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Gumus E, Sisko A, Abas BI, Demirkan B, Cevik O. Quercetin protects mouse oocytes against chromium-induced damage in vitro and in vivo. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127087. [PMID: 36209711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromium (Cr) is a naturally-occurring element that is used in various fields of industry. Humans may be exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], which is one of the stable valence states of the chromium through contaminated soil, air, and water. Exposure to Cr(VI) through contaminated drinking water, soil and air causes various cancers and also fertility problems in animals and humans. Quercetin (QCT), a common flavonoid compound, has numerous biological effects as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger, but its function and mechanisms in reproductive processes in various species remain unclear. This study aims to determine the chromium effects on mice oocyte quality and the ameliorative effect of QCT in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. METHODS For the in vitro experiment, oocytes were collected and divided into the control, sham, QCT-treated, Cr(VI) (potassium dichromate), and treatment [Cr(VI)+QCT] groups. Collected oocytes were cultured in maturation medium with or without 10 µM quercetin and 10 µM Cr(VI) for 14 h based on the defined experimental design. For the in vivo experiment, the mice were randomly divided into the control, sham, QCT-treated, Cr(VI), and Cr(VI) + QCT groups. Control and sham mice received regular drinking water and diet. Cr(VI) group received Cr(VI) (50 ppm in drinking water) and Cr(VI) + QCT group received 50 ppm Cr(VI) with QCT (20 mg/kg body wt, through i.p) for a period of 21 days and then oocytes were collected and cultured for 14 h for in vitro maturation. For both experiments, at the end of the culture period, we examined the ameliorative effect of QCT on oocyte maturation, spindle formation, ROS production, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis. RESULTS Our in vitro and in vivo results showed that Cr(VI) disrupt the oocyte maturation and spindle formation (P < 0.001). Furthermore, we found that exposure to Cr(VI) significantly increased ROS levels and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.001). In addition, exposure to Cr(VI) induced early apoptosis and downregulated the Bcl-2 mRNA expression and upregulated the Caspase-3 and Bax mRNAs expression (P < 0.01). Finally, quercetin significantly restored the detrimental effects of Cr(VI). CONCLUSION The results indicated that quercetin protects the oocytes against Cr(VI) toxicity through the suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The conclusions drawn from our study's findings suggest that quercetin might be useful agent for oocyte maturation in case of possible exposure to toxic substances such as chromium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Gumus
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Asli Sisko
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Burcin Irem Abas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Busra Demirkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cevik
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Tripathi S, Fhatima S, Parmar D, Singh DP, Mishra S, Mishra R, Singh G. Therapeutic effects of CoenzymeQ10, Biochanin A and Phloretin against arsenic and chromium induced oxidative stress in mouse ( Mus musculus) brain. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:116. [PMID: 35547012 PMCID: PMC9023648 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic and chromium are the most common environmental toxicants prevailing in nature. Hence, the present study endeavors to investigate the salutary effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), Biochanin A (BCA), and Phloretin (PHL) on the combined neurotoxic impact of arsenic and chromium in the Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus). Sodium meta-arsenite (100 ppm) and potassium dichromate (75 ppm) were given orally in conjugation with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg), BCA & PHL (50 mg/kg each) in accordance with body weight per day for the 2 weeks experimental duration. Weight reduction was figured out in the exposed toxic group of arsenic and chromium in contrast with the comparison group (control), and with the selected anti-oxidants treatment, it rose significantly to the basal status (p < 0.05). The concentration of arsenic and chromium was reduced significantly (p < 0.001) amidst all the natural compounds co-medicated groups. Anti-oxidant indicators, viz. lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), were found elevated, with reduction observed in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione s-transferase (GST), and total thiols (TT) in the arsenic and chromium, co-exposed mice. The alterations in redox homeostasis were well corroborated with the estimations of cholinesterase's enzymes (p < 0.05) along with DNA fragmentation assay and altered Nrf2 signaling. The administration of CoQ10, BCA, and PHL ameliorated the effects of arsenic and chromium induced oxidative stress in the exposed mice. Our research unfolds the remedial outcome of these natural compounds contrary to the combined arsenic and chromium associated-neurotoxicity in the experimental model.
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Bello S, Nasiru R, Garba N, Adeyemo D. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure from Shanono and Bagwai artisanal gold mines, Kano state, Nigeria. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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4
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Antioxidant Effect of High Intensity Interval Training on Cadmium-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/gct.94671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yu X, Yu RQ, Gui D, Zhang X, Zhan F, Sun X, Wu Y. Hexavalent chromium induces oxidative stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in isolated skin fibroblasts of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 203:179-186. [PMID: 30153559 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing gas emissions and industrial wastewater discharge of anthropogenic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) have been growing health concerns to the high trophic level marine mammals. Our previous studies showed that Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis), stranded on the Pearl River Estuary region, contained exceedingly high levels of Cr in their skin-tissues. Unfortunately, the molecular toxic mechanisms on this mammal are absent, limiting our understanding of the eco-physiological impacts of Cr(VI) on dolphins. Thus, the cytotoxicity effects of Cr(VI) were analyzed on fibroblasts we isolated from the skin of S. chinensis (ScSF). This study showed that Cr(VI) markedly inhibited the viability of ScSF cells via induction of apoptosis accompanied by an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and the population of G2/M arrest or apoptotic sub-G1 phase cells, up-regulation of p53, and activation of caspase-3. Further investigation on intracellular mechanisms indicated that Cr(VI) induced depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential in cells through regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and pro-apoptotic (Bax) proteins, resulting in decrease of the ATP level, cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol, and the activation of caspase-9. Furthermore, antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C displayed chemoprotective activity against Cr(VI) via suppression of p53 expression, indicating that the Cr(VI)-induced cell death may be mediated by oxidative stress. Overall, these results provide insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) in Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin skin cells, offer experimental support for the proposed protective role of antioxidants in Cr(VI)-induced toxicity, and suggest that Cr(VI) contamination is one of key health concern issues for the protection of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Yu
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ri-Qing Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
| | - Duan Gui
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fenping Zhan
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xian Sun
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yuping Wu
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Lin TJ, Huang YL, Chang JS, Liu KT, Yen MC, Chen FW, Shih YL, Jao JC, Huang PC, Yeh IJ. Optimal dosage and early intervention of L-ascorbic acid inhibiting K 2Cr 2O 7-induced renal tubular cell damage. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 48:1-7. [PMID: 29773167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromium poisoning can cause renal failure and death. Chromium intoxication may be managed using L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) therapy. However, the evidence supporting the effectiveness of this treatment is insufficient, and the mechanism of action has not been clarified in renal cells. In this study, our results showed that the optimal regimen of L-ascorbic acid therapy in human epithelial renal proximal tubule cells, HK-2 cells, was 30 μg/mL. Supplementation of L-ascorbic acid with 30 μg/mL and within 8 h of chromium intoxication (K2Cr2O7, Cr6+) was effective to inhibit renal tubular cell damage by blocking generation of free radicals, cell apoptosis, and autophagy. Intracellular chromium concentrations were estimated using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Treatment of L-ascorbic acid within 8 h of chromium intoxication significantly decreased the entry of chromium into the cells. Moreover, concomitant administration of L-ascorbic acid with repeatedly dosing at 8-hourly intervals had a better protective effect at lower concentration of L-ascorbic acid when compared to single dosing of L-ascorbic acid at an early time point of chromium intoxication. These findings might help physicians develop effective therapy strategies in renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzeng-Jih Lin
- Emergency Department, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Family Medicine Department, Taoyuan Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Lih Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-San Chang
- Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Emergency Department, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chi Yen
- Emergency Department, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fen-Wei Chen
- Emergency Department, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lun Shih
- Emergency Department, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Chi Jao
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chi Huang
- Department of Pathology, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jeng Yeh
- Emergency Department, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Yoshioka H, Nonogaki T, Shinohara Y, Suzui M, Mori Y, Hwang GW, Ohtani K, Miura N. Lethal chronotoxicity induced by seven metal compounds in mice. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:129-134. [PMID: 29479034 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the "chronotoxicity" of seven metal compounds (Hg, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, or Fe) by assessing how their toxicity varies with circadian periodicity. Male ICR mice were injected with each metal compound intraperitoneally at 6 different time points over the course of a day (zeitgeber time [ZT]: ZT2, ZT6, ZT10, ZT14, ZT18 and ZT22). Mortality was then monitored until 14 days after the injection. Our investigation demonstrated that mice were tolerant against Ni toxicity during dark phase, on the other hand, they were tolerant against Cr toxicity during light phase. The chronotoxicity of Hg and Pb seemed to be biphasic. Further, mice were susceptible to toxicities against Cu and Zn in the time zone during which light and dark were reversed. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed for Fe exposure at any time of the day. Our results propose that the chronotoxicology may provide valuable information regarding the importance of injection timing for not only toxicity evaluation tests but also the reproducibility of animal experiments. Furthermore, our data suggests that chronotoxicology may be an important consideration when evaluating the quality of risk assessments for night shift workers who may be exposed to toxic substances at various times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoshioka
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Masumi Suzui
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Yurie Mori
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University
| | - Gi-Wook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Katsumi Ohtani
- Division of Hazard Evaluation and Epidemiology Research, Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
| | - Nobuhiko Miura
- Division of Health Effects Research, Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
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8
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Hao P, Zhu Y, Wang S, Wan H, Chen P, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Liu J. Selenium Administration Alleviates Toxicity of Chromium(VI) in the Chicken Brain. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:127-135. [PMID: 28013456 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) can play a protective role against heavy metal toxicity. This experiment aims to evaluate the effect of Se supplementation at different doses on the chicken brains. Oxidative stress was induced in the chicken brains by chromium(VI). A total of 105 Hyland brown male chickens were randomly divided into seven groups, including the control group, poisoned group [6%LD50 K2Cr2O7 body weight (B.W.)], and detoxification groups K2Cr2O7 (6%LD50) + Se (0.31, 0.63, 1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 Na2SeO3 mg/kg B.W.) orally in water for 42 days. The chickens were detected by the activities of mitochondrial membrane potential, 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and Ca2+-ATPase. Cr(VI) administration caused histopathological damage. In addition, changes in oxidative stress indicators were observed in the chicken's brains. Se supplement increased the levels of GSH, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and Ca2+-ATPase and reduced MDA activity in the detoxification groups. However, the high-dose Se supplementation groups of 2.50 and 5.00 mg/kg reduced the activities of GSH, MMP, and Ca2+-ATPase; increased the brain-body ratio; and increased SOD activity. In conclusion, Cr(VI) exposure caused oxidative stress. Se exerted a remission effect on toxic responses in the chicken brains. However, a high Se concentration was synergistic to the toxic effect of Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyu Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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Marouani N, Tebourbi O, Hallègue D, Mokni M, Yacoubi MT, Sakly M, Benkhalifa M, Rhouma KB. Mechanisms of chromium hexavalent-induced apoptosis in rat testes. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:97-106. [PMID: 26419261 DOI: 10.1177/0748233715600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI)-containing compounds, present in industrial settings and in the environment, are known as carcinogens and mutagens. The present study is designed to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress mediates CrVI-induced apoptosis in testis. Male Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal injection of potassium dichromate at doses of 1 and 2 mg kg-1. Superoxide anion production was assessed by the determination of the reduction of cytochrome c and iodonitrotetrazolium, lipid peroxidation (LPO), metallothioneins (MTs), and catalase (CAT) activity. Apoptosis was evaluated by DNA fragmentation detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Germinal cells apoptosis was detected by toluidine blue staining. The expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins (Pts) was also investigated. After 15 days of treatment, an increase of LPO and MT levels occurred, while CAT activity was decreased. Testicular tissues of treated rats showed pronounced degradation of the DNA into oligonucleotides as seen in the typical electrophoretic DNA ladder pattern. Intense apoptosis was observed in germinal cells of Cr-exposed rats. Bax Pt expression was induced in spermatogonia and spermatocytes cells of CrVI-treated rats. In contrast, Bcl-2 Pt was occasionally observed in germ cells of CrVI-exposed rats. These results clearly suggest that CrVI subacute treatment causes oxidative stress in rat testis leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Marouani
- 1 Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Tebourbi
- 1 Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Dorsaf Hallègue
- 1 Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mokni
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Tahar Yacoubi
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Pathological Cytology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- 1 Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Benkhalifa
- 3 Department of Reproductive Biology and Cytogenetics, Picardy University Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Khémais Ben Rhouma
- 1 Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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Dashti A, Soodi M, Amani N. Cr (VI) induced oxidative stress and toxicity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons at different stages of development and protective effect of Rosmarinic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:269-77. [PMID: 25213303 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a widespread metal ion in the workplace, industrial effluent, and water. The toxicity of chromium (VI) on various organs including the liver, kidneys, and lung were studied, but little is known about neurotoxicity. In this study, neurotoxic effects of Cr (VI) have been investigated by cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Immature and mature neurons were exposed to different concentrations of potassium dichromate for 24 h and cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. In addition, immature neurons were exposed for 5 days as regards cytotoxic effect in development stages. The reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the protective effect of Rosmarinic acid on mature and immature neurons exposed to potassium dichromate, were measured. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and acetylcholinesterase activity in mature neurons were assessed following exposure to potassium dichromate. The results indicate that toxicity of Cr (VI) dependent on maturation steps. Cr (VI) was less toxic for immature neurons. Also, Cr (VI) induced MMP reduction and ROS production in both immature and mature neurons. In Cr (VI) treated neurons, increased lipid peroxidation and GPx activity but not acetylcholinesterase activity was observed. Interestingly, Rosmarinic acid, as a natural antioxidant, could protect mature but not immature neurons against Cr (VI) induced toxicity. Our findings revealed vulnerability of mature neurons to Cr (VI) induced toxicity and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Dashti
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Amani
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Hfaiedh M, Brahmi D, Zourgui L. Hepatoprotective effect of Taraxacum officinale leaf extract on sodium dichromate-induced liver injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:339-349. [PMID: 25270677 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber, commonly known as Dandelion, has been widely used as a folkloric medicine for the treatment of liver and kidney disorders and some women diseases such as breast and uterus cancers. The main objective of the present study was to assess the efficiency of T. officinale leaf extract (TOE) in treating sodium dichromate hazards; it is a major environmental pollutant known for its wide toxic manifestations witch induced liver injury. TOE at a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w was orally administered once per day for 30 days consecutively, followed by 10 mg/kg b.w sodium dichromate was injected (intraperitoneal) for 10 days. Our results using Wistar rats showed that sodium dichromate significantly increased serum biochemical parameters. In the liver, it was found to induce an oxidative stress, evidenced from increase in lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidative activities. In addition, histopathological observation revealed that sodium dichromate causes acute liver damage, necrosis of hepatocytes, as well as DNA fragmentation. Interestingly, animals that were pretreated with TOE, prior to sodium dichromate administration, showed a significant hepatoprotection, revealed by a significant reduction of sodium dichromate-induced oxidative damage for all tested markers. These finding powerfully supports that TOE was effective in the protection against sodium dichromate-induced hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity and, therefore, suggest a potential therapeutic use of this plant as an alternative medicine for patients with acute liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbarka Hfaiedh
- Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Gafsa, 2112, University of Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Dalel Brahmi
- Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Gafsa, 2112, University of Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Lazhar Zourgui
- Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences Gafsa, 2112, University of Gafsa, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Applied Biology ISBAM Medenine, University of Gabes, Tunisia
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12
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Rasheed W, Shah MR, Kazmi MH, Mahboob T, Rehman M. Chromium scavenging ability of silver nanoparticles in human erythrocytes, real samples and their effect on the catalase enzyme. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03657g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The plasmonic sensor (6APA–AgNPs) exhibited good selectivity towards Cr(vi) in real samples. It can be used as preventive xenobiotic for catalase against Cr(vi) induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasia Rasheed
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Mehdi Hasan Kazmi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Tabassum Mahboob
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
| | - Madiha Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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Mishra S, Bharagava RN. Toxic and genotoxic effects of hexavalent chromium in environment and its bioremediation strategies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2016; 34:1-32. [PMID: 26398402 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1096883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is one of the major inorganic environmental pollutants, which is added in the environment through various natural and anthropogenic activities and exists mainly in two forms: Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Cr(VI) is considered to be more toxic than Cr(III) due to its high solubility and mobility. It is a well-reported occupational carcinogen associated with lung, nasal, and sinus cancers. Thus, this review article provides the detailed information on the occurrence, sources of chromium contamination in the environment and their toxicological effects in human, animal, plants as well as in microorganisms, and bioremediation strategies to minimize the toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- a Department of Environmental Microbiology , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) , Lucknow , India
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- a Department of Environmental Microbiology , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) , Lucknow , India
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Functional role of inorganic trace elements in angiogenesis-Part II: Cr, Si, Zn, Cu, and S. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:143-55. [PMID: 26088455 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements play critical roles in angiogenesis events. The effects of nitrogen, iron, selenium, phosphorus, gold, and calcium were discussed in part I. In part II, we evaluated the effect of chromium, silicon, zinc, copper, and sulfur on different aspects of angiogenesis, with critical roles in healing and regeneration processes, and undeniable roles in tumor growth and cancer therapy. This review is the second of series that serves as an overview of the role of inorganic elements in regulation of angiogenesis and vascular function. The methods of exposure, structure, mechanism, and potential activity of these trace elements are briefly discussed. An electronic search was performed on the role of these trace elements in angiogenesis from January 2005 to April 2014. The recent aspects of the relationship between five different trace elements and their role in regulation of angiogenesis, and homeostasis of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors were assessed. Many studies have investigated the effects and importance of these elements in angiogenesis events. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on angiogenesis are observed for the evaluated elements. Chromium can promote angiogenesis in pathological manners. Silicon as silica nanoparticles is anti-angiogenic, while in calcium silicate extracts and bioactive silicate glasses promote angiogenesis. Zinc is an anti-angiogenic agent acting on important genes and growth factors. Copper and sulfur compositions have pro-angiogenic functions by activating pro-angiogenic growth factors and promoting endothelial cells migration, growth, and tube formation. Thus, utilization of these elements may provide a unique opportunity to modulate angiogenesis under various setting.
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Liu M, Liu Y, Cheng Z, Liu J, Chai T. Effects of chromic chloride on chick embryo fibroblast viability. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:555-562. [PMID: 28962390 PMCID: PMC5598472 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of chromic chloride (CrCl3) on chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) viability. The cells were incubated with CrCl3 (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 12.5, and 62.5 μM), and the viability was determined using MTT assay, morphological detection and flow cytometry. The results show that lower concentrations of CrCl3 (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 μM) did not damage CEF viability. At 0.1 μM, CrCl3 can increase CEF viability (P < 0.05). However, at higher concentrations of CrCl3 (2.5, 12.5, and 62.5 μM), the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells (P < 0.01) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (P < 0.01) increased. In addition, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (P < 0.01) and enhanced intracellular calcium levels (P < 0.01) were observed after the exposure. Moreover, apoptotic morphological changes induced by these processes in CEF were confirmed using Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell death induced by higher concentrations of CrCl3 was caused by an apoptotic and a necrotic mechanism, whereas the main mechanism of oxidative stress and induced mitochondrial dysfunction was apoptotic death. The induced apoptotic death in CEF is concentration- and time-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanhan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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The Effect of Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress on the Enzymes in White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:1281-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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17
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Welling R, Beaumont JJ, Petersen SJ, Alexeeff GV, Steinmaus C. Chromium VI and stomach cancer: a meta-analysis of the current epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:151-9. [PMID: 25231674 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chromium VI (hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI)) is an established cause of lung cancer, but its association with gastrointestinal cancer is less clear. The goal of this study was to examine whether the current human epidemiological research on occupationally inhaled Cr(VI) supports the hypothesis that Cr(VI) is associated with human stomach cancer. METHODS Following a thorough literature search and review of individual studies, we used meta-analysis to summarise the current epidemiological literature on inhaled Cr(VI) and stomach cancer, explore major sources of heterogeneity, and assess other elements of causal inference. RESULTS We identified 56 cohort and case-control studies and 74 individual relative risk (RR) estimates on stomach cancer and Cr(VI) exposure or work in an occupation associated with high Cr(VI) exposure including chromium production, chrome plating, leather work and work with Portland cement. The summary RR for all studies combined was 1.27 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.38). In analyses limited to only those studies identifying increased risks of lung cancer, the summary RR for stomach cancer was higher (RR=1.41, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.69). CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results suggest that Cr(VI) is a stomach carcinogen in humans, which is consistent with the tumour results reported in rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Welling
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA
| | - James J Beaumont
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Scott J Petersen
- Occupational Medicine, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA
| | - George V Alexeeff
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA
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18
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The applicability of oxidative stress biomarkers in assessing chromium induced toxicity in the fish Labeo rohita. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:782493. [PMID: 25302308 PMCID: PMC4180195 DOI: 10.1155/2014/782493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of metal's toxicity in freshwater is one of the imperative areas of research and there is an emergent concern on the development of techniques for detecting toxic effects in aquatic animals. Oxidative stress biomarkers are very useful in assessing the health of aquatic life and more in depth studies are necessary to establish an exact cause effect relationship. Therefore, to study the effectiveness of this approach, a laboratory study was conducted in the fish Labeo rohita as a function of hexavalent chromium and the toxicity indices using a battery of oxidative stress biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR) in the liver, muscle, gills, and brain have been studied along with biometric parameters, behavioral changes, and Cr bioaccumulation. A significant increased HSI was observed in contrast to CF which reduced significantly. SOD, CAT, and GR activity increased significantly in all the tissues of treated fishes. The bioaccumulation of Cr was highest in liver followed by gills, muscle, and brain. This study highlights the significance of using a set of integrated biomarker and advocate to include these parameters in National Water Quality Monitoring Program in areas potentially polluted with metals to assess the health of the ecosystem.
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Nagpure NS, Srivastava R, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Srivastava SK, Kumar P, Dabas A. Assessment of genotoxic and mutagenic potential of hexavalent chromium in the freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:9-15. [PMID: 24649973 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.900066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of sublethal concentrations of hexavalent chromium (potassium dichromate) in the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. The 96 h LC50 value of potassium dichromate estimated was 118 mg L(-1) by probit analysis using SPSS (version 16.0) software. Based on 96 h LC50 value, three sublethal test concentrations of potassium dichromate (29.5, 59.0 and 88.5 mg L(-)(1)) were selected and specimens were exposed in vivo to these test concentrations for 96 h. The mutagenic and genotoxic effects of potassium dichromate were evaluated in gill and blood cells using micronucleus (MN) test and comet assay. In general, significant (p < 0.05) effects due to the concentrations and the exposure durations were observed in exposed specimens. The MN induction was highest at 96 h at all the test concentrations in the peripheral blood. A similar trend was observed for the DNA damage, measured in terms of percentage of tail DNA, in erythrocyte and gill cells. The study indicated hazardous effect of the hexavalent chromium to fish and other aquatic organisms and indirectly to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Sahebrao Nagpure
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources , Lucknow , U. P., India
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20
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Pragya P, Shukla AK, Murthy RC, Abdin MZ, Kar Chowdhuri D. Over-expression of superoxide dismutase ameliorates Cr(VI) induced adverse effects via modulating cellular immune system of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88181. [PMID: 24505420 PMCID: PMC3913750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved innate immune system plays critical role for maintaining the health of an organism. However, a number of environmental chemicals including metals are known to exert adverse effects on immune system. The present study assessed the in vivo effect of a major environmental chemical, Cr(VI), on cellular immune response using Drosophila melanogaster and subsequently the protective role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) based on the comparable performance of the tested anti-oxidant enzymes. The immuno-modulatory potential of Cr(VI) was demonstrated by observing a significant reduction in the total hemocyte count along with impaired phagocytic activity in exposed organism. Concurrently, a significant increase in the percentage of Annexin V-FITC positive cells, activation of DEVDase activity, generation of free radical species along with inhibition of anti-oxidant enzyme activities was observed in the hemocytes of exposed organism. In addition, we have shown that ONOO(-) is primarily responsible for Cr(VI) induced adverse effects on Drosophila hemocytes along with O2(-). While generation of O2(-)/ONOO(-) in Cr(VI) exposed Drosophila hemocytes was found to be responsible for the suppression of Drosophila cellular immune response, Cr(VI) induced alteration was significantly reduced by the over-expression of sod in Drosophila hemocytes. Overall, our results suggest that manipulation of one of the anti-oxidant genes, sod, benefits the organism from Cr(VI) induced alteration in cellular immunity. Further, this study demonstrates the applicability of D. melanogaster to examine the possible effects of environmental chemicals on innate immunity which can be extrapolated to higher organisms due to evolutionary conservation of innate immune system between Drosophila and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Pragya
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Murthy
- Analytical Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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Sadek KM. Chemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract against chromium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Andrologia 2013; 46:1047-54. [PMID: 24215114 DOI: 10.1111/and.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the mechanism underlying the chemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLEE) against chromium-induced impairments of rat testes using biochemical methods. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), group II injected potassium dichromate (8 mg kg(-1) ) i.p., group III gastrogavaged MOLEE (500 mg kg(-1) ) p.o. and group IV received (potassium dichromate plus MOLEE) by the same doses for 60 days. After the blood samples were collected, the animals were sacrificed to determine the testicular antioxidant status and sperm parameters. The chromium-treated group exhibited a significant decrease in testicular antioxidant enzymatic activities, local immunity and sperm parameters as well as an increase in inflammatory markers when compared with the control and MOLEE-treated group. However, concurrent administration of chromium and MOLEE significantly ameliorated the chromium effects on the sperm parameters, local immunity, inflammatory markers and antioxidant enzymatic activities compared with rats exposed to chromium alone. This study concludes that chronic exposure to chromium produces clear testicular toxicity, which can either be prevented or at least decreased by concomitant administration of MOLEE. Interestingly, the metal ion chelation could attribute partly the antioxidant activities of MOLEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
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22
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Matos RC, Bessa M, Oliveira H, Gonçalves F, de Lourdes Pereira M, Nunes B. Mechanisms of kidney toxicity for chromium- and arsenic-based preservatives: potential involvement of a pro-oxidative pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:929-936. [PMID: 24025636 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been extensively used for the preservation of wood. Among metallic conservatives, mixtures of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were thoroughly used. However, the release and consequent mobilization of such compounds by biota, may culminate in the exertion of toxic chemical effects. The present study intended to show the toxicological effects caused by arsenic (7.2 mg/kg body weight), chromium (10.2 mg/kg Cr body weight) and the commercial mixture CCA (7.2 mg/kg As body weight and 10.2 mg/kg Cr body weight) in mice, namely the oxidative stress response (catalase - CAT, glutathione peroxidase - GPx, and glutathione-S-transferases - GSTs), in kidney tissues. The determination of the tested parameters was performed after exposure; organisms were exposed, and then sacrificed at two distinct periods, namely 14 and 96 h after the administration of toxicants. Exposure to chromium and arsenic induced significant modifications in the redox state of the test organisms, evidenced by significant alterations in GSTs and GPx activities. No alterations were found concerning the activity of catalase. These findings showed that the chemical mixture used as household product may exert significant toxicological outcomes in exposed animals, such as rodents, conditioning their redox homeostasis and antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cerejeira Matos
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ben Hamida F, Troudi A, Sefi M, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. The protective effect of propylthiouracil against hepatotoxicity induced by chromium in adult mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:235-45. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713498446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), is widely recognized as potentially hepatotoxic in humans and animals. Its toxicity is associated with overproduction of free radicals, which induces oxidative damage. This study focused on the possible protective effect of propylthiouracil (PTU) against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7). Female mice were divided into four groups (groups I–IV) with seven animals in each group. Group I served as a control, which received tap water; group II received K2Cr2O7 alone (75 mg kg−1 body weight (b.w.)) via drinking water; group III received both K2Cr2O7 via drinking water and PTU by intramuscular injection at a dose 2.5 mg/100 g−1 b.w. twice a week, and group IV received PTU alone twice a week for 30 days. Exposure of mice to Cr promoted oxidative stress with an increase in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and advanced oxidation protein product levels. Nonenzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, nonprotein thiol, vitamin C levels and enzymatic antioxidant activities such as glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were decreased, while catalase activity was increased. Biomarkers of liver injury such as aspartate and alanine transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase activities, bilirubin, albumin, and glucose levels were increased, while triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased. Coadministration of PTU restored the above-mentioned parameters to near-normal values. The histological findings confirmed the biochemical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Hamida
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Afef Troudi
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Madiha Sefi
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahia Boudawara
- Histopathology Laboratory, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Najiba Zeghal
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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24
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Hart WE, Marczak SP, Kneller AR, French RA, Morris DL. The abilities of selenium dioxide and selenite ion to coordinate DNA-bound metal ions and decrease oxidative DNA damage. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 125:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Mulware SJ. Comparative Trace Elemental Analysis in Cancerous and Noncancerous Human Tissues Using PIXE. JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICS (HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION : ONLINE) 2013; 2013:192026. [PMID: 23762045 PMCID: PMC3671537 DOI: 10.1155/2013/192026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high or low levels of trace metals in human tissues has been studied widely. There have been detectable significant variations in the concentrations of trace metals in normal and cancerous tissues suggesting that these variations could be a causative factor to various cancers. Even though essential trace metals play an important role such as stabilizers, enzyme cofactors, elements of structure, and essential elements for normal hormonal functions, their imbalanced toxic effects contribute to the rate of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and formation of complexities in the body cells which may lead to DNA damage. The induction of oxidative-induced DNA damage by ROS may lead to isolated base lesions or single-strand breaks, complex lesions like double-strand breaks, and some oxidative generated clustered DNA lesions (OCDLs) which are linked to cell apoptosis and mutagenesis. The difference in published works on the level of variations of trace metals in different cancer tissues can be attributed to the accuracy of the analytical techniques, sample preparation methods, and inability of taking uniform samples from the affected tissues. This paper reviews comparative trace elemental concentrations of cancerous and noncancerous tissues using PIXE that has been reported in the published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Juma Mulware
- Ion Beam Modification and Analysis Laboratory, Physics Department, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, No. 311427, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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26
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Witt KL, Stout MD, Herbert RA, Travlos GS, Kissling GE, Collins BJ, Hooth MJ. Mechanistic Insights from the NTP Studies of Chromium. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:326-42. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312469856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a contaminant of water and soil and is a human lung carcinogen. Trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), a proposed essential element, is ingested by humans in the diet and in dietary supplements such as chromium picolinate (CP). The National Toxicology Program (NTP) demonstrated that Cr(VI) is also carcinogenic in rodents when administered in drinking water as sodium dichromate dihydrate (SDD), inducing neoplasms of the oral cavity and small intestine in rats and mice, respectively. In contrast, there was no definitive evidence of toxicity or carcinogenicity following exposure to Cr(III) administered in feed as CP monohydrate (CPM). Cr(VI) readily enters cells via nonspecific anion channels, in contrast to Cr(III), which cannot easily pass through the cell membrane. Extracellular reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which occurs primarily in the stomach, is considered a mechanism of detoxification, while intracellular reduction is thought to be a mechanism of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Tissue distribution studies in additional groups of male rats and female mice demonstrated higher Cr concentrations in tissues following exposure to Cr(VI) compared to controls and Cr(III) exposure at a similar external dose, indicating that some of the Cr(VI) escaped gastric reduction and was distributed systemically. The multiple potential pathways of Cr-induced genotoxicity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L. Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D. Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald A. Herbert
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory S. Travlos
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bradley J. Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle J. Hooth
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Ayinde OC, Ogunnowo S, Ogedegbe RA. Influence of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on testicular zinc content and testicular toxicity in lead exposed albino rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 13:17. [PMID: 23241495 PMCID: PMC3554483 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-13-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational and environmental exposures to lead remain a public health problem as lead alters physiological processes by inducing oxidative stress and mimicking divalent cations. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Vitamin C (VC) and Vitamin E (VE) on the reproductive function of lead exposed male rats. Experimental animals were exposed to oral doses of lead, VC and VE at 60 mg/kg body weight, 40 mg/kg body weight, and 150 mg/kg body weight respectively, while control animals received 0.9% saline solution. Oral administration spanned for six weeks after which changes in testicular redox status, lead deposition, testicular zinc content, serum androgen content, semen quality and testis histology were examined. Results There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in oxidative stress indices and testicular lead content. A significant (p < 0.05) depletion of zinc in the testis of lead exposed animals was also observed. Fluctuations were observed in androgen levels of lead treated animals with a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (TT) content, while there was no significant change in luteinizing hormone (LH) content. Testicular tissue showed an alteration in its normal histology with degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium accompanied by a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the number of luminal spermatozoa. A downgrade in the semen appearance and semen quality –sperm motility, morphology, and count was also observed after lead exposure. VC and VE treatment showed a significant (p < 0.05) reversal of the physiological alteration induced by lead. Conclusions Lead exposure resulted in a decline in the reproductive function of male rats by inducing oxidative stress, inhibiting enzymes and depleting testicular zinc contents. However, results clearly showed that VC and VE attenuated the deleterious impact of lead on the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluseyi C Ayinde
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
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28
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Kim SH, Lee IC, Baek HS, Moon C, Kang SS, Bae CS, Kim SH, Shin DH, Kim JC. Pycnogenol® prevents hexavalent chromium-induced spermatotoxicity in rats. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-012-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Arivarasu NA, Priyamvada S, Mahmood R. Caffeic acid inhibits chromium(VI)-induced oxidative stress and changes in brush border membrane enzymes in rat intestine. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 148:209-15. [PMID: 22328309 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a single oral dose of potassium dichromate results in a decrease in the activities of several brush border membrane enzymes, produces oxidative stress, and alters the activities of several antioxidant enzymes in the small intestine of rats. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of treatment with the dietary antioxidant caffeic acid on potassium dichromate-induced biochemical changes in the rat intestine. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, potassium dichromate alone, caffeic acid alone, and potassium dichromate + caffeic acid. Administration of a single oral dose of potassium dichromate alone (100 mg/kg body mass) led to a decrease in the activities of brush border membrane enzymes, increase in lipid peroxidation, decrease in sulfhydryl groups, and changes in the activities of several antioxidant enzymes. Two oral doses of caffeic acid (each of 250 mg/kg body mass) greatly attenuated the potassium dichromate-induced changes in all these parameters, but the administration of caffeic acid alone had no effect. Thus, caffeic acid is an effective agent in reducing the effects of potassium dichromate on the intestine and could prove to be useful in alleviating the toxicity of chromium(VI) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Arivarasu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India
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30
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Sobol Z, Schiestl RH. Intracellular and extracellular factors influencing Cr(VI) and Cr(III) genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:94-100. [PMID: 22020802 DOI: 10.1002/em.20679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cr(VI) is a human and animal carcinogen. Cr(VI) does not interact directly with DNA and thus its genotoxicity is attributed to its intracellular reduction to Cr(III) via reactive intermediates. The resulting types of DNA damage can be grouped into two categories: (1) oxidative DNA damage and (2) Cr(III)-DNA interactions. This study examines the molecular mechanism of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) genotoxicity in an intact cell. A system screening for DNA deletions (DEL assay) was used to compare induction of chromosomal rearrangements in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae following Cr(VI) and Cr(III) exposure. Both forms of chromium induced DNA deletions albeit with different dose-response curves. N-acetylcysteine had a protective effect against Cr(VI) genotoxicity at high exposure doses but had no protective effect at lower doses or against Cr(III). An oxidative DNA damage repair mutant was hypersensitive to Cr(VI) only at high exposure and the mutant was not hypersensitive to Cr(III) exposure. These data imply that oxidative stress is involved in Cr(VI) genotoxicity at high exposure concentrations and not so in Cr(III). The Cr(III)-DNA interaction appears to be an important genotoxic lesion following Cr(VI) exposure at low-exposure concentrations. The CAN forward mutation assay revealed that within the concentration ranges used for this study, Cr(III) does not cause point mutations and Cr(VI) causes a mild but statistically significant increase in point mutation only at the highest concentration tested. This study reveals that DNA deletions occurring as a result of intrachromosomal homologous recombination are a useful endpoint for studying chromium genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Sobol
- Department of Pathology, Geffen School of Medicine and School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Li Chen T, LaCerte C, Wise SS, Holmes A, Martino J, Wise JP, Thompson WD, Wise JP. Comparative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of particulate and soluble hexavalent chromium in human and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) skin cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:143-50. [PMID: 21466859 PMCID: PMC4084666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a global marine pollutant, present in marine mammal tissues. Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known human carcinogen. In this study, we compare the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of Cr(VI) in human (Homo sapiens) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) skin fibroblasts. Our data show that increasing concentrations of both particulate and soluble Cr(VI) induce increasing amounts of cytotoxicity and clastogenicity in human and sperm whale skin cells. Furthermore, the data show that sperm whale cells are resistant to these effects exhibiting less cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than the human cells. Differences in Cr uptake accounted for some but not all of the differences in particulate and soluble Cr(VI) genotoxicity, although it did explain the differences in particulate Cr(VI) cytotoxicity. Altogether, the data indicate that Cr(VI) is a genotoxic threat to whales, but also suggest that whales have evolved cellular mechanisms to protect them against the genotoxicity of environmental agents such as Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Li Chen
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - Carolyne LaCerte
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
| | - Sandra S. Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
| | - Amie Holmes
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - Julieta Martino
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
| | - W. Douglas Thompson
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St., Portland, ME 04104 USA
- Ocean Alliance, 191 Weston Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773 USA
- Correspondence: Sr. Express Mail: 178 Science Building 96 Falmouth St. Portland, Maine 04103 Phone: (207) 228-8050; FAX: (207) 228-8518
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Molina-Jijón E, Zarco-Márquez G, Medina-Campos ON, Zataraín-Barrón ZL, Hernández-Pando R, Pinzón E, Zavaleta RM, Tapia E, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Deferoxamine pretreatment prevents Cr(VI)-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidant stress: Role of Cr(VI) chelation. Toxicology 2012; 291:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Garg SK, Tripathi M, Srinath T. Strategies for chromium bioremediation of tannery effluent. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 217:75-140. [PMID: 22350558 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2329-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation offers the possibility of using living organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae,or plants), but primarily microorganisms, to degrade or remove environmental contaminants, and transform them into nontoxic or less-toxic forms. The major advantages of bioremediation over conventional physicochemical and biological treatment methods include low cost, good efficiency, minimization of chemicals, reduced quantity of secondary sludge, regeneration of cell biomass, and the possibility of recover-ing pollutant metals. Leather industries, which extensively employ chromium compounds in the tanning process, discharge spent-chromium-laden effluent into nearby water bodies. Worldwide, chromium is known to be one of the most common inorganic contaminants of groundwater at pollutant hazardous sites. Hexavalent chromium poses a health risk to all forms of life. Bioremediation of chromium extant in tannery waste involves different strategies that include biosorption, bioaccumulation,bioreduction, and immobilization of biomaterial(s). Biosorption is a nondirected physiochemical interaction that occurs between metal species and the cellular components of biological species. It is metabolism-dependent when living biomass is employed, and metabolism-independent in dead cell biomass. Dead cell biomass is much more effective than living cell biomass at biosorping heavy metals, including chromium. Bioaccumulation is a metabolically active process in living organisms that works through adsorption, intracellular accumulation, and bioprecipitation mechanisms. In bioreduction processes, microorganisms alter the oxidation/reduction state of toxic metals through direct or indirect biological and chemical process(es).Bioreduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ not only decreases the chromium toxicity to living organisms, but also helps precipitate chromium at a neutral pH for further physical removal,thus offering promise as a bioremediation strategy. However, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and bioreduction methods that rely on free cells for bioremediation suffer from Cr6 toxicity, and cell damage. Therefore, immobilization of microbial cell biomass enhances bioremediation and renders industrial bioremediation processes more economically viable from reduced free-cells toxicity, easier separation of biosorbents from the tannery effluent, ability to achieve multiple biosorption cycles, and desorption (elution) of metal(s) from matrices for reuse. Thus, microbial bioremediation can be a cost competitive strategy and beneficial bioresource for removing many hazardous contaminants from tannery and other industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyendra Kumar Garg
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, India.
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Ahmad MK, Syma S, Mahmood R. Cr(VI) induces lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and alters the activities of antioxidant enzymes in human erythrocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:426-35. [PMID: 21681464 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)), a hexavalent chromium compound, on human erythrocytes was studied under in vitro conditions. Incubation of erythrocytes with different concentrations of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) resulted in marked hemolysis in a concentration-dependent manner. K(2)Cr(2)O(7) treatment also caused significant increase in protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and decrease in total sulfhydryl content, indicating that it causes oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. However, there was no concomitant nitrosative stress as the nitric oxide levels in hemolysates from K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-treated erythrocytes were lower than in control. Exposure of erythrocytes to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) decreased the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase, whereas the activities of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase were increased. These results show that K(2)Cr(2)O(7) induces oxidative stress and alters the antioxidant defense mechanism of human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Kaisar Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Molina-Jijón E, Tapia E, Zazueta C, El Hafidi M, Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Hernández-Pando R, Medina-Campos ON, Zarco-Márquez G, Torres I, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Curcumin prevents Cr(VI)-induced renal oxidant damage by a mitochondrial pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1543-57. [PMID: 21839166 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the role of mitochondria in the protective effects of curcumin, a well-known direct and indirect antioxidant, against the renal oxidant damage induced by the hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compound potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) in rats. Curcumin was given daily by gavage using three different schemes: (1) complete treatment (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg bw 10 days before and 2 days after K(2)Cr(2)O(7) injection), (2) pretreatment (400 mg/kg bw for 10 days before K(2)Cr(2)O(7) injection), and (3) posttreatment (400 mg/kg bw 2 days after K(2)Cr(2)O(7) injection). Rats were sacrificed 48 h later after a single K(2)Cr(2)O(7) injection (15 mg/kg, sc) to evaluate renal and mitochondrial function and oxidant stress. Curcumin treatment (schemes 1 and 2) attenuated K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced renal dysfunction, histological damage, oxidant stress, and the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity both in kidney tissue and in mitochondria. Curcumin pretreatment attenuated K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction (alterations in oxygen consumption, ATP content, calcium retention, and mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased activity of complexes I, II, II-III, and V) but was unable to modify renal and mitochondrial Cr(VI) content or to chelate chromium. Curcumin posttreatment was unable to prevent K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced renal dysfunction. In further experiments performed in curcumin (400 mg/kg)-pretreated rats it was found that this antioxidant accumulated in kidney and activated Nrf2 at the time when K(2)Cr(2)O(7) was injected, suggesting that both direct and indirect antioxidant effects are involved in the protective effects of curcumin. These findings suggest that the preservation of mitochondrial function plays a key role in the protective effects of curcumin pretreatment against K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced renal oxidant damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Molina-Jijón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 University City, DF, Mexico
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Wen YF, Zhao JQ, Bhadauria M, Nirala SK. Baicalin prevents cadmium induced hepatic cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and histomorphometric alterations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 65:189-96. [PMID: 21924596 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic potential of baicalin was evaluated against Cd-induced hepatic cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Exposure to Cd (cadmium chloride) in Chang liver cell culture produced cytotoxicity in terms of increase in cell growth inhibition rate, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and cellular lipid peroxidation, which was significantly mitigated by baicalin in a concentration dependent manner. Acute exposure to Cd (6.5 mg/kg body weight; ip once only) produced a condition of oxidative stress in rats and substantially increased LPO and GSSG level along with corresponding decrease in GSH and various antioxidant enzymes in liver and also increased the leakage of liver marker enzymes in serum. Therapy with baicalin after 3 h of Cd administration inhibited LPO and formation of GSSG along with increase in liver GSH level. Release of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly restored towards control after baicalin treatment. Administration of baicalin helped in restoring the activities of antioxidants enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase towards control. Histomorphometric analysis also supported biochemical findings of the study. The observations clearly demonstrated that baicalin treatment ameliorated Cd induced hepatic cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and provides evidence for its therapeutic potential against Cd induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650 201, PR China
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Wen YF, Zhao JQ, Bhadauria M, Nirala SK. Pyridoxine mitigates cadmium induced hepatic cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:169-174. [PMID: 21787648 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic potential of pyridoxine (vit B6) was evaluated against cadmium induced hepatic cytotoxicity in culture and oxidative stress in rats. Nonmalignant "Chang" liver cell culture was exposed to Cd (cadmium chloride) that produced cytotoxicity in terms of increase in cell growth inhibition rate, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation, which was significantly mitigated by pyridoxine in a concentration dependent manner. Acute exposure to Cd (6.5mg/kg body weight; ip once only) produced a condition of hepatic oxidative stress by substantially increasing lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione level along with corresponding decrease in reduced glutathione and various antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cadmium administration significantly increased the leakage of liver marker enzymes in serum, i.e., transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Therapy with pyridoxine after 3h of Cd administration decreased the release of serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase towards control. Administration of pyridoxine inhibited lipid peroxidation and formation of oxidized glutathione, increased the reduced glutathione level and restored the activities of aforesaid antioxidant enzymes towards control. The observations clearly demonstrated that pyridoxine treatment mitigates cadmium induced hepatic cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and provides evidence that it may be used clinically against Cd-induced hepatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650 201, PR China
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Irfan Zia Qureshi, Mahmood T. Prospective role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in attenuating hexavalent chromium-induced functional and cellular damage in rat thyroid. Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:349-59. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710371109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to toxic heavy metals may render industrial workers with thyroid-related problems. Here, we examined the role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) against hexavalent chromium Cr (VI)-induced damage in rat thyroid gland. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and ascorbic acid doses were 60 µg and 120 mg kg—1 body wt (intraperitoneally [i.p.]) respectively. Treatment regimens were group I rats, saline treated control; group II, only K2Cr2O7; group III, ascorbic acid 1 hour prior K2Cr2O7; group IV, simultaneous doses of ascorbic acid and K2Cr2O 7, and group V, a combined premix dose of ascorbic acid and K2 Cr2O7 (2:1 ratio). Blood samples were taken before dosing the animals and 48 hours post exposure to determine the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations. Toward end of experiment, rats were sacrificed and thyroid glands were processed to evaluate the extent of cellular insult. Results showed significantly increased TSH and decreased FT3 and FT4 concentrations in groups II, III and IV rats as compared to control levels (p < 0.05). In contrast, in group V rats, serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 concentrations neared control concentrations. Histopathologically, protective effect of ascorbic acid was found in group V rats only, where thyroid gland structure neared control thyroid except the follicular size that was decreased (p < 0.05). Follicular density was no different from control. Basal laminae were intact, interfollicular spaces were normal. Colloid retraction and/or reabsorption were reduced maximally. Epithelial cell height was no different from control; epithelial follicular index increased only 1.3 fold, whereas nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio was decreased by 14% only. The study indicates that the ascorbic acid may have the potential to protect thyroid gland from chromium toxicity; however, the study warrants further in-depth experimentation to precisely elucidate this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Zia Qureshi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan,
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Soudani N, Sefi M, Ben Amara I, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Protective effects of Selenium (Se) on Chromium (VI) induced nephrotoxicity in adult rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:671-678. [PMID: 19913299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is a toxic metal implicated in human diseases. This study was focused on investigating the possible protective effect of Se against K(2)Cr(2)O(7). Female Wistar rats, used in this study, were divided into four groups of six animals each: group I served as control which received standard diet; group II received orally only K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (700 ppm equivalent to 67 mg/kgbw); group III received both K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Se (0.5 mg/kg of diet); group IV received Se (0.5mg Na(2)SeO(3)/kg of diet). The exposure of rats to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) for 21 days provoked renal damages with a significant increase in kidney malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, plasma creatinine, and uric acid levels, while catalase, glutathione peroxidase, non-protein thiol, Metallothionein and plasma urea levels decreased. Coadministration of Se in the diet of chromium-treated group improved malondialdehyde, renal biomarkers levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. Kidney histological studies confirmed biochemical parameters and the beneficial role of selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Soudani
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Life Sciences Department, UR/08-73 Sfax Faculty of Sciences, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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Pasha Q, Malik SA, Shaheen N, Shah MH. Investigation of trace metals in the blood plasma and scalp hair of gastrointestinal cancer patients in comparison with controls. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:531-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chandra AK, Chatterjee A, Ghosh R, Sarkar M. Vitamin E-supplementation protect chromium (VI)-induced spermatogenic and steroidogenic disorders in testicular tissues of rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:972-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McCarroll N, Keshava N, Chen J, Akerman G, Kligerman A, Rinde E. An evaluation of the mode of action framework for mutagenic carcinogens case study II: chromium (VI). ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:89-111. [PMID: 19708067 DOI: 10.1002/em.20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In response to the 2005 revised U.S Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Cancer Guidelines, a strategy is being developed to include all mutagenicity and other genotoxicity data with additional information to determine whether the initiating step in carcinogenesis is through a mutagenic mode of action (MOA). This information is necessary to decide if age-dependent adjustment factors (ADAFs) should be applied to the risk assessment. Chromium (VI) [Cr (VI)], a carcinogen in animals and humans via inhalation, was reassessed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in 2-year drinking water studies in rodents. From these data, NTP concluded that the results with Cr (VI) showed clear evidence of carcinogenicity in male and female mice and rats. Cr (VI) is also mutagenic, in numerous in vitro assays, in animals (mice and rats) and in humans. Accordingly, Cr (VI) was processed through the MOA framework; postulated key steps in tumor formation were interaction of DNA with Cr (VI) and reduction to Cr (III), mutagenesis, cell proliferation, and tumor formation. Within the timeframe and tumorigenic dose range for early events, genetic changes in mice (single/double-stranded DNA breaks) commence within 24 hr. Mechanistic evidence was also found for oxidative damage and DNA adduct formation contributing to the tumor response. The weight of evidence supports the plausibility that Cr (VI) may act through a mutagenic MOA. Therefore, the Cancer Guidelines recommend a linear extrapolation for the oral risk assessment. Cr (VI) also induces germ cell mutagenicity and causes DNA deletions in developing embryos; thus, it is recommended that the ADAFs be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy McCarroll
- Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Parveen K, Khan MR, Siddiqui WA. Pycnogenol prevents potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:343-50. [PMID: 19665454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], is widely recognized as a potential nephrotoxic in humans and animals. Its toxicity is associated with overproduction of free radicals, which induces oxidative damage. Recent evidence indicates that Pycnogenol (PYC), French maritime pine bark extract, exhibits antioxidant potential and protects against various oxidative stressors. The aim of the present study was to examine the modulating impacts of PYC on potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group was control, the second group was control plus pre-treated with PYC (10 mg/kg, body weight; in saline; intraperitoneally; once daily for 3 weeks) as drug control and the third group was saline pre-treated plus treated with a single injection of K2Cr2O7 (15 mg/kg, body weight; in saline; intraperitoneally) as toxicant group. The fourth group was PYC pre-treated plus K2Cr2O7 injected. Forty-eight hours after K2Cr2O7-treatment, blood was drawn for estimation of renal injury markers in serum. Rats were then sacrificed, and their kidneys were dissected for biochemical and histopathological assays. K2Cr2O7-treated rats showed significant increases in markers of renal injury in serum, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by PYC pre-treatment. Moreover, prophylactic pre-treatment of rats with PYC significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated increased thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC), and decreased levels of glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity in the kidney homogenate of K2Cr2O7-treated rats. These results were also supported and confirmed with histopathological findings. The study suggests that PYC is effective in preventing K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative mediated nephrotoxicity, but more studies are needed to confirm the effects of PYC as a nephroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkashan Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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Potassium dichromate induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:643-53. [PMID: 19440407 PMCID: PMC2672371 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6020643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Chromium is a widespread industrial waste. The soluble hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) is an environmental contaminant widely recognized to act as a carcinogen, mutagen and teratogen towards humans and animals. The fate of chromium in the environment is dependent on its oxidation state. Hexavalent chromium primarily enters the cells and undergoes metabolic reduction to trivalent chromium, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species together with oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events. However, the results from in vitro studies are often conflicting. The aim of this study was to develop a model to establish relationships between cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress, in human liver carcinoma [HepG2] cells exposed to potassium dichromate. HepG2 cells were cultured following standard protocols and exposed to various concentrations [0–50 μM] of potassium dichromate [K2Cr2O7]. Following exposure to the toxic metal, the MTT assay was performed to assess the cytotoxicity, the thiobarbituric acid test to evaluate the degree of lipid peroxidation as an indicator of oxidative stress and the alkaline comet assay was used to assess DNA damage to study genotoxicity. The results of the study indicated that potassium dichromate was cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. The LD50 values of 8.83 ± 0.89 μg/ml, 6.76 ± 0.99 μg/ml, respectively, for cell mortality at 24 and 48 hrs were observed, indicating a dose- and time-dependent response with regard to the cytotoxic effects of potassium dichromate. A statistically significant increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde [MDA], an indicator of lipid peroxidation, was recorded in exposed cells [15.9 – 69.9 μM] compared to control [13 μM]. Similarly, a strong dose-response relationship (p<0.05) was also obtained with respect to potassium dichromate induced DNA damage (comet assay) in HepG2 cells exposed [3.16 ± 0.70 – 24.84 ± 1.86 microns – mean comet tail length]; [12.4 ± 1.45% – 76 ± 1.49% – % tail DNA] to potassium dichromate than control [3.07 ± 0.26 microns – mean comet tail length]; [2.69 + 0.19% – % Tail DNA], respectively. The results demonstrated that potassium dichromate was highly cytotoxic to HepG2 cells, and its cytotoxicity seems to be mediated by oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Patlolla AK, Barnes C, Yedjou C, Velma VR, Tchounwou PB. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity induced by hexavalent chromium in Sprague-Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:66-73. [PMID: 18508361 PMCID: PMC2769560 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is a widespread industrial compound. The soluble hexavalent chromium Cr (VI) is an environmental contaminant widely recognized as carcinogen, mutagen, and teratogen toward humans and animals. The fate of chromium in the environment is dependent on its oxidation state. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates leading to oxidative tissue damage and cellular injury. In the present investigation, Potassium dichromate was given intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 5 days with the doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg body weight per day. Oxidative stress including the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the extent of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in both liver and kidney was determined. DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). The results indicated that administration of Cr (VI) had caused a significant increase of ROS level in both liver and kidney after 5 days of exposure, accompanied with a dose-dependent increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The malondialdehyde content in liver and kidney was elevated as compared with the control animals. Dose- and time-dependent effects were observed on DNA damage after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h posttreatment. The results obtained from the present study showed that Cr (VI) could induce dose- and time-dependent effects on DNA damage, both liver and kidney show defense against chromium-induced oxidative stress by enhancing their antioxidant enzyme activity. However, liver was found to exhibit more antioxidant defense than the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K Patlolla
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, CSET, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Mattagajasingh SN, Misra BR, Misra HP. Carcinogenic chromium(VI)-induced protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation: implications in DNA-protein crosslinking. J Appl Toxicol 2008; 28:987-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abdourahman A, Edwards JG. Chromium supplementation improves glucose tolerance in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. IUBMB Life 2008; 60:541-8. [PMID: 18629917 DOI: 10.1002/iub.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chromium supplementation (Cr) may be useful in the management of diabetes and appears to improve some aspects of glucose handling. However, several studies have used either high doses of Cr supplementation or have placed control animals on a Cr-deficient diet. We therefore wanted to test whether Cr dosages in the ranges that more closely approximate recommended levels of supplementation in humans are efficacious in glycemic control under normal dietary conditions. Euglycemic Wistar or diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats (a model of nonobese NIDDM) were assigned to water (control) or chromium picolinate (Cr-P) supplementation (1 or 10 mg/kg/day) groups for up to 32 weeks. Glucose tolerance was tested following an overnight fast by injecting sterile glucose (1.0 g/kg, i.p.) and then measuring blood glucose at select times to determine the sensitivity to glucose by calculation of the area under the curve. Cr-P did not significantly alter the growth of the animals. In the euglycemic Wistar rats, Cr-P supplementation did not alter the response to a glucose tolerance test. In the GK rats, Cr-P supplementation significantly improved glucose tolerance at both levels of Cr-P supplementation (1 mg/kg/day: H20; 100 +/- 11%; Cr-P 70 +/- 8%; 10 mg/kg/day: H(2)0; 100 +/- 10%; Cr-P 66 +/- 9 %). Cr-P supplementation produced a small improvement in some indices of glycemic control. There were no differences observed for the two levels of Cr-P supplementation suggested that we did not identify a threshold for Cr-P effects, and future studies may use lower doses to find a threshold effect for improving glucose tolerance in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Abdourahman
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Abstract
A mixed culture was enriched from surface soil obtained from an eastern United States site highly contaminated with chromate. Growth of the culture was inhibited by a chromium concentration of 12 mg/L. Another mixed culture was enriched from subsurface soil obtained from the Hanford reservation, at the fringe of a chromate plume. The enrichment medium was minimal salts solution augmented with acetate as the carbon source, nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, and various levels of chromate. This mixed culture exhibited chromate tolerance, but not chromate reduction capability, when growing anaerobically on this medium. However, this culture did exhibit chromate reduction capability when growing anaerobically on TSB. Growth of this culture was not inhibited by a chromium concentration of 12 mg/L. Mixed cultures exhibited decreasing diversity with increasing levels of chromate in the enrichment medium. An in situ bioremediation strategy is suggested for chromate contaminated soil and groundwater.
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Azad N, Iyer AKV, Manosroi A, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y. Superoxide-mediated proteasomal degradation of Bcl-2 determines cell susceptibility to Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:1538-45. [PMID: 18544562 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds are redox cycling environmental carcinogens that induce apoptosis as the primary mode of cell death. Defects in apoptosis regulatory mechanisms contribute to carcinogenesis induced by Cr(VI). Activation of apoptosis signaling pathways is tightly linked with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Likewise, ROS have been implicated in the regulation of Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis and carcinogenicity; however, its role in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis and the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. We report that ROS, specifically superoxide anion (.O(-)(2), mediates Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis of human lung epithelial H460 cells. H460 rho(0) cells that lack mitochondrial DNA demonstrated a significant decrease in ROS production and apoptotic response to Cr(VI), indicating the involvement of mitochondrial ROS in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis. In agreement with this observation, we found that Cr(VI) induces apoptosis mainly through the mitochondrial death pathway via caspase-9 activation, which is negatively regulated by the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, .O(-)(2) induced apoptosis in response to Cr(VI) exposure by downregulating and degrading Bcl-2 protein through the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. This study reveals a novel mechanism linking .O(-)(2) with Bcl-2 stability and provides a new dimension to ROS-mediated Bcl-2 downregulation and apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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