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Zhigulin AS, Barygin OI. Mechanisms of NMDA receptor inhibition by nafamostat, gabexate and furamidine. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174795. [PMID: 35122868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are affected by many pharmaceuticals. In this work, we studied the action of the serine protease inhibitors nafamostat, gabexate and camostat, and an antiprotozoal compound, furamidine, on native NMDA receptors in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Nafamostat, furamidine and gabexate inhibited these receptors with IC50 values of 0.20 ± 0.04, 0.64 ± 0.13 and 16 ± 3 μM, respectively, whereas camostat was ineffective. Nafamostat and furamidine showed voltage-dependent inhibition, while gabexate showed practically voltage-independent inhibition. Nafamostat and furamidine demonstrated tail currents, implying a 'foot-in-the-door' mechanism of action; gabexate did not demonstrate any signs of 'foot-in-the-door' or trapping channel block. Gabexate action was also not competitive, suggesting allosteric inhibition of NMDA receptors. Furamidine and nafamostat are structurally similar to the previously studied diminazene and all three demonstrated a 'foot-in-the-door' mechanism. They have a rather rigid, elongated structures and cannot fold into more compact forms. By contrast, the gabexate molecule can fold, but its folded structure differs drastically from that of typical NMDA receptor blockers, in agreement with its voltage-independent inhibition. These findings provide a better understanding of the structural determinants of NMDA receptor antagonism, while also supporting the potential clinical repurposing of these drugs as neuroprotectors for glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy S Zhigulin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg I Barygin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
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2
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Dron MY, Zhigulin AS, Barygin OI. Mechanisms of NMDA receptor inhibition by diarylamidine compounds. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1573-1582. [PMID: 31605636 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine, diminazene and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) are antiprotozoal diarylamidine compounds. In the present work, we have studied their action on native N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. All three compounds inhibited NMDA receptors at -80 mV holding voltage with IC50 of 0.41 ± 0.08, 13 ± 3 and 3.1 ± 0.6 μM, respectively. The inhibition by pentamidine was strongly voltage-dependent, while that of DAPI was practically voltage-independent. Inhibition by diminazene had both voltage-dependent and voltage-independent components. Diminazene and DAPI demonstrated tail currents and overshoots suggesting "foot-in-the-door" mechanism of action. In contrast, pentamidine was partially trapped in the closed NMDA receptor channels. Such difference in the mechanism of action can be explained by the difference in the 3D structure of compounds. In the pentamidine molecule, two benzamidine groups are connected with a flexible linker, which allows the molecule to fold up and fit in the cavity of a closed NMDA receptor channel. Diminazene and DAPI, in contrast, have an extended form and could not be trapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Dron
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arseniy S Zhigulin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg I Barygin
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Berger ML, Maciejewska D, Vanden Eynde JJ, Mottamal M, Żabiński J, Kaźmierczak P, Rezler M, Jarak I, Piantanida I, Karminski-Zamola G, Mayence A, Rebernik P, Kumar A, Ismail MA, Boykin DW, Huang TL. Pentamidine analogs as inhibitors of [(3)H]MK-801 and [(3)H]ifenprodil binding to rat brain NMDA receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4489-4500. [PMID: 26117647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The anti-protozoal drug pentamidine is active against opportunistic Pneumocystis pneumonia, but in addition has several other biological targets, including the NMDA receptor (NR). Here we describe the inhibitory potencies of 76 pentamidine analogs at 2 binding sites of the NR, the channel binding site labeled with [(3)H]MK-801 and the [(3)H]ifenprodil binding site. Most analogs acted weaker at the ifenprodil than at the channel site. The spermine-sensitivity of NR inhibition by the majority of the compounds was reminiscent of other long-chain dicationic NR blockers. The potency of the parent compound as NR blocker was increased by modifying the heteroatoms in the bridge connecting the 2 benzamidine moieties and also by integrating the bridge into a seven-membered ring. Docking of the 45 most spermine-sensitive bisbenzamidines to a recently described acidic interface between the N-terminal domains of GluN1 and GluN2B mediating polyamine stimulation of the NR revealed the domain contributed by GluN1 as the most relevant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Berger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dorota Maciejewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Jerzy Żabiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kaźmierczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rezler
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Annie Mayence
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, USA
| | - Patrick Rebernik
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David W Boykin
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tien L Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, USA
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Gozal EA, O'Neill BE, Sawchuk MA, Zhu H, Halder M, Chou CC, Hochman S. Anatomical and functional evidence for trace amines as unique modulators of locomotor function in the mammalian spinal cord. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:134. [PMID: 25426030 PMCID: PMC4224135 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trace amines (TAs), tryptamine, tyramine, and β-phenylethylamine, are synthesized from precursor amino acids via aromatic-L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We explored their role in the neuromodulation of neonatal rat spinal cord motor circuits. We first showed that the spinal cord contains the substrates for TA biosynthesis (AADC) and for receptor-mediated actions via trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) 1 and 4. We next examined the actions of the TAs on motor activity using the in vitro isolated neonatal rat spinal cord. Tyramine and tryptamine most consistently increased motor activity with prominent direct actions on motoneurons. In the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate, all applied TAs supported expression of a locomotor-like activity (LLA) that was indistinguishable from that ordinarily observed with serotonin, suggesting that the TAs act on common central pattern generating neurons. The TAs also generated distinctive complex rhythms characterized by episodic bouts of LLA. TA actions on locomotor circuits did not require interaction with descending monoaminergic projections since evoked LLA was maintained following block of all Na+-dependent monoamine transporters or the vesicular monoamine transporter. Instead, TA (tryptamine and tyramine) actions depended on intracellular uptake via pentamidine-sensitive Na+-independent membrane transporters. Requirement for intracellular transport is consistent with the TAs having much slower LLA onset than serotonin and for activation of intracellular TAARs. To test for endogenous actions following biosynthesis, we increased intracellular amino acid levels with cycloheximide. LLA emerged and included distinctive TA-like episodic bouts. In summary, we provided anatomical and functional evidence of the TAs as an intrinsic spinal monoaminergic modulatory system capable of promoting recruitment of locomotor circuits independent of the descending monoamines. These actions support their known sympathomimetic function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Zhu
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mallika Halder
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Shawn Hochman
- Physiology Department, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tao B, Huang TL, Sharma TA, Reynolds IJ, Donkor IO. Novel bisbenzamidines and bisbenzimidazolines as noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1299-304. [PMID: 10340618 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel bisbenzamidines and bisbenzimidazolines with different linkers connecting the aromatic groups was tested in vitro for NMDA receptor antagonist activity. IC50 values for these compounds ranged from 1.2 to >200 microM. The bisbenzamidine with a homopiperazine ring as the central linker was found to be the most potent NMDA receptor antagonist among all the pentamidine analogues tested so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tao
- College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans 70125, USA
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Donkor I, Berger M. Inhibitory effects of pentamidine analogues on spermine stimulated ligand binding to the NMDA receptor complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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