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Wang Z, Chen H, Zhu Z, Xing S, Wang S, Chen B. Low-temperature straw biochar: Sustainable approach for sustaining higher survival of B. megaterium and managing phosphorus deficiency in the soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154790. [PMID: 35341849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) is a sustainable approach to increase the available P content in soils for crop production. This application, however, is constrained by the low survival rate of PSB in the field. Biochar, a carbon-rich biomaterial with a well-developed porous structure, has recently emerged as an appealing option to maintain the population size of inoculants in the soil. The efficacy of biochar as a PSB carrier is primarily determined by its physicochemical properties, which are dominated by the feedstocks and the pyrolysis temperatures. This study demonstrated a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy of straw-derived biochars prepared from different feedstocks (i.e., crop straws from cotton, peanut, maize, soybean, and wheat) and pyrolysis temperatures (i.e., 300 and 600 °C). We employed B. megaterium carrying green fluorescence protein and evaluated its survival rate and phosphate-solubilizing performance in various inoculated biochars that have distinct physicochemical properties. Our results showed that the pyrolysis temperature is more determinant of the beneficial effect of straw biochar than the feedstock species. Cotton straw biochar pyrolyzed at low temperature (i.e., 300 °C) sustained a survival rate of 6.17% for the B. megaterium and thereby entailed a significant increase in available P in soil by 30.05 mg kg-1 soil, which were nearly 18-fold and 8-fold higher than that of the no carrier treatment respectively. The performance of biochar-assisted PSB was dominant-negatively affected by the increasing pH, ash content, surface area, and total pore volume of biochar, while larger H/C ratio, water holding capacity, pore size, and surface hydrophobicity were predominantly conducive to the colonization and survival of PSB. The results of this study were expected to provide valuable guidance for biochar preparation in practice to enhance the survival and activity of PSB and maximize the utility of PSB as sustainable phosphorus fertilizer with economic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Hui Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - SuFang Xing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - ShuGuang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
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Qian WZ, Ou L, Li CX, Pan J, Xu JH, Chen Q, Zheng GW. Evolution of Glucose Dehydrogenase for Cofactor Regeneration in Bioredox Processes with Denaturing Agents. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2680-2688. [PMID: 32324965 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is a general tool for driving nicotinamide (NAD(P)H) regeneration in synthetic biochemistry. An increasing number of synthetic bioreactions are carried out in media containing high amounts of organic cosolvents or hydrophobic substrates/products, which often denature native enzymes, including those for cofactor regeneration. In this work, we attempted to improve the chemical stability of Bacillus megaterium GDH (BmGDHM0 ) in the presence of large amounts of 1-phenylethanol by directed evolution. Among the resulting mutants, BmGDHM6 (Q252L/E170K/S100P/K166R/V72I/K137R) exhibited a 9.2-fold increase in tolerance against 10 % (v/v) 1-phenylethanol. Moreover, BmGDHM6 was also more stable than BmGDHM0 when exposed to hydrophobic and enzyme-inactivating compounds such as acetophenone, ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, and ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate. Coupled with a Candida glabrata carbonyl reductase, BmGDHM6 was successfully used for the asymmetric reduction of deactivating ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate with total turnover number of 1800 for the nicotinamide cofactor, thus making it attractive for commercial application. Overall, the evolution of chemically robust GDH facilitates its wider use as a general tool for NAD(P)H regeneration in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhuo Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ling Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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Cloning and expression of the l-1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase gene from Rhodococcus erythropolis, and its application to double chiral compound production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:597-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Goldberg K, Schroer K, Lütz S, Liese A. Biocatalytic ketone reduction--a powerful tool for the production of chiral alcohols--part I: processes with isolated enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:237-48. [PMID: 17516064 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are able to perform reactions under mild conditions, e.g., pH and temperature, with remarkable chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Because of this feature, the number of biocatalysts used in organic synthesis has rapidly increased during the last decades, especially for the production of chiral compounds. The present review highlights biotechnological processes for the production of chiral alcohols by reducing prochiral ketones. These reactions can be catalyzed by either isolated enzymes or whole cells that exhibit ketone-reducing activity. The use of isolated enzymes is often preferred because of a higher volumetric productivity and the absence of side reactions. Both types of catalysts have also deficiencies limiting their use in synthesis of chiral alcohols. Because reductase-catalyzed reactions are dependent on cofactors, one major task in process development is to provide an effective method for regeneration of the consumed cofactors. In this paper, strategies for cofactor regeneration in biocatalytic ketone reduction are reviewed. Furthermore, different processes carried out on laboratory and industrial scales using isolated enzymes are presented. Attention is turned to process parameters, e.g., conversion, yield, enantiomeric excess, and process strategies, e.g., the application of biphasic systems or methods of in situ (co)product recovery. The biocatalytic production of chiral alcohols utilizing whole cells is presented in part II of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Goldberg
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
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Baik SH, Ide T, Yoshida H, Kagami O, Harayama S. Significantly enhanced stability of glucose dehydrogenase by directed evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 61:329-35. [PMID: 12743762 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-002-1215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Revised: 11/28/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An NaCl-independent stability-enhanced mutant of glucose dehydrogenase (GlcDH) was obtained by using in vitro directed evolution. The family shuffling method was applied for in vitro directed evolution to construct a mutant library of GlcDH genes. Three GlcDH-coding genes from Bacillus licheniformis IFO 12200, Bacillus megaterium IFO 15308 and Bacillus subtilis IFO 13719 were each cloned by direct PCR amplification into the p Trc99A expression vector and expressed in the host, Escherichia coli. In addition to these three GlcDH genes, a gene encoding a previously obtained GlcDH mutant, F20 (Q252L), derived from B. megaterium IWG3, was also subjected to directed evolution by the family shuffling method. A highly thermostable mutant, GlcDH DN-46, was isolated in the presence or absence of NaCl after the second round of family shuffling and filter-based screening of the mutant libraries. This mutant had only one novel additional amino acid residue exchange (E170K) compared to F20, even though DN-46 was obtained by family shuffling of four different GlcDH genes. The effect of temperature and pH on the stability of the GlcDH mutants F20 and DN46 was investigated with purified enzymes in the presence or absence of NaCl. In the absence of NaCl, F20 showed very poor thermostability (half-life =1.3 min at 66 degrees C), while the half-life of isolated mutant DN-46 was 540 min at 66 degrees C, i.e., 415-fold more thermostable than mutant F20. The activity of the wild-type and F20 enzymes dropped critically when the pH value was changed to the alkaline range in the absence of NaCl, but no such decrease was apparent with the DN-46 enzyme in the absence of NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Baik
- Marine Biotechnology Institute, 3-75-1 Heita, 026-0001 Kamaishi City, Iwate, Japan.
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Nagao T, Mitamura T, Wang XH, Negoro S, Yomo T, Urabe I, Okada H. Cloning, nucleotide sequences, and enzymatic properties of glucose dehydrogenase isozymes from Bacillus megaterium IAM1030. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:5013-20. [PMID: 1629157 PMCID: PMC206315 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.15.5013-5020.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus megaterium is known to have several genes that code for isozymes of glucose dehydrogenase. Two of them, gdhI and gdhII, were cloned from B. megaterium IAM1030 in our previous work (T. Mitamura, R. V. Evora, T. Nakai, Y. Makino, S. Negoro, I. Urabe, and H. Okada, J. Ferment. Bioeng. 70:363-369, 1990). In the present study, two new genes, gdhIII and gdhIV, were isolated from the same strain and their nucleotide sequences were identified. Each gene has an open reading frame of 783 bp available to encode a peptide of 261 amino acids. Thus, a total of four glucose dehydrogenase genes have been cloned from B. megaterium IAM1030. In addition, this strain does not seem to have other glucose dehydrogenase genes that can be distinguished from the four cloned genes so far examined by Southern hybridization analysis. The two newly cloned genes were expressed in Escherichia coli cells, and the products, GlcDH-III and GlcDH-IV, were purified and characterized and compared with the other isozymes, GlcDH-I and GlcDH-II, encoded by gdhI and gdhII, respectively. These isozymes showed different mobilities in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (GlcDH-I greater than GlcDH-III = GlcDH-IV greater than GlcDH-II), although they have the same number of amino acid residues. Double-immunodiffusion tests showed that GlcDH-I is immunologically different from the other isozymes and that GlcDH-III and GlcDH-IV are identical to one another but a little different from GlcDH-II. These glucose dehydrogenases were stabilized in the presence of 2 M NaCl. The effect of NaCl was especially large for GlcDH-III, which is most unstable enzyme. Kinetic studies showed that these isozymes are divided into two groups with respect to coenzyme specificity, although they can utilize both NAD and NADP: GlcDH-III and GlcDH-IV prefer NAD, and GlcDH-I and GlcDH-II prefer NADP. The phylogenic relationship of these glucose dehydrogenase genes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagao
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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Mitamura T, Ebora RV, Nakai T, Makino Y, Negoro S, Urabe I, Okada H. Structure of isozyme genes of glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium IAM1030. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(90)90079-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mitamura T, Urabe I, Okada H. Enzymatic properties of isozymes and variants of glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 186:389-93. [PMID: 2513190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three glucose dehydrogenases (GlcDH) from Bacillus megaterium, GlcDH-I, GlcDH-II and GlcDH-IWG3, were purified from Escherichia coli cells harboring one of the hybrid plasmids, pGDK1, pGDK2 and pGDA3, respectively, pGDK1 and pGDK2 contain two isozyme genes, gdhI and gdhII, respectively, from B. megaterium IAM 1030 and pGDA3 contains an isozyme gene from B. megaterium IWG3; GlcDH-IWG3 is a variant of GlcDH-I. GlcDH-I and GlcDH-II have similar pH/activity profiles and the profile for GlcDH-IWG3 is identical to that of GlcDH-I. The pH/stability profiles of these enzymes show that GlcDH-IWG3 is the most stable enzyme in the acidic region, while GlcDH-II is the most stable in the alkaline region, and GlcDH-I is the most unstable throughout the entire pH range examined. As for thermostability, GlcDH-II is the most resistant against heat inactivation at pH 6.5. The values of the first-order rate constant for heat inactivation at 50 degrees C are 0.27 min-1, 0.05 min-1 and 0.11 min-1 for GlcDH-I, GlcDH-II and GlcDH-IWG3, respectively. Kinetic studies show that these enzymes have similar kinetic constant values except that there are some differences in Kia for NAD(P) and Ka (the limiting Michaelis constant) for NAD; the values of the ratio of Kia for NAD and NADP are 11,340 and 8.7 for GlcDH-I, GlcDH-II and GlcDH-IWG3, respectively. GlcDH-I and GlcDH-IWG3 have very similar substrate specificities and GlcDH-II has a slightly higher specificity for D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose than the others. The results are discussed on the basis of the amino acid substitutions between the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mitamura
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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