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Coskun P, Helguera P, Nemati Z, Bohannan RC, Thomas J, Samuel SE, Argueta J, Doran E, Wallace DC, Lott IT, Busciglio J. Metabolic and Growth Rate Alterations in Lymphoblastic Cell Lines Discriminate Between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:737-748. [PMID: 27802222 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and these alterations in mitochondria occur systemically in both conditions. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that peripheral cells of elder subjects with DS exhibit disease-specific and dementia-specific metabolic features. To test this, we performed a comprehensive analysis of energy metabolism in lymphoblastic-cell-lines (LCLs) derived from subjects belonging to four groups: DS-with-dementia (DSAD), DS-without-dementia (DS), sporadic AD, and age-matched controls. METHODS LCLs were studied under regular or minimal feeding regimes with galactose or glucose as primary carbohydrate sources. We assessed metabolism under glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation by quantifying cell viability, oxidative stress, ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial calcium uptake, and autophagy. RESULTS DS and DSAD LCLs showed slower growth rates under minimal feeding. DS LCLs mainly dependent on mitochondrial respiration exhibited significantly slower growth and higher levels of oxidative stress compared to other groups. While ATP levels (under mitochondrial inhibitors) and mitochondrial calcium uptake were significantly reduced in DSAD and AD cells, MMP was decreased in DS, DSAD, and AD LCLs. Finally, DS LCLs showed markedly reduced levels of the autophagy marker LC3-II, underscoring the close association between metabolic dysfunction and impaired autophagy in DS. CONCLUSION There are significant mitochondrial functional changes in LCLs derived from DS, DSAD, and AD patients. Several parameters analyzed were consistently different between DS, DSAD, and AD lines suggesting that metabolic indicators between LCL groups may be utilized as biomarkers of disease progression and/or treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Coskun
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Helguera
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra, Córdoba, Argentina, USA
| | - Zahra Nemati
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan C Bohannan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jean Thomas
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Schriner E Samuel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jocelyn Argueta
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine (CMEM), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Busciglio
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (iMIND), and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Liu B, Filippi S, Roy A, Roberts I. Stem and progenitor cell dysfunction in human trisomies. EMBO Rep 2014; 16:44-62. [PMID: 25520324 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trisomy 21, the commonest constitutional aneuploidy in humans, causes profound perturbation of stem and progenitor cell growth, which is both cell context dependent and developmental stage specific and mediated by complex genetic mechanisms beyond increased Hsa21 gene dosage. While proliferation of fetal hematopoietic and testicular stem/progenitors is increased and may underlie increased susceptibility to childhood leukemia and testicular cancer, fetal stem/progenitor proliferation in other tissues is markedly impaired leading to the characteristic craniofacial, neurocognitive and cardiac features in individuals with Down syndrome. After birth, trisomy 21-mediated premature aging of stem/progenitor cells may contribute to the progressive multi-system deterioration, including development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Filippi
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anindita Roy
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics and Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK
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Adorno M, Sikandar S, Mitra SS, Kuo A, Nicolis Di Robilant B, Haro-Acosta V, Ouadah Y, Quarta M, Rodriguez J, Qian D, Reddy VM, Cheshier S, Garner CC, Clarke MF. Usp16 contributes to somatic stem-cell defects in Down's syndrome. Nature 2013; 501:380-4. [PMID: 24025767 PMCID: PMC3816928 DOI: 10.1038/nature12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) results from full or partial trisomy of chromosome 21. However, the consequences of the underlying gene-dosage imbalance on adult tissues remain poorly understood. Here we show that in Ts65Dn mice, trisomic for 132 genes homologous to HSA21, triplication of Usp16 reduces self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and expansion of mammary epithelial cells, neural progenitors, and fibroblasts. Moreover, Usp16 is associated with decreased ubiquitination of Cdkn2a and accelerated senescence in Ts65Dn fibroblasts. Usp16 can remove ubiquitin from H2AK119, a critical mark for the maintenance of multiple somatic tissues. Downregulation of Usp16, either by mutation of a single normal USP16 allele or by shRNAs, largely rescues all these defects. Furthermore, in human tissues overexpression of USP16 reduces the expansion of normal fibroblasts and post-natal neural progenitors while downregulation of USP16 partially rescues the proliferation defects of DS fibroblasts. Taken together, these results suggest that USP16 plays an important role in antagonizing the self-renewal and/or senescence pathways in Down syndrome and could serve as an attractive target to ameliorate some of the associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Adorno
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Zigman WB. Atypical aging in down syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:51-67. [DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren B. Zigman
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Community Psychology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities; Staten Island; New York
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Li CM, Guo M, Salas M, Schupf N, Silverman W, Zigman WB, Husain S, Warburton D, Thaker H, Tycko B. Cell type-specific over-expression of chromosome 21 genes in fibroblasts and fetal hearts with trisomy 21. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2006; 7:24. [PMID: 16539728 PMCID: PMC1435874 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-7-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy 21 (+21), but the aberrations in gene expression resulting from this chromosomal aneuploidy are not yet completely understood. Methods We used oligonucleotide microarrays to survey mRNA expression in early- and late-passage control and +21 fibroblasts and mid-gestation fetal hearts. We supplemented this analysis with northern blotting, western blotting, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Results We found chromosome 21 genes consistently over-represented among the genes over-expressed in the +21 samples. However, these sets of over-expressed genes differed across the three cell/tissue types. The chromosome 21 gene MX1 was strongly over-expressed (mean 16-fold) in senescent +21 fibroblasts, a result verified by northern and western blotting. MX1 is an interferon target gene, and its mRNA was induced by interferons present in +21 fibroblast conditioned medium, suggesting an autocrine loop for its over-expression. By immunohistochemistry the p78MX1 protein was induced in lesional tissue of alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder associated with DS. We found strong over-expression of the purine biosynthesis gene GART (mean 3-fold) in fetal hearts with +21 and verified this result by northern blotting and real-time RT-PCR. Conclusion Different subsets of chromosome 21 genes are over-expressed in different cell types with +21, and for some genes this over-expression is non-linear (>1.5X). Hyperactive interferon signaling is a candidate pathway for cell senescence and autoimmune disorders in DS, and abnormal purine metabolism should be investigated for a potential role in cardiac defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Li
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meirong Guo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martha Salas
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wayne Silverman
- Department of Psychology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, USA
| | - Warren B Zigman
- Department of Psychology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sameera Husain
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dorothy Warburton
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harshwardhan Thaker
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Gasparini L, Racchi M, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Solerte SB, Alkon D, Etcheberrigaray R, Gibson G, Blass J, Paoletti R, Govoni S. Peripheral markers in testing pathophysiological hypotheses and diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 1998; 12:17-34. [PMID: 9438407 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.12.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, calcium regulation, oxidative metabolism, and transduction systems have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Limitations to the use of postmortem brain for examining molecular mechanisms underscore the need to develop a human tissue model representative of the pathophysiological processes that characterize AD. The use of peripheral tissues, particularly of cultured skin fibroblasts derived from AD patients, could complement studies of autopsy samples and provide a useful tool with which to investigate such dynamic processes as signal transduction systems, ionic homeostasis, oxidative metabolism, and APP processing. Peripheral cells as well as body fluids (i.e., plasma and CSF) could also provide peripheral biological markers for the diagnosis of AD. The criteria required for a definite diagnosis of AD presently include clinical criteria in association with histopathologic evidence obtained from biopsy or autopsy. Thus, the use of peripheral markers as a diagnostic tool, either to predict or at least to confirm a diagnosis, may be of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gasparini
- I.R.C.C.S San Giovanni di Dio, Alzheimer's Disease Unit Sacred Heart Hospital-FBF, Brescia, Italy
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Gasparini L, Racchi M, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Solerte SB, Alkon D, Etcheberrigaray R, Gibson G, Blass J, Paoletti R, Govoni S. Peripheral markers in testing pathophysiological hypotheses and diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 1998. [DOI: 10.1096/fsb2fasebj.12.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gasparini
- I.R.C.C.S San Giovanni di DioAlzheimer's Disease Unit Sacred Heart Hospital‐FBFBrescia
| | - M. Racchi
- I.R.C.C.S San Giovanni di DioAlzheimer's Disease Unit Sacred Heart Hospital‐FBFBrescia
| | - G. Binetti
- I.R.C.C.S San Giovanni di DioAlzheimer's Disease Unit Sacred Heart Hospital‐FBFBrescia
| | - M. Trabucchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical SciencesUniversity of Roma Tor VergataUniversity of Pavia Italy
| | - S. B. Solerte
- Internal Medicine DepartmentGeriatric ClinicUniversity of Pavia Italy
| | - D. Alkon
- Laboratory of Adaptive SystemsNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland 20892 USA
| | - R. Etcheberrigaray
- Institute for Cognitive and Computational SciencesGeorgetown University Medical Center Washington DC 20007 USA
| | - G. Gibson
- Cornell University Medical CollegeBurke Medical Research Institute New York 10605 USA
| | - J. Blass
- Cornell University Medical CollegeBurke Medical Research Institute New York 10605 USA
| | - R. Paoletti
- Institute of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of MilanoItaly
| | - S. Govoni
- Institute of Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of MilanoItaly
- University of PaviaItaly
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Govoni S, Gasparini L, Racchi M, Trabucchi M. Peripheral cells as an investigational tool for Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 1996; 59:461-8. [PMID: 8761334 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of abnormalities in metabolic and biochemical processes have been found in cultured skin fibroblasts derived from patients affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). An example of the successful use of peripheral cells to examine a cell biological abnormality in AD are the studies on transduction systems and on APP metabolism, mostly performed on fibroblasts from AD donors. In fact, some of the described alterations mirror events that have also been demonstrated to occur in the AD brain. Within this context data obtained using peripheral cells may help to identify and to test hypotheses on the primary pathophysiological mechanisms leading to AD. In perspective, the identification of peripheral biological markers could provide a useful aid in AD and could allow identification of stages of of the disease or subgrouping of patients, possibly helping to predict the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Govoni
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Italy
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Hearn MG, Edland SD, Ogburn CE, Smith AC, Bird TD, Martin GM, Fukuchi K. Trypsin inhibitor activities of fibroblasts increase with age of donor and are unaltered in familial Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 1994; 29:611-23. [PMID: 9435914 DOI: 10.1016/0531-5565(94)90074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that proteases and their inhibitors play an important role in the etiology of beta-amyloidogenesis and Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is not clear, however, which proteases and protease inhibitors are responsible for the amyloidogenic proteolysis. Candidates include alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, and forms of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta PP) bearing Kunitz protease inhibitor domains. As one approach to this question, we have determined the trypsin inhibitor activity of fibroblast-like cells from 10 familial AD subjects and 20 controls. The activity was quantitated by measuring remaining trypsin activity of reaction mixtures containing trypsin and cell lysates using a fluorogenic substrate and two physiologically distinct populations of fibroblasts: proliferating cells (grown in the presence of 16% serum) and quiescent cells (maintained in 0.1% serum). The remaining trypsin activities of crude protein extracts from proliferating and quiescent AD cultures were not significantly different from those of controls. Perhaps of more general interest to the biology of aging, however, was our finding that protease inhibitor activity increased with the age of the donor (p = 0.005).
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hearn
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Scott
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0214
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