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Nasir NJM, Heemskerk H, Jenkins J, Hamadee NH, Bunte R, Tucker-Kellogg L. Myoglobin-derived iron causes wound enlargement and impaired regeneration in pressure injuries of muscle. eLife 2023; 12:85633. [PMID: 37267120 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The reasons for poor healing of pressure injuries are poorly understood. Vascular ulcers are worsened by extracellular release of hemoglobin, so we examined the impact of myoglobin (Mb) iron in murine muscle pressure injuries (mPI). Tests used Mb-knockout or treatment with deferoxamine iron chelator (DFO). Unlike acute injuries from cardiotoxin, mPI regenerated poorly with a lack of viable immune cells, persistence of dead tissue (necro-slough), and abnormal deposition of iron. However, Mb-knockout or DFO-treated mPI displayed a reversal of the pathology: decreased tissue death, decreased iron deposition, decrease in markers of oxidative damage, and higher numbers of intact immune cells. Subsequently, DFO treatment improved myofiber regeneration and morphology. We conclude that myoglobin iron contributes to tissue death in mPI. Remarkably, a large fraction of muscle death in untreated mPI occurred later than, and was preventable by, DFO treatment, even though treatment started 12 hr after pressure was removed. This demonstrates an opportunity for post-pressure prevention to salvage tissue viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Jannah Mohamed Nasir
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hans Heemskerk
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- BioSyM and CAMP Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, CREATE, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julia Jenkins
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ralph Bunte
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa Tucker-Kellogg
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- BioSyM and CAMP Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, CREATE, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Hofbauer S, Pignataro M, Borsari M, Bortolotti CA, Di Rocco G, Ravenscroft G, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C, Sola M, Battistuzzi G. Pseudoperoxidase activity, conformational stability, and aggregation propensity of the His98Tyr myoglobin variant: implications for the onset of myoglobinopathy. FEBS J 2021; 289:1105-1117. [PMID: 34679218 PMCID: PMC9298411 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal dominant striated muscle disease myoglobinopathy is due to the single point mutation His98Tyr in human myoglobin (MB), the heme protein responsible for binding, storage, and controlled release of O2 in striated muscle. In order to understand the molecular basis of this disease, a comprehensive biochemical and biophysical study on wt MB and the variant H98Y has been performed. Although only small differences exist between the active site architectures of the two proteins, the mutant (a) exhibits an increased reactivity toward hydrogen peroxide, (b) exhibits a higher tendency to form high‐molecular‐weight aggregates, and (c) is more prone to heme bleaching, possibly as a consequence of the observed H2O2‐induced formation of the Tyr98 radical close to the metal center. These effects add to the impaired oxygen binding capacity and faster heme dissociation of the H98Y variant compared with wt MB. As the above effects result from bond formation/cleavage events occurring at the distal and proximal heme sites, it appears that the molecular determinants of the disease are localized there. These findings set the basis for clarifying the onset of the cascade of chemical events that are responsible for the pathological symptoms of myoglobinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hofbauer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcello Pignataro
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Borsari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Di Rocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Sola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gianantonio Battistuzzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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3
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Reversible Oxidative Modifications in Myoglobin and Functional Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060549. [PMID: 32599765 PMCID: PMC7346209 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb), an oxygen-binding heme protein highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle, has been shown to undergo oxidative modifications on both an inter- and intramolecular level when exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro. Here, we show that exposure to H2O2 increases the peroxidase activity of Mb. Reaction of Mb with H2O2 causes covalent binding of heme to the Mb protein (Mb-X), corresponding to an increase in peroxidase activity when ascorbic acid is the reducing co-substrate. Treatment of H2O2-reacted Mb with ascorbic acid reverses the Mb-X crosslink. Reaction with H2O2 causes Mb to form dimers, trimers, and larger molecular weight Mb aggregates, and treatment with ascorbic acid regenerates Mb monomers. Reaction of Mb with H2O2 causes formation of dityrosine crosslinks, though the labile nature of the crosslinks broken by treatment with ascorbic acid suggests that the reversible aggregation of Mb is mediated by crosslinks other than dityrosine. Disappearance of a peptide containing a tryptophan residue when Mb is treated with H2O2 and the peptide’s reappearance after subsequent treatment with ascorbic acid suggest that tryptophan side chains might participate in the labile crosslinking. Taken together, these data suggest that while exposure to H2O2 causes Mb-X formation, increases Mb peroxidase activity, and causes Mb aggregation, these oxidative modifications are reversible by treatment with ascorbic acid. A caveat is that future studies should demonstrate that these and other in vitro findings regarding properties of Mb have relevance in the intracellular milieu, especially in regard to actual concentrations of metMb, H2O2, and ascorbate that would be found in vivo.
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4
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Pires IS, Belcher DA, Hickey R, Miller C, Badu‐Tawiah AK, Baek JH, Buehler PW, Palmer AF. Novel manufacturing method for producing apohemoglobin and its biophysical properties. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:125-145. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan S. Pires
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Donald A. Belcher
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Richard Hickey
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Colbert Miller
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | | | - Jin Hyen Baek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Paul W. Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland
| | - Andre F. Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
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5
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Emadi M, Maghami P, Khorsandi K, Hosseinzadeh R. Biophysical study on the interaction of cartap hydrochloride and hemoglobin: Heme degradation and functional changes of protein. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22325. [PMID: 31004546 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cartap hydrochloride is a mildly perilous insecticide known as "Padan" which is used largely in agricultural farms to control weevil and caterpillars. The over use of cartap causes harmful effects on human health. Since the blood may acts as a target and carrier for insecticides, the effect of these compounds on blood in mammalian toxicology is very important. Hemoglobin is a tetramer protein that play critical role in oxygen transport. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the function and structural changes of hemoglobin in the presence of different concentrations of cartap by employing different spectroscopic techniques. The obtained results show that cartap has a high hemolytic effect which is increased with cartap concentration and reduces the thermal midpoint of hemoglobin. Fluorescence measurements reveal heme degradation at different concentrations of cartap. In consequence of theoretical and experimental results, cartap has an undesirable effect on hemoglobin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Emadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Maghami
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Khorsandi
- Deparment of Medical Laser, Medical Laser Research Center, YARA Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hosseinzadeh
- Deparment of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, YARA Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Lin YW. The broad diversity of heme-protein cross-links: An overview. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:844-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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8
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Failure to maintain myoglobin (Mb) in the reduced state causes the formation of metMb, ferryl Mb species, and cross-linked Mb. Dissociation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX from the globin and release of iron atoms can also occur as oxidized Mb accumulates. These modifications may contribute to various oxidative pathologies in muscle and muscle foods. RECENT ADVANCES The mechanism of ferryl Mb-mediated oxidative damage to nearby structures has been partially elucidated. Dissociation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX from metMb occurs more readily at acidic pH values. The dissociated ferriprotoporphyrin IX (also called hemin) readily decomposes preformed lipid hydroperoxides to reactive oxygen species. Heme oxygenase as well as lipophilic free radicals can degrade the protoporphyrin IX moiety, which results in the formation of free iron. CRITICAL ISSUES The multiple pathways by which Mb can incur toxicity create difficulties in determining the major cause of oxidative damage in a particular system. Peroxides and low pH activate each of the oxidative Mb forms, ferriprotoporphyrin IX, and released iron. Determining the relative concentration of these species is technically difficult, but essential to a complete understanding of oxidative pathology in muscle tissue. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Improved methods to assess the different pathways of Mb toxicity are needed. Although significant advances have been made in the understanding of Mb interactions with other biomolecules, further investigation is needed to understand the physical and chemical nature of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Richards
- Meat Science and Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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9
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Thiansilakul Y, Benjakul S, Park SY, Richards MP. Characteristics of myoglobin and haemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed mince from bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Hendgen-Cotta UB, Flögel U, Kelm M, Rassaf T. Unmasking the Janus face of myoglobin in health and disease. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:2734-40. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
For more than 100 years, myoglobin has been among the most extensively studied proteins. Since the first comprehensive review on myoglobin function as a dioxygen store by Millikan in 1939 and the discovery of its structure 50 years ago, multiple studies have extended our understanding of its occurrence, properties and functions. Beyond the two major roles, the storage and the facilitation of dioxygen diffusion, recent physiological studies have revealed that myoglobin acts as a potent scavenger of nitric oxide (NO•) representing a control system that preserves mitochondrial respiration. In addition, myoglobin may also protect the heart against reactive oxygen species (ROS), and, under hypoxic conditions, deoxygenated myoglobin is able to reduce nitrite to NO• leading to a downregulation of the cardiac energy status and to a decreased heart injury after reoxygenation. Thus, by controlling the NO• bioavailability via scavenging or formation, myoglobin serves as part of a sensitive dioxygen sensory system. In this review, the physiological relevance of these recent findings are delineated for pathological states where NO• and ROS bioavailability are known to be critical determinants for the outcome of the disease, e.g. ischemia/reperfusion injury. Detrimental and beneficial effects of the presence of myoglobin are discussed for various states of tissue oxygen tension within the heart and skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the impact of myoglobin on parasite infection, rhabdomyolysis, hindlimb and liver ischemia, angiogenesis and tumor growth are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. B. Hendgen-Cotta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Angiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - U. Flögel
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M. Kelm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Angiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T. Rassaf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonary Diseases and Angiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Teixeira KN, Oliveira JS, Drabowski B, Bruña-Romero O, Santos AMC, Santoro MM. Analysis of the oxidase activity induced by CCl(4) and H(2)O(2) in different recombinant myoglobins. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:276-82. [PMID: 20430054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemoproteins may present several functions due to their prosthetic groups. After a long time, well-studied proteins such as myoglobin have surprised us with new functions. Myoglobin is a hemoprotein which has some well described and unexpected functions within the organism. Oxidase activity in standard myoglobins has been described and this activity was attributed to a covalent linkage between heme and some amino acid residues such as histidine, when myoglobins are treated with alkyl halides, and tyrosine, and when myoglobins are treated with H(2)O(2). We have found that the oxidase activity, due to H(2)O(2) treatment, can appear in different myoglobins, which presents no key residue, such as Tyr 103, for the oxidase activity previously described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kádima N Teixeira
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Physical Chemistry of Proteins, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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12
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A highlight of myoglobin diversity: the nitrite reductase activity during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. Nitric Oxide 2009; 22:75-82. [PMID: 19836457 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin, famous as an important intracellular oxygen binding hemeprotein, displays a variety of functions. The first pioneering review on myoglobin was published as early as 1939, in which Millikan concluded that "muscle hemoglobin" acts primarily as a short-term dioxygen store, tiding the muscle over from one contraction to the next. Since that time, myoglobin has become one of the most widely studied proteins in a variety of research fields ranging from chemistry to medicine. Recently it was discovered that in the heart myoglobin changes its function in dependence of oxygen tension, acting as an oxygen sensor. Under normoxic conditions myoglobin plays the role of a nitric oxide (NO(*)) scavenger, protecting the heart from the deleterious effects of excessive NO(*). During hypoxia however, myoglobin changes its role from an NO(*) scavenger to an NO(*) producer. Deoxygenated myoglobin reduces nitrite to bioactive NO(*). The produced NO(*) downregulates the cardiac energy status and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption, thus protecting the heart. Myoglobin also exhibits a nitrite reductase function under further pathophysiological conditions. During myocardial reperfusion after ischemia, myoglobin - via nitrite - regulates respiration and cellular viability. This leads to a dramatic reduction of myocardial infarct size and to an improvement of myocardial function. The reaction between myoglobin and nitrite thus seems to play an imminent role in the regulation of cardiac function in physiology and pathophysiology.
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13
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Donzelli S, Espey MG, Flores-Santana W, Switzer CH, Yeh GC, Huang J, Stuehr DJ, King SB, Miranda KM, Wink DA. Generation of nitroxyl by heme protein-mediated peroxidation of hydroxylamine but not N-hydroxy-L-arginine. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:578-84. [PMID: 18503778 PMCID: PMC2562766 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity, toxicology, and pharmacological responses to nitroxyl (HNO) are often distinctly different from those of nitric oxide (NO). The discovery that HNO donors may have pharmacological utility for treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as heart failure and ischemia reperfusion has led to increased speculation of potential endogenous pathways for HNO biosynthesis. Here, the ability of heme proteins to utilize H2O2 to oxidize hydroxylamine (NH2OH) or N-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) to HNO was examined. Formation of HNO was evaluated with a recently developed selective assay in which the reaction products in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) were quantified by HPLC. Release of HNO from the heme pocket was indicated by formation of sulfinamide (GS(O)NH2), while the yields of nitrite and nitrate signified the degree of intramolecular recombination of HNO with the heme. Formation of GS(O)NH2 was observed upon oxidation of NH2OH, whereas NOHA, the primary intermediate in oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase, was apparently resistant to oxidation by the heme proteins utilized. In the presence of NH2OH, the highest yields of GS(O)NH2 were observed with proteins in which the heme was coordinated to a histidine (horseradish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, myoglobin, and hemoglobin) in contrast to a tyrosine (catalase) or cysteine (cytochrome P450). That peroxidation of NH2OH by horseradish peroxidase produced free HNO, which was able to affect intracellular targets, was verified by conversion of 4,5-diaminofluorescein to the corresponding fluorophore within intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Donzelli
- Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Roberts LJ. Inhibition of heme protein redox cycling: reduction of ferryl heme by iron chelators and the role of a novel through-protein electron transfer pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:257-60. [PMID: 18067870 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Jackson Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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15
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Reeder BJ, Hider RC, Wilson MT. Iron chelators can protect against oxidative stress through ferryl heme reduction. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:264-73. [PMID: 18215735 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron chelators such as desferrioxamine have been shown to ameliorate oxidative damage in vivo. The mechanism of this therapeutic action under non-iron-overload conditions is, however, complex, as desferrioxamine has properties that can impact on oxidative damage independent of its capacity to act as an iron chelator. Desferrioxamine can act as a reducing agent to remove cytotoxic ferryl myoglobin and hemoglobin and has recently been shown to prevent the formation of a highly cytotoxic heme-to-protein cross-linked derivative of myoglobin. In this study we have examined the effects of a wide range of iron chelators, including the clinically used hydroxypyridinone CP20 (deferriprone), on the stability of ferryl myoglobin and on the formation of heme-to-protein cross-linking. We show that all hydroxypyridinones, as well as many other iron chelators, are efficient reducing agents of ferryl myoglobin. These compounds are also effective at preventing the formation of cytotoxic derivatives of myoglobin such as heme-to-protein cross-linking. These results show that the use of iron chelators in vivo may ameliorate oxidative damage under conditions of non-iron overload by at least two mechanisms. The antioxidant effects of chelators in vivo cannot, therefore, be attributed solely to iron chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Reeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.
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16
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Jia Y, Buehler PW, Boykins RA, Venable RM, Alayash AI. Structural basis of peroxide-mediated changes in human hemoglobin: a novel oxidative pathway. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4894-4907. [PMID: 17178725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609955200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) triggers a redox cycle between ferric and ferryl hemoglobin (Hb) leading to the formation of a transient protein radical and a covalent hemeprotein cross-link. Addition of H(2)O(2) to highly purified human hemoglobin (HbA(0)) induced structural changes that primarily resided within beta subunits followed by the internalization of the heme moiety within alpha subunits. These modifications were observed when an equal molar concentration of H(2)O(2) was added to HbA(0) yet became more abundant with greater concentrations of H(2)O(2). Mass spectrometric and amino acid analysis revealed for the first time that betaCys-93 and betaCys-112 were oxidized extensively and irreversibly to cysteic acid when HbA(0) was treated with H(2)O(2). Oxidation of further amino acids in HbA(0) exclusive to the beta-globin chain included modification of betaTrp-15 to oxyindolyl and kynureninyl products as well as betaMet-55 to methionine sulfoxide. These findings may therefore explain the premature collapse of the beta subunits as a result of the H(2)O(2) attack. Analysis of a tryptic digest of the main reversed phase-high pressure liquid chromatography fraction revealed two alpha-peptide fragments (alpha128-alpha139) and a heme moiety with the loss of iron, cross-linked between alphaSer-138 and the porphyrin ring. The novel oxidative pathway of HbA(0) modification detailed here may explain the diverse oxidative, toxic, and potentially immunogenic effects associated with the release of hemoglobin from red blood cells during hemolytic diseases and/or when cell-free Hb is used as a blood substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Jia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert A Boykins
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Richard M Venable
- Membrane Biophysics Section, Laboratory of Computational Biology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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17
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Dunne J, Caron A, Menu P, Alayash A, Buehler P, Wilson M, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Faivre B, Cooper C. Ascorbate removes key precursors to oxidative damage by cell-free haemoglobin in vitro and in vivo. Biochem J 2006; 399:513-24. [PMID: 16848758 PMCID: PMC1615907 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Haemoglobin initiates free radical chemistry. In particular, the interactions of peroxides with the ferric (met) species of haemoglobin generate two strong oxidants: ferryl iron and a protein-bound free radical. We have studied the endogenous defences to this reactive chemistry in a rabbit model following 20% exchange transfusion with cell-free haemoglobin stabilized in tetrameric form [via cross-linking with bis-(3,5-dibromosalicyl)fumarate]. The transfusate contained 95% oxyhaemoglobin, 5% methaemoglobin and 25 microM free iron. EPR spectroscopy revealed that the free iron in the transfusate was rendered redox inactive by rapid binding to transferrin. Methaemoglobin was reduced to oxyhaemoglobin by a slower process (t(1/2) = 1 h). No globin-bound free radicals were detected in the plasma. These redox defences could be fully attributed to a novel multifunctional role of plasma ascorbate in removing key precursors of oxidative damage. Ascorbate is able to effectively reduce plasma methaemoglobin, ferryl haemoglobin and globin radicals. The ascorbyl free radicals formed are efficiently re-reduced by the erythrocyte membrane-bound reductase (which itself uses intra-erythrocyte ascorbate as an electron donor). As well as relating to the toxicity of haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, these findings have implications for situations where haem proteins exist outside the protective cell environment, e.g. haemolytic anaemias, subarachnoid haemorrhage, rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dunne
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Alexis Caron
- †Laboratoire Hématologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré, 5–7 rue Albert Lebrun, BP 403, F-54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Patrick Menu
- †Laboratoire Hématologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré, 5–7 rue Albert Lebrun, BP 403, F-54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Abdu I. Alayash
- ‡Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, NIH Building 29, Room 112, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Paul W. Buehler
- ‡Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, NIH Building 29, Room 112, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Michael T. Wilson
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Beatrice Faivre
- †Laboratoire Hématologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Henri Poincaré, 5–7 rue Albert Lebrun, BP 403, F-54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Chris E. Cooper
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
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18
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Witting PK, Liao WQ, Neuzil J. Expression of human myoglobin in H9c2 cells enhances toxicity to added hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:485-93. [PMID: 16887098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is implicated in cardiac myocyte (CM) damage during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Myoglobin (Mb) is present in CM at significant concentrations and reacts with H2O2 to yield one- and two-electron oxidants that may promote myocardial injury. Paradoxically, hearts from mice lacking Mb are more susceptible to H2O2-induced dysfunction than the corresponding controls [U. Flogel, A. Godecke, L.O. Klotz, J. Schrader, Role of myoglobin in the anti-oxidant defense of the heart, FASEB J. 18 (2004) 1156-1158]. We have overexpressed wild-type or Y103F variant of human Mb in cultured CMs to test whether Mb protects against H2O2 insult. Contrary to expectation, cells expressing WT or the Y103F Mb show increased mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, and decreased ATP in response to H2O2 that follows the order native < Y103F Mb < WT human Mb consistent with the increasing pro-oxidant activity for these proteins. These data indicate that (i) Mb promotes oxidative damage to cultured CM and (ii) Mb may be a useful target for the design of inhibitors of myocardial IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Witting
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.
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19
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Lee AJ, Noon KR, Jianmongkol S, Lau M, Jenkins GJ, Osawa Y. Metabolism of aminoguanidine, diaminoguanidine, and NG-amino-L-arginine by neuronal NO-synthase and covalent alteration of the heme prosthetic group. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 18:1927-33. [PMID: 16359183 PMCID: PMC2533513 DOI: 10.1021/tx050263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is established that aminoguanidine (AG), diaminoguanidine (DAG), and NG-amino-l-arginine (NAA) are metabolism-based inactivators of the three major isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In the case of neuronal NOS (nNOS), heme alteration is known to be a major cause of inactivation, although the exact mechanism by which this occurs is not well-understood. We show here by the use of LC/MS/MS techniques that AG, DAG, and NAA are metabolized by nNOS to products with corresponding mass ions at m/z of 45.2, 60.2, and 160.0, respectively. These results are consistent with the loss of a hydrazine moiety from each inactivator. These findings are confirmed by exact mass measurements and comparison to authentic standards in the case of the products for NAA and AG, respectively. Moreover, the major dissociable heme product that was formed during inactivation of nNOS by AG, DAG, and NAA had molecular ions at m/z 660.2, 675.2, and 775.3, respectively. These results are consistent with an adduct of heme and inactivator minus a hydrazine moiety. In support of this, MS/MS studies reveal a fragment ion of heme in each case. With the use of 14C-labeled heme, we also show that in the case of AG, the dissociable heme adduct accounts for approximately one-half of the heme that is altered. In addition, we employ a software-based differential metabolic profiling method by subtracting LC/MS data sets derived from samples that contained nNOS from those that did not contain the enzyme to search for products and substrates in complex reaction mixtures. The metabolic profiling method established in this study can be used as a general tool to search for substrates and products of enzyme systems, including the drug-metabolizing liver microsomal P450 cytochromes. We propose that the metabolism-based inactivation of nNOS by AG, DAG, and NAA occurs through oxidative removal of the hydrazine group and the formation of a radical intermediate that forms stable products after H-atom abstraction or reacts with the heme prosthetic moiety and inactivates nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoichi Osawa
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Yoichi Osawa, Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Medical Science Research Building III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, Tel: (734) 936-5797, Fax: (734) 763-4450,
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20
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Vollaard NBJ, Reeder BJ, Shearman JP, Menu P, Wilson MT, Cooper CE. A new sensitive assay reveals that hemoglobin is oxidatively modified in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:1216-28. [PMID: 16214037 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Free radical formation in heme proteins is recognised as a factor in mediating the toxicity of peroxides in oxidative stress. As well as initiating free radical damage, heme proteins damage themselves. Under extreme conditions, where oxidative stress and low pH coincide (e.g., myoglobin in the kidney following rhabdomyolysis and hemoglobin in the CSF subsequent to subarachnoid hemorrhage), peroxide can induce covalent heme to protein cross-linking. In this paper we show that, even at neutral pH, the heme in hemoglobin is covalently modified by oxidation. The product, which we term OxHm, is a "green heme" iron chlorin with a distinct optical spectrum. OxHm formation can be quantitatively prevented by reductants of ferryl iron, e.g., ascorbate. We have developed a simple, robust, and reproducible HPLC assay to study the extent of OxHm formation in the red cell in vivo. We show that hemoglobin is oxidatively damaged even in normal blood; approximately 1 in 2,000 heme groups exist as OxHm in the steady state. We used a simple model (physical exercise) to demonstrate that OxHm increases significantly during acute oxidative stress. The exercise-induced increase is short-lived, suggesting the existence of an active mechanism for repairing or removing the damaged heme proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels B J Vollaard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
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21
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Lapidot T, Granit R, Kanner J. Lipid hydroperoxidase activity of myoglobin and phenolic antioxidants in simulated gastric fluid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3391-3396. [PMID: 15853377 DOI: 10.1021/jf040400w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated the potential of gastric fluid at pH 3.0 to accelerate lipid peroxidation and cooxidation of dietary constituents in the stomach medium. Metmyoglobin is known to catalyze the breakdown of lipid hydroperoxides to free radicals, a reaction that could enhance the propagation step and general lipid peroxidation. During this reaction, a part of the free radicals is autoreduced by metmyoglobin. At pH 3.0, metmyoglobin at low concentration was almost 7 x 10(4) times as effective as at pH 7.0 in enhancing the rate of lipid peroxidation. Our study demonstrated that metmyoglobin, at a low concentration (approximately 1:30), as compared with that of the hydroperoxides in the lipid system, worked prooxidatively increasing the amounts of linoleate hydroperoxides. However, at a high concentration (approximately 1:3), metmyoglobin acted antioxidatively and decomposed hydroperoxides, whose concentrations then remained at zero for a long time. Catechin, a known polyphenol, supports the inversion of metmyoglobin catalysis, from prooxidation to antioxidation. The antioxidative activity of the couple metmyoglobin-catechin was better at pH 3.0 than at pH 7.0, indicating that this reaction is more dependent on metmyoglobin than on catechin. During this reaction, catechin or quercetin not only donates reducing equivalents to prevent lipid peroxidation but also prevents the destruction and polymerization of metmyoglobin. The results of this research highlighted the important and possible reactions of heme proteins and polyphenols as couple antioxidants, working as hydroperoxidases or as pseudo-peroxidases. We hypothesize that the occurrence of these reactions in the stomach could have an important impact on our health and might help to better explain the health benefits of including foods rich in polyphenol antioxidants in the meal, especially when consuming red meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tair Lapidot
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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22
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Reeder BJ, Svistunenko DA, Cooper CE, Wilson MT. The radical and redox chemistry of myoglobin and hemoglobin: from in vitro studies to human pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:954-66. [PMID: 15548893 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2004.6.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that myoglobin and hemoglobin play important roles in the pathology of certain disease states, such as renal dysfunction following rhabdomyolysis and vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhages. These pathologies are linked to the interaction of peroxides with heme proteins to initiate oxidative reactions, including generation of powerful vasoactive molecules (the isoprostanes) from free and membrane- bound lipids. This review focuses on the peroxide-induced formation of radicals, their assignment to specific protein residues, and the pseudoperoxidase and prooxidant activities of the heme proteins. The discovery of heme to protein cross-linked forms of myoglobin and hemoglobin in vivo, definitive markers of the participation of these heme proteins in oxidative reactions, and the recent results from heme oxygenase knockout/knockin animal model studies, indicate that higher oxidation states (ferryl) of heme proteins and their associated radicals play a major role in the mechanisms of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Reeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, UK.
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23
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Bamm VV, Tsemakhovich VA, Shaklai N. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by hemoglobin-hemichrome. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35:349-58. [PMID: 12531248 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin and myoglobin are inducers of low-density lipoprotein oxidation in the presence of H(2)O(2). The reaction of these hemoproteins with H(2)O(2) result in a mixture of protein products known as hemichromes. The oxygen-binding hemoproteins function as peroxidases but as compared to classic heme-peroxidases have a much lower activity on small sized and a higher one on large sized substrates. A heme-globin covalent adduct, a component identified in myoglobin-hemichrome, was reported to be the cause of myoglobin peroxidase activity on low-density lipoprotein. In this study, we analyzed the function of hemoglobin-hemichrome in low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Oxidation of lipids was analyzed by formation of conjugated diene and malondialdehyde; and oxidation of Apo-B protein was analyzed by development of bityrosine fluorescence and covalently cross-linked protein. Hemoglobin-hemichrome has indeed triggered oxidation of both lipids and protein, but unlike myoglobin, hemichrome has required the presence of H(2)O(2). In correlation to this, we found that unlike myoglobin, hemichrome formed by hemoglobin/H(2)O(2) does not contain a globin-heme covalent adduct. Nevertheless, hemoglobin-hemichrome remains oxidatively active towards LDL, indicating that other components of the oxidatively denatured hemoglobin should be considered responsible for its hazardous activity in vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Varlen Bamm
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
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24
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Witting PK, Mauk AG, Lay PA. Role of tyrosine-103 in myoglobin peroxidase activity: kinetic and steady-state studies on the reaction of wild-type and variant recombinant human myoglobins with H(2)O(2). Biochemistry 2002; 41:11495-503. [PMID: 12234193 DOI: 10.1021/bi025835w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) catalyzes a range of oxidation reactions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) through a peroxidase-like cycle. C110A and Y103F variants of human Mb have been constructed to assess the effects of removing electron-rich oxidizable amino acids from the protein on the peroxidase activity of Mb: a point mutation at W14 failed to yield a viable protein. Point mutations at C110 and Y103 did not result in significant changes to structural elements of the heme pocket, as judged by low-temperature electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) studies on the ground-state ferric proteins. However, compared to the native protein, the yield of globin radical (globin*) was significantly decreased for the Y103F but not the C110A variant Mb upon reaction of the respective proteins with H(2)O(2). In contrast with our expectation that inhibiting pathways of intramolecular electron transfer may lead to enhanced Mb peroxidase activity, mutation of Y103 marginally decreased the rate constant for reaction of Mb with H(2)O(2) (1.4-fold) as judged by stopped-flow kinetic analyses. Consistent with this decrease in rate constant, steady-state analyses of Y103F Mb-derived thioanisole sulfoxidation indicated decreased V(max) and increased K(m) relative to the wild-type control. Additionally, thioanisole sulfoxidation proceeded with lower stereoselectivity, suggesting that Y103 plays a significant role in substrate binding and orientation in the heme pocket of Mb. Together, these results show that electron transfer within the globin portion of the protein is an important modulator of its stability and catalytic activity. Furthermore, the hydrogen-bonding network involving the residues that line the heme pocket of Mb is crucial to both efficient peroxidase activity and stereospecificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Witting
- Biochemistry Group, The Heart Research Institute, 145 Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia 2050.
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25
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Baron CP, Andersen HJ. Myoglobin-induced lipid oxidation. A review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:3887-3897. [PMID: 12083855 DOI: 10.1021/jf011394w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An overview of myoglobin-initiated lipid oxidation in simple model systems, muscle, and muscle-based foods is presented. The potential role of myoglobin spin and redox states in initiating lipid oxidation is reviewed. Proposed mechanisms for myoglobin-initiated lipid oxidation in muscle tissue (pH 7.4) and meat (pH 5.5) are evaluated with the purpose of putting forward general mechanisms explaining present observations regarding the catalytic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Baron
- Department of Seafood Research, Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Denmark Technical University, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Reeder BJ, Svistunenko DA, Sharpe MA, Wilson MT. Characteristics and mechanism of formation of peroxide-induced heme to protein cross-linking in myoglobin. Biochemistry 2002; 41:367-75. [PMID: 11772036 DOI: 10.1021/bi011335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At acidic pH values heme-protein cross-linked myoglobin (Mb-H) forms as a product of a peroxide-induced ferric-ferryl redox cycle. There is evidence that this molecule acts as a marker for heme-protein-induced oxidative stress in vivo and may exacerbate the severity of oxidative damage due to its enhanced prooxidant and pseudoperoxidatic activities. Therefore, an understanding of its properties and mechanism of formation may be important in understanding the association between heme-proteins and oxidative stress. Although the mechanism of formation of heme-protein cross-linked myoglobin is thought to involve a protein radical (possibly a tyrosine) and the ferryl heme, we show that this hypothesis needs revising. We provide evidence that in addition to a protein-based radical the protonated form of the oxoferryl heme, known to be highly reactive and radical-like in nature, is required to initiate cross-linking. This revised mechanism involves radical/radical termination rather than attack of a single radical onto the porphyrin ring. This proposal better explains the pH dependence of cross-linking and may, in part, explain the therapeutic effectiveness of increasing the pH on myoglobin-induced oxidative stress, e.g., therapy for rhabdomyolysis-associated renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Reeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Central Campus, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom.
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27
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Alayash AI. Oxidative mechanisms of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001; 29:415-25. [PMID: 11795628 DOI: 10.1081/bio-100108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemically or genetically altered cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) has been developed as an oxygen carrying therapeutic. Site-directed modifications are introduced and serve to stabilize the protein molecules in a tetrameric and/or a polymeric functional form. Direct cytotoxic effects associated with cell-free Hb have been ascribed to redox reactions (involving either 1 or 2 electron steps) between the heme group and peroxides. These interactions are the basis of the pseudoperoxidase activity of Hb and can be cytotoxic when reactive species are formed at relatively high concentrations during inflammation and typically lead to cell death. Peroxides relevant to biological systems include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Reactions between Hb and peroxides form the ferryl oxidation state of the protein, analogous to compounds I and II formed in the catalytic cycle of many peroxidase enzymes. This higher oxidation state of the protein is a potent oxidant capable of promoting oxidative damage to most classes of biological molecules. Further complications are thought to arise through the disruption of key signaling pathways resulting from alteration of or destruction of important physiological mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Alayash
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Wu G, Vuletich JL, Kulmacz RJ, Osawa Y, Tsai AL. Peroxidase self-inactivation in prostaglandin H synthase-1 pretreated with cyclooxygenase inhibitors or substituted with mangano protoporphyrin IX. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19879-88. [PMID: 11279106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100628200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-inactivation imposes an upper limit on bioactive prostanoid synthesis by prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS). Inactivation of PGHS peroxidase activity has been found to begin with Intermediate II, which contains a tyrosyl radical. The structure of this radical is altered by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, such as indomethacin and flurbiprofen, and by replacement of heme by manganese protoporphyrin IX (forming MnPGHS-1). Peroxidase self-inactivation in inhibitor-treated PGHS-1 and MnPGHS-1 was characterized by stopped-flow spectroscopic techniques and by chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of the metalloporphyrin. The rate of peroxidase inactivation was about 0.3 s(-)1 in inhibitor-treated PGHS-1 and much slower in MnPGHS-1 (0.05 s(-)1); as with PGHS-1 itself, the peroxidase inactivation rates were independent of peroxide concentration and structure, consistent with an inactivation process beginning with Intermediate II. The changes in metalloporphyrin absorbance spectra during inactivation of inhibitor-treated PGHS-1 were similar to those observed with PGHS-1 but were rather distinct in MnPGHS-1; the kinetics of the spectral transition from Intermediate II to the next species were comparable to the inactivation kinetics in each case. In contrast to the situation with PGHS-1 itself, significant amounts of heme degradation occurred during inactivation of inhibitor-treated PGHS-1, producing iron chlorin and heme-protein adduct species. Structural perturbations at the peroxidase site (MnPGHS-1) or at the cyclooxygenase site (inhibitor-treated PGHS-1) thus can influence markedly the kinetics and the chemistry of PGHS-1 peroxidase inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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29
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Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Generation and propagation of radical reactions on proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1504:196-219. [PMID: 11245785 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of proteins by free radicals is thought to play a major role in many oxidative processes within cells and is implicated in a number of human diseases as well as ageing. This review summarises information on the formation of radicals on peptides and proteins and how radical damage may be propagated and transferred within protein structures. The emphasis of this article is primarily on the deleterious actions of radicals generated on proteins, and their mechanisms of action, rather than on enzymatic systems where radicals are deliberately formed as transient intermediates. The final section of this review examines the control of protein oxidation and how such damage might be limited by antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Hawkins
- Heart Research Institute, 145 Missenden Road, Camperdown, 2050, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Alayash AI, Patel RP, Cashon RE. Redox reactions of hemoglobin and myoglobin: biological and toxicological implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2001; 3:313-27. [PMID: 11396484 DOI: 10.1089/152308601300185250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Direct cytotoxic effects associated with hemoglobin (Hb) or myoglobin (Mb) have been ascribed to redox reactions (involving either one- or two-electron steps) between the heme group and peroxides. These interactions are the basis of the pseudoperoxidase activity of these hemoproteins and can be cytotoxic when reactive species are formed at relatively high concentrations during inflammation and typically lead to cell death. Peroxides relevant to biological systems include hydrogen peroxide, lipid hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. Reactions between Hb/Mb and peroxides form the ferryl oxidation state of the protein, analogous to compounds I and II formed in the catalytic cycle of many peroxidase enzymes. This higher oxidation state of the protein is a potent oxidant capable of promoting oxidative damage to most classes of biological molecules. Free iron, released from Hb, also has the potential to promote oxidative damage via classical "Fenton" chemistry. It has become increasingly evident that Hb/Mb redox reactions or their by-products play a critical role in the pathophysiology of some disease states. This review briefly discusses the reactions of Hb/Mb with biological peroxides, potential cytotoxicity and the impact of these interactions on modulation of cell signaling pathways regulated by these reactive species. Also discussed in this article is the role of heme-protein chemistry in relation to the toxicity of hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Alayash
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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31
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Vuletich JL, Osawa Y, Aviram M. Enhanced lipid oxidation by oxidatively modified myoglobin: role of protein-bound heme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 269:647-51. [PMID: 10720470 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) is believed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Myoglobin in the presence of H(2)O(2) has been shown to catalyze LDL oxidation in vitro. It is established that an oxidatively altered form of myoglobin (Mb-H), which contains a prosthetic heme covalently crosslinked to the apoprotein, is a major product in the reaction of native myoglobin with peroxides. In the current study, we have shown for the first time that Mb-H, in the absence of exogenously added peroxides, oxidizes LDL and purified lipids, as determined by the formation of conjugated dienes, lipid peroxides, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Moreover, the rate of oxidation of pure phosphatidylcholine by Mb-H was found to be at least sevenfold greater than that observed for native myoglobin. The current study strongly suggests a role for Mb-H in the lipid peroxidation observed with myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Vuletich
- Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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32
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Picklo MJ, Zhang J, Nguyen VQ, Graham DG, Montine TJ. High-pressure liquid chromatography quantitation of cytochrome c using 393 nm detection. Anal Biochem 1999; 276:166-70. [PMID: 10603239 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1999.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space can induce apoptotic cell death. Previous methods to detect cytochrome c release from mitochondria have relied upon immunoblotting, a procedure that can be limited by nonlinearity of signal, epitope masking, and impracticality for large numbers of samples. In order to circumvent these limitations, we have developed a reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography method for cytochrome c detection and quantitation by taking advantage of a novel acid-induced absorbance maximum at 393 nm for cytochrome c in buffer containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Using a C4 reverse-phase analytical column, this assay had a quantitation limit of 10 ng (0.8 pmol) of cytochrome c. We demonstrated the detection and quantitation of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria. This method of cytochrome c analysis may be useful for the study of agents that cause mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Picklo
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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33
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Gunther MR, Sampath V, Caughey WS. Potential roles of myoglobin autoxidation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:1388-95. [PMID: 10401602 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The source(s) of reactive partially reduced oxygen species associated with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury remain unclear and controversial. Myoglobin has not been viewed as a participant but is present in relatively high concentrations in heart muscle and, even under normal conditions, undergoes reactions that generate met (Fe3+) species and also superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and other oxidants, albeit slowly. The degree to which the decrease in pH and the freeing of copper ions, as well as the variations in pO2 associated with ischemia and reperfusion increase the rates of such myoglobin reactions has been investigated. Solutions of extensively purified myoglobin from bovine heart in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer were examined at 37 degrees C. Sufficiently marked rate increases were observed to indicate that reactions of myoglobin can indeed contribute substantially to the oxidant stress associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury in myocardial tissues. These findings provide additional targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gunther
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Kröger-Ohlsen MV, Andersen ML, Skibsted LH. Acid-catalysed autoreduction of ferrylmyoblobin in aqueous solution studied by freeze quenching and ESR spectroscopy. Free Radic Res 1999; 30:305-14. [PMID: 10230809 DOI: 10.1080/10715769900300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Decay of the hypervalent muscle pigment ferrylmyoglobin, formed by activation of metmyoglobin by hydrogen peroxide, was found, when studied by a combination of ESR and UV/VIS spectroscopy in aqueous solution at physiological pH, to proceed by parallel second- and first-order kinetics. At pH below 6.5 a sharp ESR signal (g = 2.003) with an increasing intensity for decreasing pH were observed in solutions frozen in liquid nitrogen, and a broad signal (g = 2.005) was seen throughout the studied pH range also in frozen solutions. The g = 2.005 signal is suggested to arise from an intermediate formed in an intramolecular rate-determining electron-transfer in ferrylmyoglobin, whereas the g 2.003 signal is caused by a radical formed in a proton-assisted electron-transfer initiating the specific acid-catalysed autoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kröger-Ohlsen
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Abstract
Treatment of myoglobin with H2O2 results in covalent alteration of the heme prosthetic group, in part, to protein-bound adducts. These protein-bound heme adducts are known to be redox active and are suspected to participate in oxidative tissue injury. In the course of our studies on the toxicological role of these heme adducts, we sought to develop a sensitive assay for their detection and quantitation. We have discovered that protein-bound heme adducts, due to their inherent peroxidase activity, can be detected with the use of enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagents, following SDS-PAGE and electroblotting. The assay is specific for protein-bound heme adducts as we have identified conditions where noncovalently bound hemes are completely dissociated from the protein during electrophoresis. Signal intensity was quantified by laser densitometry and found to be linear over a concentration range of 0.44-22 pmol of protein-bound heme adduct, which represented a 20-fold greater sensitivity than the currently available HPLC method. Moreover, we have identified tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine as a thiol reducing agent that does not interfere with the detection of the heme-mediated peroxidase activity. The current method may be utilized to identify heme-binding regions of proteins in addition to the detection of oxidatively modified myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Vuletich
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-0632, USA
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Nagababu E, Rifkind JM. Formation of fluorescent heme degradation products during the oxidation of hemoglobin by hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247:592-6. [PMID: 9647738 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin and methemoglobin oxidized by hydrogen peroxide generate ferrylhemoglobin and oxoferrylhemoglobin, respectively. Two fluorescent compounds were found to be produced during the reaction of oxyhemoglobin, but not methemoglobin, with H2O2. These two compounds had excitation wavelengths of 321 nm and 460 nm, respectively, with emission wavelengths of 465 nm and 525 nm, respectively. The formation of the same fluorescent products during the reaction of H2O2 with ferroprotoporphyrin-IX and ferriprotoporphyrin-IX demonstrate that these compounds originate from the heme moiety. The release of heme iron during the formation of these fluorescent compounds indicates that they are associated with heme degradation. The time course for the formation of fluorescent products show that the extent of heme degradation is dependent on H2O2 concentration. The results of this investigation indicate that the heme moiety of Fe(II) hemoglobin undergoes degradation in presence of H2O2. The ability to detect this process by fluorescence provides a sensitive marker in order to asses hemoglobin and RBC oxidative stress under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nagababu
- National Institute of Health, National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6823, USA
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Davies MJ, Mathieu C, Puppo A. Leghemoglobin: Properties and Reactions. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sugiyama K, Highet RJ, Woods A, Cotter RJ, Osawa Y. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated alteration of the heme prosthetic group of metmyoglobin to an iron chlorin product: evidence for a novel oxidative pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:796-801. [PMID: 9023336 PMCID: PMC19593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.3.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of metmyoglobin with H2O2 is known to lead to the crosslinking of an active site tyrosine residue to the heme [Catalano, C. E., Y. S. Choe, and P. R. Ortiz de Montellano (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 10534-10541]. We have found in this study that this reaction also leads to an altered heme product not covalently bound to the protein. This product was characterized by visible absorption, infrared absorption, and mass and NMR spectrometry as an iron chlorin product formed from the saturation of the double bond between carbon atoms at positions 17 and 18 of pyrrole ring D with concomitant addition of a hydroxyl group on the carbon atom at position 18 and lactonization of the propionic acid to the carbon atom at position 17. Studies with the use of (18)O-labeled H2O2, O2, and H2O clearly indicate that the source of the added oxygen on the heme is water. Evidently, water adds regiospecifically to a cationic site formed on a carbon atom at position 18 after oxidation of the ferric heme prosthetic group with peroxide. Prolonged incubation of the reaction mixture containing the iron hydroxychlorin product led to the formation of an iron dihydroxychlorin product, presumably from a slow addition of water to the initial iron hydroxychlorin. The iron chlorin products characterized in this study are distinct from the meso-oxyheme species, which is thought to be formed during peroxide-mediated degradation of metmyoglobin, cytochrome P450, ferric heme, and model ferric hemes, and give further insight into the mechanism of H2O2-induced heme alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugiyama
- Chemical Pharmacology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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