1
|
Chen Q, Song Q, Yang X, Han H, Zhang X, Liao Y, Zhang W, Ye J, Cheng S, Xu F. Characterization of a novel levopimaradiene synthase gene responsible for the biosynthesis of terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1885906. [PMID: 33570442 PMCID: PMC7971208 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1885906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Terpene trilactones (TTLs) are the main medicinal compounds of Ginkgo biloba. Levopimaradiene synthase (LPS) is the crucial enzyme that catalyzes TTLs biosynthesis in G. biloba. In this study, a novel LPS gene (designated as GbLPS2) was cloned from G. biloba leaves. The open reading frame of GbLPS2 gene was 2520 bp in length, encoding a predicted polypeptide of 840 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GbLPS2 was highly homologous with reported LPS proteins in other plants. On the basis of the genomic DNA (gDNA) template, a 4308 bp gDNA sequence of GbLPS2 and a 913 bp promoter sequence were amplified. Cis-acting elements in promoter analysis indicated that GbLPS2 could be regulated by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that GbLPS2 was mainly expressed in roots and ovulate strobilus. MeJA treatment could significantly induce the expression level of GbLPS2 and increase the content of TTLs. This study illustrates the structure and the tissue-specific expression pattern of GbLPS2 and demonstrates that exogenous hormones regulated the expression of GbLPS2 and TTL content in G. biloba. Our results provide a target gene for the enhancement of TTL content in G. biloba via genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qiling Song
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education and the Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of Forestry Ministry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Han
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ayscough A, Whittaker M. Patent Update: Pulmonary-Allergy, Dermatological, Gastrointestinal & Arthritis: Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.5.7.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Pancreatic microcirculatory disturbance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, and it involves a series of changes including vasoconstriction, ischaemia, increased vascular permeability, impairment of nutritive tissue perfusion, ischaemia/reperfusion, leukocyte adherence, hemorrheological changes and impaired lymphatic drainage. Ischaemia possibly acts as an initiating factor of pancreatic microcirculatory injury in acute pancreatitis, or as an aggravating/continuing mechanism. The end-artery feature of the intralobular arterioles suggests that the pancreatic microcirculation is highly susceptible to ischaemia. Various vasoactive mediators, as bradykinin, platelet activating factor, endothelin and nitric oxide participate in the development of microcirculatory failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Guang Zhou
- Department of Hepato-bilio-pancreatic Surgery & Institute of Microcirculation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miner RJ, Skoog SM. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura, profuse diarrhea, and new onset ulcerative colitis: a dramatic response to splenectomy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 32:276-7. [PMID: 11246367 DOI: 10.1097/00004836-200103000-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
5
|
Gálvez J, Garrido M, Merlos M, Torres MI, Zarzuelo A. Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of UR-12746, a novel 5-ASA conjugate, on acute and chronic experimental colitis in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1949-59. [PMID: 10952687 PMCID: PMC1572265 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of UR-12746 on the acute and chronic stages of a trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the rat. UR-12746 is a novel, locally-acting compound which combines, through an azo bond, 5-aminosalicylic (5-ASA) and UR-12715, a potent platelet activating factor (PAF)-antagonist. UR-12746 oral pretreatment of colitic rats (50 and 100 mg kg(-1)) reduced acute colonic damage when evaluated 2 days after colonic insult. Postreatment for 4 weeks with UR-12746 (50 and 100 mg kg(-1)) resulted in a faster recovery of the damaged colonic mucosa, which was macroscopically significant from the third week. The intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of UR-12746 was associated with a decrease in leukocyte infiltration in the colonic mucosa, which was evidenced both biochemically, by a reduction in myeloperoxidase activity, and histologically, by a lower leukocyte count after morphometric analysis. This effect was higher than that seen with sulphasalazine, when assayed at the same doses and in the same experimental conditions. Several mechanisms can be involved in the beneficial effects showed by UR-12746: inhibition of leukotriene B(4) synthesis in the inflamed colon, improvement of the altered colonic oxidative status, and reduction of colonic interleukin-1beta production. The results suggest that the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of UR-12746 can be attributed to the additive effects exerted by 5-ASA and UR-12715, the PAF antagonist compound, that are released in the colonic lumen after reduction of the azo bond by the intestinal bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gálvez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071-Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Q, Djuricin G, Rossi H, Bewsey K, Nathan C, Gattuso P, Weinstein RA, Prinz RA. The Effect of Lexipafant on Bacterial Translocation in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in Rats. Am Surg 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/000313489906500703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial translocation (BT) from the gastrointestinal tract to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and other extra intestinal organs is an important source of infection in acute pancreatitis (AP). Lexipafant (BB-882) is a potent platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist that has an anti-inflammatory effect. To examine whether BB-882 could affect BT in acute necrotizing pancreatitis, 48 male Sprague Dawley rats (250–350 g) were studied. AP was induced in Group I and Group II by pressure injection of 3% taurocholate and trypsin into the common biliopancreatic duct (1 mL/kg of body weight). Group I rats received BB-882 (10 mg/kg, ip qd) and Group II rats received a similar volume of normal saline as a placebo postoperatively for 2 days. Group III and Group IV received BB-882 and placebo, respectively, after an exploratory laparotomy. At 48 hours postoperatively, blood was drawn for culture, serum amylase, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α determinations. Specimens from MLNs, spleen, liver, pancreas, and cecum were harvested for culture of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria. Quantitative cecal cultures of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria were obtained. A point scoring system for five histological features that include interstitial edema, inflammatory cellular infiltration, fat necrosis, parenchymal necrosis, and hemorrhage was used to evaluate the severity of pancreatitis. There was no difference in serum amylase levels (2415 ± 127 IU/L versus 2476 ± 170 IU/L), serum TNF-α levels (7820 ± 1396 pg/mL versus 7318 ± 681 pg/mL), and the mean pancreatic histology score (5.9 ± 1.2 versus 6.5 ± 1.1) between Group I and Group II, respectively (P gt 0.05). Seven of 12 Group I rats had BT to MLNs, compared with 11 of 12 rats in Group II (P > 0.05). Five of 12 Group I rats had BT to distant sites such as pancreas, spleen, liver, and/or blood, compared with 11 of 12 rats in Group II (P < 0.05). BB-882 treatment decreases bacterial spread to distant sites, but does not reduce serum amylase levels and serum TNF-α levels or ameliorate pancreatic damage in rats with AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Departments of General Surgery, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Kelly Bewsey
- Departments of General Surgery, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Catherine Nathan
- Section of Infectious Disease, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paolo Gattuso
- Departments of Pathology, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert A. Weinstein
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Section of Infectious Disease, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Conlong P, Nicholson DA, Shaffer JL, Jewell D. Crohn's Disease - Current views on Aetiology and its Impact on Management. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 1998. [DOI: 10.1177/147827159802800417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Conlong
- North Manchester General Hospital, Crumpsall
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Marfat A, Chambers R, Cheng J, Cooper K, Damon D, Delehunt J, Eggler J, Masamune H, Melvin L, Watson J. The discovery of CP-96,021 and CP-96,486, balanced, combined, potent and orally active leukotriene D4 (LTD4)/platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00227-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|