence on Infection and Role in Various Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810735. [PMID: 36142645 PMCID: PMC9504810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the formation of hypochlorous acid HOCl and the role of reactive chlorinated species (RCS), which are catalysed by the enzyme myeloperoxidase MPO, mainly located in leukocytes and which in turn contribute to cellular oxidative stress. The reactions of RCS with various organic molecules such as amines, amino acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and DNA are described, and an attempt is made to explain the chemical mechanisms of the formation of the various chlorinated derivatives and the data available so far on the effects of MPO, RCS and halogenative stress. Their presence in numerous pathologies such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, neurological and renal diseases, diabetes, and obesity is reviewed and were found to be a feature of debilitating diseases.
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3
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Ham YH, Pan G, Chan HW, Chan W. LC-MS/MS Quantitation of Formaldehyde-Glutathione Conjugates as Biomarkers of Formaldehyde Exposure and Exposure-Induced Antioxidants: A New Look on an Old Topic. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:858-866. [PMID: 35471961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to formaldehyde via both endogenous and exogenous sources. Prolonged exposure to formaldehyde is associated with many human diseases, such as lung cancer and leukemia. The goal of this study is to develop biomarkers to measure formaldehyde exposure, which could be used to predict the risk of associated diseases. As glutathione (GSH) is well-known for its crucial role in the detoxification of a wide variety of xenobiotics, including formaldehyde, we rigorously quantitated in this study the conjugates formed when formaldehyde reacted with GSH using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with an isotope dilution method. The results showed for the first time that (S)-1-(((R)-2-amino-3-(carboxymethylamino)-3-oxopropylthio)methyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (PGF) and thioproline-glycine (SPro-Gly) are major metabolites in both nonenzymatic reactions and formaldehyde-exposed human cells. In particular, over 35% of the formaldehyde from external sources was found to convert to SPro-Gly in the exposed cells. Interestingly, data showed that these exposure-induced adducts exhibited good antioxidative properties, which can protect cells from hydrogen peroxide mediated oxidative insult. It is anticipated that the findings of this study could shed light on developing PGF and SPro-Gly as dietary supplements and on the development of noninvasive methods to assess health risks associated with formaldehyde exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat-Hing Ham
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guanrui Pan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Wai Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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4
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Pan G, Ham YH, Chan HW, Yao J, Chan W. LC-MS/MS Coupled with a Stable-Isotope Dilution Method for the Quantitation of Thioproline-Glycine: A Novel Metabolite in Formaldehyde- and Oxidative Stress-Exposed Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1989-1996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanrui Pan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yat-Hing Ham
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ho Wai Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Yao
- Department of Mathematics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water
Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Kostryukova LV, Prozorovskiy VN, Medvedeva NV, Ipatova OM. Comparison of a new nanoform of the photosensitizer chlorin e6, based on plant phospholipids, with its free form. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:201-210. [PMID: 29435410 PMCID: PMC5794465 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an advanced method of treating cancer and various benign diseases, including infections. It uses light-activated molecules [photosensitizers (PSs)] to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when irradiated with light of a specific wavelength. This study examined the photophysical and photosensitizing activity of the PS chlorin e6 incorporated in a delivery system based on plant phospholipids. This new nanoform of chlorin e6 comprised particles with a diameter of 18.4 ± 2.5 nm and zeta potential of -34.6 ± 3.0 mV. Incorporation of chlorin e6 in phospholipid nanoparticles was observed to cause a bathochromic shift of Q-band absorption maximum by 14 nm without an absorption change in the range of the Soret band. Fluorescence intensity of chlorin e6 embedded in the phospholipid nanoparticles increased 1.7-fold. Chlorin e6 in phospholipid nanoparticles, when irradiated, was able to generate ROS as shown by oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the phospholipid matrix of the delivery system and reduced l-glutathione. In vivo it was demonstrated that the new nanoform of chlorin e6 provides more accumulation of PSs in tumor tissue than its free form. Moreover, its accumulation in the skin was lower and its elimination from the skin almost five times faster than when administered in free form. The observed differences of this new nanoform of chlorin e6 should lead to enhancement of antitumor efficacy and a decrease in phototoxicity.
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Chen H, Denton TT, Xu H, Calingasan N, Beal MF, Gibson GE. Reductions in the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in neurodegenerative disease - beneficial or detrimental? J Neurochem 2017; 139:823-838. [PMID: 27580471 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in metabolism and excess oxidative stress are prevalent in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) appears central to these abnormalities. KGDHC is diminished in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. KGDHC can not only be rate limiting for NADH production and for substrate level phosphorylation, but is also a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The goal of these studies was to determine how changes in KGDHC modify baseline ROS, the ability to buffer ROS, baseline glutathionylation, calcium modulation and cell death in response to external oxidants. In vivo, reducing KGDHC with adeno virus diminished neurogenesis and increased oxidative stress. In vitro, treatments of short duration increased ROS and glutathionylation and enhanced the ability of the cells to diminish the ROS from added oxidants. However, long-term reductions lessened the ability to diminish ROS, diminished glutathionylation and exaggerated oxidant-induced changes in calcium and cell death. Increasing KGDHC enhanced the ability of the cells to diminish externally added ROS and protected against oxidant-induced changes in calcium and cell death. The results suggest that brief periods of diminished KGDHC are protective, while prolonged reductions are harmful. Furthermore, elevated KGDHC activities are protective. Thus, mitogenic therapies that increase KGDHC may be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on Page 689.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanlian Chen
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Noel Calingasan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, York Avenue, New York, USA
| | - M Flint Beal
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, York Avenue, New York, USA
| | - Gary E Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, USA
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Chen Y, Hu Y, Liu S, Zheng H, Wu X, Huang Z, Li H, Peng B, Long J, Pan B, Huang C, Dong Q. Whole-body aerosol exposure of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) induced hepatic changes in CD-1 male mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:109-116. [PMID: 27415598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are two prevalent contaminants in e-waste recycling facilities. However, the potential adversely health effect of co-exposure to these two types of pollutants in an occupational setting is unknown. In this study, we investigated co-exposure of these two pollutants on hepatic toxicity in CD-1 male mice through a whole-body aerosol inhalation route. Specifically, mice were exposed to solvent control (5% DMSO), Cd (8μg/m(3)), TBBPA (16μg/m(3)) and Cd/TBBPA mixture for 8h/day and 6days a week for 60 days. Hepatic changes include increased organ weight, focal necrosis, and elevated levels of liver enzymes in serum. These changes were most severe in mice exposed to TBBPA, followed by Cd/TBBPA mixture and Cd. These chemicals also led to suppressed antioxidant defensive mechanisms and increased oxidative stress. Further, these chemicals induced gene expression of apoptosis-related genes, activated genes encoding for phase I detoxification enzymes and inhibited genes encoding for phase II detoxification enzymes. These findings indicate that the hepatic damages induced by subchronic aerosol exposure of Cd and TBBPA may result from the oxidative damages caused by excessive ROS production when these chemicals were metabolized in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Chen
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Yabing Hu
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Huiying Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Wu
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Huang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Baoqi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Jinlie Long
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Bishu Pan
- Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, PR China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.
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8
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Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Myeloperoxidase: a key regulator of neutrophil oxidant production. Redox Rep 2016; 3:3-15. [PMID: 27414766 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1997.11747085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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9
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Abstract
Neutrophils are essential for killing bacteria and other microorganisms, and they also have a significant role in regulating the inflammatory response. Stimulated neutrophils activate their NADPH oxidase (NOX2) to generate large amounts of superoxide, which acts as a precursor of hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species that are generated by their heme enzyme myeloperoxidase. When neutrophils engulf bacteria they enclose them in small vesicles (phagosomes) into which superoxide is released by activated NOX2 on the internalized neutrophil membrane. The superoxide dismutates to hydrogen peroxide, which is used by myeloperoxidase to generate other oxidants, including the highly microbicidal species hypochlorous acid. NOX activation occurs at other sites in the cell, where it is considered to have a regulatory function. Neutrophils also release oxidants, which can modify extracellular targets and affect the function of neighboring cells. We discuss the identity and chemical properties of the specific oxidants produced by neutrophils in different situations, and what is known about oxidative mechanisms of microbial killing, inflammatory tissue damage, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand; , ,
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10
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Winterbourn CC. Revisiting the reactions of superoxide with glutathione and other thiols. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:68-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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11
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Rider CV, Chan P, Herbert RA, Kissling GE, Fomby LM, Hejtmancik MR, Witt KL, Waidyanatha S, Travlos GS, Kadiiska MB. Dermal Exposure to Cumene Hydroperoxide: Assessing Its Toxic Relevance and Oxidant Potential. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:749-62. [PMID: 26985019 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316636712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) is a high production volume chemical that is used to generate phenol and acetone. Dermal exposure to CHP was hypothesized to result in systemic tissue toxicity, production of free radicals, and consequent decrease in plasma antioxidant levels. To evaluate the hypothesis and characterize the toxicity of CHP, male and female B6C3F1/N mice and F344/N rats were exposed to varying doses of CHP applied topically for 14 or 90 days. No significant changes in survival or body weight of mice and rats were observed following 14 days of exposure. However, 90 days of CHP exposure at the high dose (12 mg/kg) triggered a significant decrease (-15%) in the body weight of the male rat group only. Irritation of the skin was observed at the site of application and was characterized by inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. In treated animals, histology of liver tissue, free radical generation, and antioxidant levels in blood plasma were not significantly changed as compared to the corresponding controls. Consistent with the lack of systemic damage, no increase in micronucleated erythrocytes was seen in peripheral blood. In conclusion, topical CHP application caused skin damage only at the application site and did not cause systemic tissue impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Po Chan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ron A Herbert
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greg S Travlos
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Division of Intramural Research, Inflammation, Immunity, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Michail K, Baghdasarian A, Narwaley M, Aljuhani N, Siraki AG. Scavenging of Free-Radical Metabolites of Aniline Xenobiotics and Drugs by Amino Acid Derivatives: Toxicological Implications of Radical-Transfer Reactions. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1872-83. [DOI: 10.1021/tx4002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Michail
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Argishti Baghdasarian
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Malyaj Narwaley
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Naif Aljuhani
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- Pharmacology
and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arno G. Siraki
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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13
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Khaled H. Schistosomiasis and cancer in egypt: review. J Adv Res 2013; 4:461-6. [PMID: 25685453 PMCID: PMC4293882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is not known to be associated with any malignant disease other than bladder cancer. Bladder cancer is still the most common malignant tumor among males in Egypt and some African and Middle East countries. However, the frequency rate of bladder cancer has declined significantly during the last 25 years. This drop is mainly related to the control of Schistosomiasis. Many studies have elucidated the pathogenic events of Schistosomal-related bladder cancer with a suggested theory of pathogenesis. Furthermore, the disease presents with a distinct clinicopathologic profile that is quite different from bladder cancer elsewhere with younger age at presentation, more male predominance, more invasive stages, and occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma pathologic subtype. However, recent data suggest that this profile has been dramatically changed over the past 25 years leading to minimization of the differences between its features in Egypt and that in Western countries. Management of muscle-invasive localized disease is mainly surgery with 5-year survival rates of 30-50%. Although still a debatable issue, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved treatment outcomes including survival and bladder preservation rates in most studies. This controversy emphasizes the need of individualized treatment options based on a prognostic index or other factors that can define the higher risk groups where more aggressive therapy is needed. The treatment for locally advanced and/or metastatic disease has passed through a series of clinical trials since 1970s. These phase II and III trials have included the use of single agent and combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimens. The current standard of systemic chemotherapy of generally fit patients is now the gemcitabine-cisplatin combination. In conclusion, a changing pattern of bladder cancer in Egypt is clearly observed. This is mainly due to the success in the control of Schistosomiasis. It may also be due to increased exposure to other etiologic factors that include smoking, pesticides, and/or other causative agents. This change will ultimately affect disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Khaled
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo 11796, Egypt
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14
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Michail K, Aljuhani N, Siraki AG. The interaction of diamines and polyamines with the peroxidase-catalyzed metabolism of aromatic amines: a potential mechanism for the modulation of aniline toxicity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:228-35. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and biological amines such as ethylenediamine (EDA), spermine, and spermidine have not been previously investigated in free-radical biochemical systems involving aniline-based drugs or xenobiotics. We aimed to study the influence of polyamines in the modulation of aromatic amine radical metabolites in peroxidase-mediated free radical reactions. The aniline compounds tested caused a relatively low oxidation rate of glutathione in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and H2O2; however, they demonstrated marked oxygen consumption when a polyamine molecule was present. Next, we characterized the free-radical products generated by these reactions using spin-trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry. Primary and secondary but not tertiary polyamines dose-dependently enhanced the N-centered radicals of different aniline compounds catalyzed by either HRP or myeloperoxidase, which we believe occurred via charge transfer intermediates and subsequent stabilization of aniline-derived radical species as suggested by isotopically labeled aniline. Aniline/peroxidase reaction product(s) were monitored at 435 nm by kinetic spectrophotometry in the presence and absence of a polyamine additive. Using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, the dimerziation product of aniline, azobenzene, was significantly amplified when EDA was present. In conclusion, di- and poly-amines are capable of enhancing the formation of aromatic-amine-derived free radicals, a fact that is expected to have toxicological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Michail
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-043 Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361 87th Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Naif Aljuhani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-043 Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361 87th Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arno G. Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-043 Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, University of Alberta, 11361 87th Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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15
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Cheresh P, Kim SJ, Tulasiram S, Kamp DW. Oxidative stress and pulmonary fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1832:1028-40. [PMID: 23219955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated as an important molecular mechanism underlying fibrosis in a variety of organs, including the lungs. However, the causal role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from environmental exposures and inflammatory/interstitial cells in mediating fibrosis as well as how best to target an imbalance in ROS production in patients with fibrosis is not firmly established. We focus on the role of ROS in pulmonary fibrosis and, where possible, highlight overlapping molecular pathways in other organs. The key origins of oxidative stress in pulmonary fibrosis (e.g. environmental toxins, mitochondria/NADPH oxidase of inflammatory and lung target cells, and depletion of antioxidant defenses) are reviewed. The role of alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis by mitochondria- and p53-regulated death pathways is examined. We emphasize an emerging role for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in pulmonary fibrosis. After briefly summarizing how ROS trigger a DNA damage response, we concentrate on recent studies implicating a role for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and repair mechanisms focusing on 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (Ogg1) as well as crosstalk between ROS production, mtDNA damage, p53, Ogg1, and mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2). Finally, the association between ROS and TGF-β1-induced fibrosis is discussed. Novel insights into the molecular basis of ROS-induced pulmonary diseases and, in particular, lung epithelial cell death may promote the development of unique therapeutic targets for managing pulmonary fibrosis as well as fibrosis in other organs and tumors, and in aging; diseases for which effective management is lacking. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fibrosis: Translation of basic research to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cheresh
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, USA
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Behl M, Kadiiska MB, Hejtmancik MR, Vasconcelos D, Chhabra RS. Subacute oral and dermal toxicity of tert-butyl hydroperoxide in Fischer F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 31:204-13. [PMID: 22369679 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2011.641194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) is a catalyst frequently used in oxidation and sulfonation reactions in the plastics industry. Since the toxicological evaluation of TBHP remains unknown, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) designed studies to characterize and compare TBHP toxicity by the dermal and oral (gavage) routes in male and female Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in 14-day exposures. Rats and mice were administered TBHP at 22, 44, 88, 176 or 352 mg/kg in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose for the gavage studies. In the dermal studies, mice were administered the same doses as above, while rats were administered four doses (22, 44, 88, 176 mg/kg) in 50% aqueous acetone. Results from the gavage studies revealed treatment-related decreases in survival in male rats and body weights in both male and female rats in the 352 mg/kg group. Clinical signs included post-treatment lethargy, thinness, abnormal breathing, ruffled fur, and/or ataxia which occurred sporadically. The male mice showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight in the 44, 88, 176, and 352 mg/kg groups. The major target organs of toxicity were the forestomach in male and female rats and mice, and the esophagus in male and female rats and in male mice. In addition, there was an increase in the absolute and relative liver weight in female mice with hepatocellular hypertrophy in the top-dose group only. Results from spin trapping experiments revealed the presence of electron paramagnetic resonance signals from radical adducts in the blood and organic extracts of the liver and kidneys of rats treated by gavage with 176 mg/kg TBHP, suggesting the involvement of free- radical generation. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 22 mg/kg in rats and male mice, and 44 mg/kg in female mice. In the dermal studies, there was no effect on survival, body weight, or organ weights in either rats or mice. TBHP administration at the site of application resulted in dermal irritation, hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, and/or inflammation of the epidermis and inflammation of the dermis at 176 mg/kg and above in male and female rats. Dermal irritation at the site of application was noted in all the mice exposed to 352 mg/kg TBHP. Histopathological lesions in the epidermis and dermis were seen in the 88-352 mg/kg males and in the 176-352 mg/kg females. The NOAEL was found to be 88 mg/kg for male rats and female mice, and 44 mg/kg for female rats and male mice. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that TBHP is metabolized to free radicals and is a contact irritant affecting skin by the dermal route of exposure, and forestomach and esophagus by oral administration. There was no evidence of systemic absorption by the dermal route of exposure based on lack of pathological findings (Supported by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Contract No. N01-ES-65406).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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17
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Ganguly M, Szulik MW, Donahue PS, Clancy K, Stone MP, Gold B. Thermodynamic signature of DNA damage: characterization of DNA with a 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine·2'-deoxyguanosine base pair. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2018-27. [PMID: 22332945 DOI: 10.1021/bi3000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of DNA due to exposure to reactive oxygen species is a major source of DNA damage. One of the oxidation lesions formed, 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine, has been shown to miscode by some replicative DNA polymerases but not by error prone polymerases capable of translesion synthesis. The 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine lesion is repaired by DNA glycosylases that require the 5-hydroxycytidine base to be extrahelical so it can enter into the enzyme's active site where it is excised off the DNA backbone to afford an abasic site. The thermodynamic and nuclear magnetic resonance results presented here describe the effect of a 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine·2'-deoxyguanosine base pair on the stability of two different DNA duplexes. The results demonstrate that the lesion is highly destabilizing and that the energy barrier for the unstacking of 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine from the DNA duplex may be low. This could provide a thermodynamic mode of adduct identification by DNA glycosylases that requires the lesion to be extrahelical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjori Ganguly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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18
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Finn NA, Kemp ML. Pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine regulate doxorubicin-induced NF-kappa B activity in leukemic cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:650-62. [PMID: 22134636 PMCID: PMC3337722 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical debate has arisen over the consequences of antioxidant supplementation during cancer chemotherapy. While antioxidants may impede the efficacy of chemotherapy by scavenging reactive oxygen species and free radicals, it is also possible that antioxidants alleviate unwanted chemotherapy-induced toxicity, thus allowing for increased chemotherapy doses. These contradictory assertions suggest that antioxidant supplementation during chemotherapy treatment can have varied outcomes depending on the cellular context. To gain a more robust understanding of the role that antioxidants play in chemotherapy, we investigated the dose-dependent effects of the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), on the redox-mediated regulation of intracellular signaling. In this study, we systematically evaluated the effect of Dox-induced ROS on the NF-κB pathway in a pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line by measuring the thiol-based oxidative modifications of redox-sensitive proteins within the pathway. We report a functional consequence of NAC supplementation during doxorubicin (Dox) chemotherapy administration via the NF-kappa B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathway. The ability of NAC to alter Dox-induced NF-κB activity is contingent on the ROS-mediated S-glutathionylation of IKK-β. Moreover, the NAC-dependent alteration of intracellular glutathione redox balance, through pro-oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms, can be exploited to either promote or inhibit Dox-induced NF-κB activity in an NAC-concentration-dependent manner. We developed an electron-transfer-based computational model that predicts the effect of NAC pretreatment on Dox-induced NF-κB signaling for a range of NAC and Dox treatment combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnenna Adimora Finn
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30032-0363, USA; Fax: +1 404-894-4243; Tel: +1 404-385-6341
| | - Melissa Lambeth Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30032-0363, USA; Fax: +1 404-894-4243; Tel: +1 404-385-6341
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19
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Verma Y, Rana SVS. Modulation of phase-II enzyme activities in benzene treated ovariectomized rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:371-377. [PMID: 21787707 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of ovariectomy on phase II enzymes viz. glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) in liver and kidney of female rats treated with benzene. The results showed the significant decrease of the GST and GPX activity in benzene treated rats after ovariectomy. However progesterone supplementation stimulated the activity of GST and GPX in liver and kidney of benzene treated non ovariectomized and ovariectomized rats. Progesterone supplementation to benzene treated ovariectomized rats helps to gain in CAT activity. Our results on DNA damage using single cell gel electrophoresis also confirmed our findings on antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that lack of protective progesterone against benzene toxicity is reflected in alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities. However progesterone therapy to benzene treated ovariectomized rats results in activating the antioxidant defence system. Since female workers are engaged in industrial sector, these results are important from occupational health point of view. Benzene exposure affects their reproductive health. Nevertheless, it could be modulated by suitable hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshvandra Verma
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut 250004, India.
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20
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Gutiérrez-Correa J. Trypanosoma cruzi dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase as target of reactive metabolites generated by cytochrome c/hydrogen peroxide (or linoleic acid hydroperoxide)/phenol systems. Free Radic Res 2011; 44:1345-58. [PMID: 20815787 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.507669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study determines that cytochrome c (cyt c) catalyses the oxidation of phenol compounds (Phen) in the presence of H2O2 or linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LOOH), generating Phen-derived free radicals or other reactive metabolites. These products irreversibly inactivated the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi (T cruzi LADH), depending on: the Phen structure, peroxide type, activated cyt c, incubation time and presence of an antioxidant. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and caffeic acid (CAFF) with cyt c/H2O2 or cyt c/LOOH were the most effective inhibitors of T cruzi LADH. The comparison of inactivation values for T cruzi and mammalian heart enzymes demonstrated a greater sensitivity of T cruzi LADH to Phen. GSH, N-acetylcysteine, NAD(P)H, ascorbate and trolox, prevented T cruzi LADH inactivation by acetaminophen. The role of the Phen as potential trypanocidal systems is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gutiérrez-Correa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A Carrión, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú.
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21
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Korobkova EA, Ng W, Venkatratnam A, Williams AK, Nizamova M, Azar N. In Vitro Studies of DNA Damage Caused by Tricyclic Antidepressants: A Role of Peroxidase in the Side Effects of the Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1497-503. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100221b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Korobkova
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminlal Justice, 445 W. 59th Avenue, New York, New York 10019
| | - William Ng
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminlal Justice, 445 W. 59th Avenue, New York, New York 10019
| | - Abhishek Venkatratnam
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminlal Justice, 445 W. 59th Avenue, New York, New York 10019
| | - Alicia K. Williams
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminlal Justice, 445 W. 59th Avenue, New York, New York 10019
| | - Madina Nizamova
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminlal Justice, 445 W. 59th Avenue, New York, New York 10019
| | - Nikolay Azar
- Science Department, John Jay College of Criminlal Justice, 445 W. 59th Avenue, New York, New York 10019
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22
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Marí M, Colell A, Morales A, von Montfort C, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC. Redox control of liver function in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:1295-331. [PMID: 19803748 PMCID: PMC2864660 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a heterogeneous population of biologically active intermediates, are generated as by-products of the aerobic metabolism and exhibit a dual role in biology. When produced in controlled conditions and in limited quantities, ROS may function as signaling intermediates, contributing to critical cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival. However, ROS overgeneration and, particularly, the formation of specific reactive species, inflicts cell death and tissue damage by targeting vital cellular components such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, thus arising as key players in disease pathogenesis. Given the predominant role of hepatocytes in biotransformation and metabolism of xenobiotics, ROS production constitutes an important burden in liver physiology and pathophysiology and hence in the progression of liver diseases. Despite the recognized role of ROS in disease pathogenesis, the efficacy of antioxidants as therapeutics has been limited. A better understanding of the mechanisms, nature, and location of ROS generation, as well as the optimization of cellular defense strategies, may pave the way for a brighter future for antioxidants and ROS scavengers in the therapy of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Marí
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS-CIBEK, CIBEREHD, and Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Valls RM, Soler A, Girona J, Heras M, Romero MP, Covas MI, Solà R, Masana L, Motilva MJ. Effect of the long-term regular intake of virgin olive oil on the phenolic metabolites in human fasting plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:68-74. [PMID: 20359841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of repeated consumption of virgin olive oil on endogenous phenolic metabolites of fasting plasma is unknown. For this reason, we hypothesized that regular long-term virgin olive oil intake could have an indirect protection effect on the endogenous phenols. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the phenolic profile of human plasma in a fasting state of long-term regular virgin olive oil consumers, using the fasting plasma of non-consumers as a natural control. Forty participants living in the area of Reus (Catalonia, Spain) were selected, 20 life-long regular consumers of virgin olive oil and a natural control of 20 non-consumers, the latter being Rumanians who dislike the taste of olive oil. The diet was obtained from 3-day food records. The results showed similar phenolic composition of fasting plasmas of the two volunteer groups. Of special interest is that more of the compounds quantified showed higher concentration in fasting plasma from habitual virgin olive oil consumers. The compounds were semi-quantified using caffeic acid as the calibration standard. The quantification of fasting consumer's plasma showed higher concentration of a hydroxyflavanone type compound (2.90+/-0.04 microM vs 1.5+/-0.04 microM) and a catecholamine derivative (0.70+/-0.03 microM vs 0.56+/-0.03 microM) than the plasma of non-consumers (P<0.05). The results suggest an indirect protective mechanism of long-term regular virgin olive oil consumption related to the protection of the endogenous antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa-Maria Valls
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosis (CIBERDEM), Hospital Universitari St. Joan de Reus, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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24
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Garg DP, Bansal AK, Malhotra A, Kiran R, Dhawan D. Methomyl induced hematological and biochemical alterations – protection by vitamin E. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Amodiaquine-induced oxidative stress in a hepatocyte inflammation model. Toxicology 2009; 256:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Goldstein MG, Li Z. Heat-shock proteins in infection-mediated inflammation-induced tumorigenesis. J Hematol Oncol 2009; 2:5. [PMID: 19183457 PMCID: PMC2644312 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a necessary albeit insufficient component of tumorigenesis in some cancers. Infectious agents directly implicated in tumorigenesis have been shown to induce inflammation. This process involves both the innate and adaptive components of the immune system which contribute to tumor angiogenesis, tumor tolerance and metastatic properties of neoplasms. Recently, heat-shock proteins have been identified as mediators of this inflammatory process and thus may provide a link between infection-mediated inflammation and subsequent cancer development. In this review, the role of heat-shock proteins in infection-induced inflammation and carcinogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Goldstein
- University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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27
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Garg DP, Kiran R, Bansal AK, Malhotra A, Dhawan DK. Role of Vitamin E in Mitigating Methomyl Induced Acute Toxicity in Blood of Male Wistar Rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2008; 31:487-99. [PMID: 18850358 DOI: 10.1080/01480540802390775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Tafazoli S, Spehar DD, O'Brien PJ. Oxidative Stress Mediated Idiosyncratic Drug Toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 37:311-25. [PMID: 15931767 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-55227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The following describes a novel screening method for "new chemical entities" (NCEs), suitable for ADMET studies, that measures ability to form prooxidant radicals on metabolism and their ability to induce oxidative stress in intact cells. The accelerated molecular cytotoxic mechanism screening (ACMS) techniques used with isolated rat hepatocytes showed that cytotoxicity is usually initiated as a result of macromolecular covalent binding or macromolecular oxidative stress. While P450 is likely responsible for drug metabolic activation in the liver, intestine, lung, and in other nonhepatic tissues, where P450 levels are low, peroxidases including prostaglandin synthetase peroxidase can catalyze xenobiotic one-electron oxidation to form prooxidant free radicals that may cause toxicity or carcinogenesis. Inflammation markedly activates H2O2, generating NADPH oxidase and peroxidase of certain immune cells when they infiltrate tissues including the liver. Myeloperoxidase and NADPH oxidase in the Kupffer cells (resident macrophages of the liver) also become activated during inflammation. The addition of noncytotoxic concentrations of peroxidase/H2O2 to the hepatocyte incubate markedly increased drug cytotoxicity and prooxidant radical formation as shown by glutathione or lipid oxidation. Many drugs that have hepato- or gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity problems or were withdrawn from the market for safety problems, e.g., troglitazone, tolcapone, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, and phenylbutazone, were markedly more toxic and prooxidant in this inflammation model system, whereas other drugs, e.g., entacapone, were not toxic in this inflammation model. Some of the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity responsible for recent drug withdrawals may therefore result from commonplace sporadic inflammatory episodes during drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Tafazoli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Abstract
There is a vast literature on the generation and effects of reactive oxygen species in biological systems, both in relation to damage they cause and their involvement in cell regulatory and signaling pathways. The biological chemistry of different oxidants is becoming well understood, but it is often unclear how this translates into cellular mechanisms where redox changes have been demonstrated. This review addresses this gap. It examines how target selectivity and antioxidant effectiveness vary for different oxidants. Kinetic considerations of reactivity are used to assess likely targets in cells and how reactions might be influenced by restricted diffusion and compartmentalization. It also highlights areas where greater understanding is required on the fate of oxidants generated by cellular NADPH oxidases and on the identification of oxidant sensors in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and National Research Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8040, New Zealand.
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30
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Tafazoli S, O’Brien PJ. Accelerated Cytotoxic Mechanism Screening of Hydralazine Using an in Vitro Hepatocyte Inflammatory Cell Peroxidase Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:904-10. [DOI: 10.1021/tx700371x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Tafazoli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Peter J. O’Brien
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
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31
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Luo Y, Sui YX, Wang XR, Tian Y. 2-Chlorophenol induced hydroxyl radical production in mitochondria in Carassius auratus and oxidative stress--an electron paramagnetic resonance study. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 71:1260-1268. [PMID: 18262590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) evidence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Carassius auratus following 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) administration was provided. To further investigate the potential pathway of ROS production, liver mitochondria of C. auratus was isolated and incubated with 2-CP for 30 min. An EPR analysis indicated ROS was produced, and intensities of ROS increased with increasing concentrations of 2-CP. The ROS was then assigned OH by comparing with Fenton reaction. Either catalase or superoxide dismutase, extinguished OH completely in the mitochondria mixture. These facts suggested that O2(.-) and H2O2 contributed to the formation of OH in mitochondria in C. auratus stressed by 2-CP. Combining previous references and our own data, it is reasonable to suggest that 2-CP is first oxidized by H2O2 present in vivo to form phenoxyl radical under the catalytic action of cellular peroxidase (1); phenoxyl radical oxidizes mitochondria NADH to NAD in the presence of NADH (2); NAD reacts with oxygen in vivo to produce O2(.-) (3); O2(.-) is spontaneously dismutated by SOD to form H2O2 and O2, which creates a renewable supply of H2O2 as the initiators of the chain reactions until NADH is consumed (4); simultaneously with reaction (4), O2(.-) reacts with H2O2 to form OH radical via the Haber-Weiss reaction (5). A strong negative correlation (r=-0.9278, p<0.01) between glutathione (GSH) pool and OH production was observed after fish were i.p. injected with 2-CP (250 mg kg(-1)), indicating the depletion of GSH caused by OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Remediation and Pollution Control for Urban Ecological Environment, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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32
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Pourahmad J, O’Brien PJ, Chan K, Shakouri A. Tetramethylphenylenediamine-induced hepatocyte cytotoxicity caused by lysosomal labilisation and redox cycling with oxygen activation. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 172:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Mayer DA, Fried B. The role of helminth infections in carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2008; 65:239-96. [PMID: 18063098 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(07)65004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the significant literature on the role of helminth infections in carcinogenesis. Both parasitic infections and cancer have complex natural histories and long latent periods during which numerous exogenous and endogenous factors interact to obfuscate causality. Although only two helminths, Schistosoma haematobium and Opisthorchis viverrini, have been proven to be definitely carcinogenic to humans, others have been implicated in facilitating malignant transformation. The known mechanisms of helminth-induced cancer include chronic inflammation, modulation of the host immune system, inhibition of intracellular communication, disruption of proliferation-antiproliferation pathways, induction of genomic instability and stimulation of malignant stem cell progeny. Approximately 16% of all cancer cases worldwide are attributable to pathogenic agents, including schistosomes and liver flukes. This equates to 1,375,000 preventable cancer deaths per year. Means to reduce the incidence of helminth-associated malignancies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Mayer
- Department of Surgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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Miyoshi N, Naniwa K, Yamada T, Osawa T, Nakamura Y. Dietary flavonoid apigenin is a potential inducer of intracellular oxidative stress: The role in the interruptive apoptotic signal. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466:274-82. [PMID: 17870050 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is a representative dietary flavone (2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) inhibiting cancer cell growth both in cell culture systems and in vivo. The prooxidant potential of apigenin was confirmed by the observations using flowcytometric and immunoblotting techniques that the intracellular accumulations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein carbonyls were detected in the cells treated with apigenin in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) did not show any prooxidant effect. A structure-activity relationship data thus indicated that a 4'-monohydroxyl group, which can be oxidized to semiquinone radical but not up to quinone-like metabolite, is essential for prooxidant effect. When HL-60 cells were treated with not only a heme synthesis inhibitor succinyl acetone (SA) but also myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors, the ROS level enhanced by apigenin was significantly reduced. The gathered data suggested that peroxidase-catalyzed production of apigenin B-ring phenoxyl radicals might be responsible for the prooxidant effect. This is supported by the observation that MPO is able to catalyze production of apigenin phenoxyl radicals, detected by an electron spin resonance-spin trapping technique. We also reveal that both SA and alpha-tocopherol enhance cellular susceptibility to apoptosis-inducing stimuli by apigenin. In conclusion, the prooxidant effect of apigenin is likely to oxidize a variety of thiols through the formation of phenoxyl radicals and thus seems to play a significant role in the abortive apoptotic pathway switching to necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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35
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Kovacic P. Protein electron transfer (mechanism and reproductive toxicity): iminium, hydrogen bonding, homoconjugation, amino acid side chains (redox and charged), and cell signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 81:51-64. [PMID: 17539014 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents novel biochemical perspectives of protein electron transfer (ET) with focus on the iminium nature of the peptide link, along with relationships to reproductive toxicity. The favorable influence of hydrogen bonding on protein ET has been widely documented. Hydrogen bonding of the zwitterionic peptide enhances iminium character. A wide array of such bonding agents is available in vivo, with many reports on the peptide link itself. ET proceeds along the backbone, due in part, to homoconjugation. Redox amino acids (AAs), mainly tyrosine (Tyr), tryptophan (Typ), histidine (His), cysteine (Cys), disulfide, and methionine (Met), are involved in the competing processes for radical formation: direct hydrogen atom abstraction versus electron and proton loss. It appears that the radical or radical cation generated during the redox process is capable of interacting with n-electrons of the backbone. Beneficial effects of cationic AAs impact the conduction process. A relationship apparently exists involving cell signaling, protein conduction, and radicals or electrons. In addition, the link between protein ET and reproductive toxicity is examined. A key element is the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by protein ET. There is extensive evidence for involvement of ROS in generation of birth defects. The radical species arise in protein mainly by ET transformations by enzymes, as illustrated in the case of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92065-1030, USA.
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Isolation and partial characterization of cytoplasmic NADPH-dependent phenol hydroxylase oxidizing phenol to catechol in Candida tropicalis yeast. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Golijanin DJ, Kakiashvili D, Madeb RR, Messing EM, Lerner SP. Chemoprevention of bladder cancer. World J Urol 2007; 24:445-72. [PMID: 17048030 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-006-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dragan J Golijanin
- Urology Department, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, P.O. Box 656, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Munro IC, Williams GM, Heymann HO, Kroes R. Use of Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Tooth Whitening Products and its Relationship to Oral Cancer. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2006; 18:119-25. [PMID: 16831183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2006.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tooth whitening products containing hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide were evaluated in this review for potential oral cancer risk from their use. Hydrogen peroxide is genotoxic in vitro, but not in vivo. Hydrogen peroxide was not considered to pose a genotoxic risk to humans. The animal toxicology data relevant to the assessment of the carcinogenicity of hydrogen peroxide do not indicate that it has significant carcinogenic activity at any site, including the oral cavity. Hydrogen peroxide was found to enhance the carcinogenic effects of potent DNA reactive carcinogens in experimental animals. However, these experimental conditions are artificial as they are related to high exposures and are of no relevance to potential human exposures to low quantities of hydrogen peroxide from the use of tooth whitening products. Clinical data on hydrogen peroxide-containing tooth whitening products show no evidence for the development of preneoplastic or neoplastic oral lesions. Exposures to hydrogen peroxide received by the oral cavity are exceedingly low, of short duration (30-60 minutes), and could not plausibly enhance any carcinogenic risk associated with exposure of the oral cavity to chemicals in cigarette smoke or to alcohol, both known risk factors for the development of oral cancer. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Based on a comprehensive review of the available literature and research, the use of tooth whitening products containing hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide does not appear to pose an increased risk of oral cancer in the general population, including those persons who are alcohol abusers and/or heavy cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Munro
- Cantox Health Sciences International, Suite 308, 2233 Argentia Road Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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Munro IC, Williams GM, Heymann HO, Kroes R. Tooth whitening products and the risk of oral cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:301-15. [PMID: 16198468 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tooth whitening products (TWP) containing hydrogen peroxide (HPO) or carbamide peroxide (CPO) were evaluated in relation to potential oral cancer risk from their use. HPO is genotoxic in vitro, but such activity is not expressed in vivo. The genotoxic risk of HPO exposure of the oral mucosa encountered from TWP use is likely therefore to be vanishingly small. Available animal data on the carcinogenicity of HPO are of limited relevance to risk assessment of oral hazard of HPO exposure from TWP, and where relevant, do not indicate that there is an increased oral cancer risk for people using TWP. Clinical data on HPO-containing TWP only show evidence of mild, transient gingival irritation and tooth sensitivity, with no evidence for the development of preneoplastic or neoplastic oral lesions. Exposures to HPO received by the oral cavity, including areas commonly associated with oral cancer, are exceedingly low and do not plausibly pose a risk for the promotion of initiated cells or for induction of co-carcinogenic effects in conjunction with cigarette smoke or alcohol. The use of TWP was concluded not to pose an increased risk for oral cancer in alcohol abusers and/or heavy cigarette smokers. Furthermore, TWP were concluded to be safe for use by all members of the population, including potential accidental use by children.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Munro
- Cantox Health Sciences International, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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40
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Abstract
Current safety screening of drug candidates or new chemical entities for reactive metabolite formation focuses on the role of cytochrome P450. However, peroxidases also have a major role in drug metabolism, and peroxidase-catalyzed drug oxidation could lead to reactive metabolite formation, resulting in oxidative stress and cytotoxicity. Here, the different classes of human peroxidases are summarized and the molecular mechanisms of peroxidase-catalyzed drug metabolism are discussed. In addition, evidence is presented that indicates a role of these enzymes in drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Tafazoli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2S2
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Eghbal MA, Tafazoli S, Pennefather P, O'Brien PJ. Peroxidase catalysed formation of cytotoxic prooxidant phenothiazine free radicals at physiological pH. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 151:43-51. [PMID: 15607761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The antipsychotic phenothiazines may have other therapeutic applications because of their ability to kill bacteria, plasmids and tumor cells. They are also known to undergo a peroxidase-catalysed oxidation to form cation radicals that are stable at acid pH, but are not detected at a neutral pH. The objective of this project was to determine whether phenothiazine cation radical metabolites could cause oxidative stress at a neutral pH resulting in cytotoxicity. At a neutral pH, catalytic amounts of phenothiazines were found to be oxidised by a peroxidase/H2O2 system and also caused ascorbate, GSH and NADH cooxidation. NADH and GSH co-oxidation was accompanied by oxygen uptake and was increased by the addition of catalytic amounts of superoxide dismutase, indicating that the superoxide radical was formed. The phenothazines were different from other peroxidase substrates in that the NADH, ascorbate or GSH cooxidation was faster at pH 6.0 than pH 7.4, thereby partly reflecting the cation radical stability. The order of catalytic effectiveness found was promazine > chlorpromazine > trifluoperazine. Peroxidase/H2O2 also markedly increased phenothiazine cytotoxicity towards isolated rat hepatocytes at nontoxic phenothiazine concentrations. At both pH 6.0 and 7.4, the same order of phenothiazine catalytic effectiveness was observed as seen in the co-oxidation experiments. Cytotoxicity to hepatocytes could be attributed to oxidative stress as most hepatocyte glutathione oxidation and lipid peroxidation preceded phenothiazine induced cytotoxicity and that cytotoxicity was prevented by the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole. This hepatocyte/peroxidase/H2O2 system could be a useful model for studying drug induced idiosyncratic hepatic injury enhanced by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Eghbal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, East Azarbaijan, Iran
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Chan TS, Galati G, Pannala AS, Rice-Evans C, O'Brien PJ. Simultaneous detection of the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity of dietary polyphenolics in a peroxidase system. Free Radic Res 2003; 37:787-94. [PMID: 12911276 DOI: 10.1080/1071576031000094899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reduce the peroxidase (myeloglobin/H2O2)-generated ABTS*+ [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation] has been used to rank the antioxidant activity of various agents including dietary flavonoids and chalcones. Surprisingly, we found that in the presence of catalytic concentrations of the phenol B-ring containing flavonoids, apigenin, naringenin and the chalcone phloretin, the formation of the ABTS*+ was initially increased. The enhanced formation of the ABTS*+ was attributed to the peroxidase/H2O2 mediated generation of polyphenolic phenoxyl radicals that were able to co-oxidize ABTS. The relative ABTS*+ generating ability of these dietary polyphenolics correlated with their ability to co-oxidize NADH to the NAD* radical with the resultant generation of superoxide. This pro-oxidant activity was not observed for either luteolin or eriodyctiol, which are B-ring catecholic analogues of apigenin and naringenin, respectively, suggesting that these antioxidants are incapable of the transition metal-independent generation of reactive oxygen species. This pro-oxidant activity of the polyphenolics therefore needs to be taken into account when quantifying antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Chan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada, M5S 2S2
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Winterbourn CC, Kettle AJ. Radical-radical reactions of superoxide: a potential route to toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:729-36. [PMID: 12763053 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide reacts with many radicals, such as phenoxyl radicals, at near diffusion-controlled rates. These reactions are usually considered to be repair processes and have received little biological attention. However, addition of superoxide to give hydroperoxides and secondary oxidation products can also occur. The relative contributions of addition and repair vary depending on the properties of the phenol. With tyrosine, addition to give tyrosine hydroperoxide predominates, but in peptides the efficiency of hydroperoxide formation depends on the proximity of free amine groups. Radicals from other phenolic compounds, such as alpha-tocopherol and serotonin, also undergo addition reactions with superoxide. Physiologically, these reactions are likely to be more significant than dimerization when both radicals are generated together. They warrant attention as potential contributors to superoxide toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Winterbourn
- Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Polat MF, Taysi S, Gul M, Cikman O, Yilmaz I, Bakan E, Erdogan F. Oxidant/antioxidant status in blood of patients with malignant breast tumour and benign breast disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2002; 20:327-31. [PMID: 12415567 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme defences in the blood of patients with malignant breast tumour and benign breast disease. Forty patients with malignant breast tumour, 20 patients with benign breast disease and also 20 healthy control subjects were recruited for the study. Malondialdehyde levels in plasma and erythrocytes, and the activities of erythrocyte CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured. Malondialdehyde levels were higher in patients with both benign breast disease and malignant breast tumour compared with control subjects. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes were higher in patients with malignant breast tumour, while only glutathione peroxidase and CuZn-superoxide dismutase activities were higher in patients with benign breast disease. Except for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the antioxidant enzymes studied correlated positively with the malondialdehyde levels in patients with malignant breast tumour. On the other hand, only glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased by the level of malignancy. The activity increases in erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes may be a compensatory upregulation in response to increased oxidative stress especially in patients with malignant breast tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fevzi Polat
- Biotechnology Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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Galati G, Tafazoli S, Sabzevari O, Chan TS, O'Brien PJ. Idiosyncratic NSAID drug induced oxidative stress. Chem Biol Interact 2002; 142:25-41. [PMID: 12399153 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many idiosyncratic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause GI, liver and bone marrow toxicity in some patients which results in GI bleeding/ulceration/fulminant hepatic failure/hepatitis or agranulocytosis/aplastic anemia. The toxic mechanisms proposed have been reviewed. Evidence is presented showing that idiosyncratic NSAID drugs form prooxidant radicals when metabolised by peroxidases known to be present in these tissues. Thus GSH, NADH and/or ascorbate were cooxidised by catalytic amounts of NSAIDs and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of peroxidase. During GSH and NADH cooxidation, oxygen uptake and activation occurred. Furthermore the formation of NSAID oxidation products was prevented during the cooxidation indicating that the cooxidation involved redox cycling of the first formed NSAID radical product. The order of prooxidant catalytic effectiveness of fenamate and arylacetic acid NSAIDs was mefenamic acid>tolfenamic acid>flufenamic acid, meclofenamic acid or diclofenac. Diphenylamine, a common moiety to all of these NSAIDs was a more active prooxidant for NADH and ascorbate cooxidation than these NSAIDs which suggests that oxidation of the NSAID diphenylamine moiety to a cation and/or nitroxide radical was responsible for the NSAID prooxidant activity. The order of catalytic effectiveness found for sulfonamide derivatives was sulfaphenazole>sulfisoxazolez.Gt;dapsone>sulfanilic acid>procainamide>sulfamethoxazole>sulfadiazine>sulfadimethoxine whereas sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine or nimesulide had no prooxidant activity. Although indomethacin had little prooxidant activity, its major in vivo metabolite, N-deschlorobenzoyl indomethacin had significant prooxidant activity. Aminoantipyrine the major in vivo metabolite of aminopyrine or dipyrone was also more prooxidant than the parent drugs. It is hypothesized that the NSAID radicals and/or the resulting oxidative stress initiates the cytotoxic processes leading to idiosyncratic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Galati
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 2S2
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases represent a newly discovered family of proteins with a range of cellular locations and putative roles. The avian and mammalian proteins can catalyze the direct oxidation of protein cysteine residues to disulfides with the reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide. Although thiols interfere with the peroxidase-mediated quantitation of hydrogen peroxide, a very sensitive, continuous fluorescence assay of the sulfhydryl oxidases can be devised with careful selection of thiol substrate concentration and fluorogen. Purified avian enzyme (or crude chicken egg white) was used for these experiments. Homovanillic acid was found to be a suitable fluorogen in the presence of 300 microM thiols from either dithiothreitol or reduced ribonuclease A. High concentrations of horseradish peroxidase minimized the effects of contaminating catalase in biological samples. Using fluorescence microcells, the assay could detect 15fmol of avian sulfhydryl oxidase and the rates were linearly dependent on enzyme concentration up to 6nM. Aspects of the interaction among thiols, homovanillic acid, and peroxidase are discussed which limit the sensitivity of the assay and require that care is exercised in the application of this new procedure. Finally, the assay is used to show that there is sulfhydryl oxidase activity in a number of secretory fluids including human tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Raje
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Siraki AG, Chan TS, Galati G, Teng S, O'Brien PJ. N-oxidation of aromatic amines by intracellular oxidases. Drug Metab Rev 2002; 34:549-64. [PMID: 12214666 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120005657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The introduction includes a literature review of DNA reactive species and DNA adduct formation that results from aromatic amine N-oxidation catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome P450 vs. that catalyzed by nonhepatic peroxidases. Experimental evidence is then described for a novel oxidative stress mechanism involving prooxidant N-cation radical formation by both oxidases, which is proposed as a contributing mechanism for aromatic amine induced cytotoxicity and carcinogenesis. Aromatic amine N-cation radicals formed by peroxidases were found to cooxidize GSH or NADH and form reactive oxygen species. The latter could explain the reported DNA oxidative damage found in vivo following methylaminoazobenzene administration [Hirano et al. Analyses of Oxidative DNA Damage and Its Repair Activity in the Livers of 3'-Methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-Treated Rodents. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 2000, 91, 681-685]. It was also found that the prooxidant activity of the aromatic amine increased as its redox potential, i.e., ease of oxidation decreased with o-anisidine and aminofluorene being the most effective at forming reactive oxygen species. This suggests that the rate-limiting step in the cooxidation is the rate of arylamine oxidation by the peroxidase. Incubation of hepatocytes with aromatic amines caused a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential before cytotoxicity ensued. The CYP1A2-induced hepatocytes isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene administered rats were much more susceptible to some arylamines and were protected by CYP1A2 inhibitors. Hepatocyte GSH was also depleted by all arylamines tested and extensive GSH oxidation occurred with o-anisidine and aminofluorene, which was prevented by CYP1A2 inhibitors. This suggests that in intact hepatocytes CYP1A2 may also catalyze a one-electron oxidation of some arylamines to form prooxidant cation radicals, which cooxidize GSH to form the reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ont, Canada
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Van Aken B, Agathos SN. Biodegradation of nitro-substituted explosives by white-rot fungi: a mechanistic approach. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 48:1-77. [PMID: 11677677 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(01)48000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Van Aken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Stiborová M, Miksanová M, Havlícek V, Schmeiser HH, Frei E. Mechanism of peroxidase-mediated oxidation of carcinogenic o-anisidine and its binding to DNA. Mutat Res 2002; 500:49-66. [PMID: 11890934 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyaniline (o-anisidine) is a urinary bladder carcinogen in both mice and rats. Since the urinary bladder contains substantial peroxidase activity, we investigated the metabolism of this carcinogen by prostaglandin H synthase (PHS), a prominent enzyme in the urinary bladder, and lactoperoxidase as model mammalian peroxidases. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mediated oxidation of o-anisidine was also determined and compared with the reactions catalyzed by mammalian peroxidases. All three peroxidases oxidized o-anisidine via a radical mechanism. Using HPLC combined with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, we determined that peroxidases oxidized o-anisidine to a diimine metabolite, which subsequently hydrolyzed to form a quinone imine. Two additional metabolites were identified as a dimer linked by an azo bond and another metabolite consisting of three methoxybenzene rings, which exact structure has not been identified as yet. Using [14C]-labeled o-anisidine, we observed substantial peroxidase-dependent covalent binding of o-anisidine to DNA, tRNA and polydeoxynucleotides [poly(dX)]. The 32P-postlabeling assay (a standard procedure and enrichment of adducts by digestion with nuclease P1 or by extraction into 1-butanol prior to 32P-labeling) was employed as the second method to detect and quantitate binding of o-anisidine to DNA. Using these versions of the 32P-postlabeling technique we did not observe any DNA adducts derived from o-anisidine. The o-anisidine-DNA adducts became detectable only when DNA modified by o-anisidine was digested using three times higher concentrations of micrococcal nuclease and spleen phosphodiesterase (MN/SPD). We found deoxyguanosine to be the target for o-anisidine binding in DNA using poly(dX) and deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate (dGp). A diimine metabolite of o-anisidine is the reactive species forming adducts in dGp. The results strongly indicate that peroxidases play an important role in o-anisidine metabolism to reactive species, which might be responsible for its genotoxicity, and its carcinogenicity to the urinary bladder in rodents. The limitation of the 32P-postlabeling technique to analyze DNA adducts derived from o-anisidine as a means to estimate its genotoxicity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Mikšanová M, Hudeček J, Páca J, Stiborová M. To the Mechanism of Horseradish Peroxidase-Mediated Degradation of a Recalcitrant Dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20010663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thein vitroenzymatic metabolism of a recalcitrant dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) was investigated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP). At optimum pH (4.5), the apparent Michaelis constant (KM) value for the oxidation of RBBR catalyzed by HRP is 14.8 μmol l-1. HRP-mediated conversion of RBBR proceedsviaa conventional peroxidase reaction, by a sequential one-electron oxidation of two molecules of RBBR by the peroxidase Compounds I and II. The oxidation is inhibited by radical trapping agents (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH), ascorbate, glutathione). This confirms that the peroxidase-mediated oxidation of RBBR proceedsviaradical mechanism. Gel permeation profile of the RBBR oxidation products shows that the pattern of molecular weight distribution was shifted to the higher molecular weight region indicating formation of RBBR oligomers. In addition to HRP, the RBBR dye is also oxidized by another peroxidase, the mammalian lactoperoxidase.
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