1
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Kubyshkin V, Rubini M. Proline Analogues. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8130-8232. [PMID: 38941181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Within the canonical repertoire of the amino acid involved in protein biogenesis, proline plays a unique role as an amino acid presenting a modified backbone rather than a side-chain. Chemical structures that mimic proline but introduce changes into its specific molecular features are defined as proline analogues. This review article summarizes the existing chemical, physicochemical, and biochemical knowledge about this peculiar family of structures. We group proline analogues from the following compounds: substituted prolines, unsaturated and fused structures, ring size homologues, heterocyclic, e.g., pseudoproline, and bridged proline-resembling structures. We overview (1) the occurrence of proline analogues in nature and their chemical synthesis, (2) physicochemical properties including ring conformation and cis/trans amide isomerization, (3) use in commercial drugs such as nirmatrelvir recently approved against COVID-19, (4) peptide and protein synthesis involving proline analogues, (5) specific opportunities created in peptide engineering, and (6) cases of protein engineering with the analogues. The review aims to provide a summary to anyone interested in using proline analogues in systems ranging from specific biochemical setups to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Li Q, Deng X, Xu YJ, Dong L. Development of Long-Acting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Structural Evolution and Long-Acting Determinants. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11593-11631. [PMID: 37647598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to achieve less frequent dosing in the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. Enthusiasm for long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is based on the promise that such agents with less frequent dosing regimens are associated with improved patient adherence, but the rational design of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors remains a major challenge. In this Perspective, the development of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is comprehensively summarized to highlight the evolution of initial lead compounds on the path toward developing long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors over nearly three decades. The determinants for long duration of action are then examined, including the nature of the target, potency, binding kinetics, crystal structures, selectivity, and preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. More importantly, several possible approaches for the rational design of long-acting drugs are discussed. We hope that this information will facilitate the design and development of safer and more effective long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors and other oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Lin Dong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Kumar S, Mittal A, Mittal A. A review upon medicinal perspective and designing rationale of DPP-4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116354. [PMID: 34428715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is one of the highly prevalence disorder and increasing day by day worldwidely. T2DM is a metabolic disorder, which is characterized by deficiency in insulin or resistance to insulin and thus increases the glucose levels in the blood. Various approaches are there to treat diabetes but still there is no cure for this disease. DPP-4 inhibitor is a privileged target in the field of drug discovery and provides various opportunities in exploring this target for development of molecules as antidiabetic agents. DPP-4 acts by inhibiting the incretin action and thus decreases the level of blood glucose by imparting minimal side effects. Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin etc. are the different DPP-4 based drugs approved throughout the world for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Cyanopyrrolidines, triazolopiperazine amide, pyrrolidines are basic core nucleus present in various DPP-4 inhibitors and has potential effects. In the past few years, researchers had applied various approaches to synthesize potent DPP-4 inhibitors as antidiabetic agent without side effects like weight gain, cardiovascular risks, retinopathy etc. This review will also emphasize the recent strategies and rationale utilized by researchers for the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. This review also reveals about the various other approaches like molecular modelling, ligand based drug designing, high throughput screening etc. are used by the various research group for the development of potential DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Campus-2, Near Baddowal Cantt. Ferozepur Road, Ludhiana 142021, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Anu Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University College, Patti, Distt. Tarn Taran, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India.
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4
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Kobayashi N, Sato N, Fujimura Y, Kihara T, Sugita K, Takahashi K, Koike K, Sugawara T, Tada Y, Nakai H, Yoshikawa T. Discovery of the Orally Effective Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Mimetic: 1-{ N-[(4 S,5 S)-(5-Methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl}-(2 R)-2-methylpyrrolidine Trihydrate (Rovatirelin Hydrate). ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13647-13666. [PMID: 30411045 PMCID: PMC6217654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have explored orally effective thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mimetics, showing oral bioavailability and brain penetration by structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on the basis of in vivo antagonistic activity on reserpine-induced hypothermia in mice. By primary screening of the synthesized TRH mimetics, we found a novel TRH mimetic: l-pyroglutamyl-[3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl]-l-prolinamide with a high central nervous system effect compared with TRH as a lead compound. Further SAR optimization studies of this lead compound led to discovery of a novel orally effective TRH mimetic: 1-{N-[(4S,5S)-(5-methyl-2-oxooxazolidine-4-yl)carbonyl]-3-(thiazol-4-yl)-l-alanyl}-(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidine trihydrate (rovatirelin hydrate), which was selected as a candidate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Kobayashi
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Norihito Sato
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujimura
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kihara
- Business
Search & Evaluation, Shionogi &
Co., Ltd., 3-1-8, Doshomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 541-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuji Sugita
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kouji Takahashi
- DMPK
Services, Shionogi Techno Advance Research
Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Katsumi Koike
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tamio Sugawara
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakai
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Laboratory, Research Laboratory for Development, and Drug Discovery
& Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi
& Co., Ltd., 3-1-1,
Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yoshikawa
- Pharmacovigilance
Japan, Allergan Japan K.K., 4-20-3-35, Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-6035, Japan
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5
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Abstract
DPP-4 specifically degrades the incretin hormone GLP-1 and GIP, both of which are vital modulators of blood glucose homeostasis. Attributed to its potential biological function, DPP-4 inhibition has presently represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating diabetes and aroused a significant interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Chemical stability, selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties have been continuously emphasized during the long journey of R&D centered on DPP-4 inhibitors. The current landscape of the development of DPP-4 inhibitors is outlined in this review, with a focus on rational drug design and structural optimization to pursue chemical stability, selectivity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, the structure-activity relationships, based on reported DPP-4 inhibitors, will be discussed.
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6
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Jansen K, Heirbaut L, Cheng JD, Joossens J, Ryabtsova O, Cos P, Maes L, Lambeir AM, De Meester I, Augustyns K, Van der Veken P. Selective Inhibitors of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) with a (4-Quinolinoyl)-glycyl-2-cyanopyrrolidine Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:491-6. [PMID: 24900696 DOI: 10.1021/ml300410d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a serine protease that is generally accepted to play an important role in tumor growth and other diseases involving tissue remodeling. Currently there are no FAP inhibitors with reported selectivity toward both the closely related dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP). We present the discovery of a new class of FAP inhibitors with a N-(4-quinolinoyl)-Gly-(2-cyanopyrrolidine) scaffold. We have explored the effects of substituting the quinoline ring and varying the position of its sp(2) hybridized nitrogen atom. The most promising inhibitors combined low nanomolar FAP inhibition and high selectivity indices (>10(3)) with respect to both the DPPs and PREP. Preliminary experiments on a representative inhibitor demonstrate that plasma stability, kinetic solubility, and log D of this class of compounds can be expected to be satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Jansen
- Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leen Heirbaut
- Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan D. Cheng
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19111-2497, United States
| | - Jurgen Joossens
- Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Oxana Ryabtsova
- Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene
(LMPH), Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene
(LMPH), Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Medical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Medical
Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van der Veken
- Medicinal Chemistry (UAMC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610
Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Substituted piperidinyl glycinyl 2-cyano-4,5-methano pyrrolidines as potent and stable dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1622-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Zhang L, Su M, Li J, Ji X, Wang J, Li Z, Li J, Liu H. Design, Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Docking Studies of 1-(γ-1,2,3-Triazol Substituted Prolyl)-(S)-3,3-Difluoropyrrolidines as a Novel Series of Potent and Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 81:198-207. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Discovery and preclinical profile of teneligliptin (3-[(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pyrrolidin-2-ylcarbonyl]thiazolidine): A highly potent, selective, long-lasting and orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5705-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Ryabtsova O, Jansen K, Van Goethem S, Joossens J, Cheng JD, Lambeir AM, De Meester I, Augustyns K, Van der Veken P. Acylated Gly-(2-cyano)pyrrolidines as inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and the issue of FAP/prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP)-selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3412-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Hsu T, Tsai TY, Tseng YJ, Chiou MC, Lu CT, Chao YS, Jiaang WT. Synthesis of 3,3-Dimethylglutamic Acid Derivatives as DPP-IV Inhibitors and Evaluation of Their Chemical Stability. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201190049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Mulakayala N, Reddy CH U, Iqbal J, Pal M. Synthesis of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a brief overview. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Wang L, Zhang B, Ji J, Li B, Yan J, Zhang W, Wu Y, Wang X, Hou H. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Compounds as Potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902919522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Tsai TY, Hsu T, Chen CT, Cheng JH, Chiou MC, Huang CH, Tseng YJ, Yeh TK, Huang CY, Yeh KC, Huang YW, Wu SH, Wang MH, Chen X, Chao YS, Jiaang WT. Rational design and synthesis of potent and long-lasting glutamic acid-based dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1908-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Havale SH, Pal M. Medicinal chemistry approaches to the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1783-802. [PMID: 19217790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Fukushima H, Hiratate A, Takahashi M, Saito-Hori M, Munetomo E, Kitano K, Saito H, Takaoka Y, Yamamoto K. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of potent 1-(2-substituted-aminoacetyl)-4-fluoro-2-cyanopyrrolidine dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:1110-7. [PMID: 18670111 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors have attracted attention as potential drugs for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes because they prevent the degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and extend its duration of action. We previously reported that 2-cyano-4-fluoropyrrolidines act as potent DPP-IV inhibitors and have been modifying the 1-position of pyrrolidine to obtain more useful inhibitors. An L-tert-butylglycine derivative was found to be a stable and potent DPP-IV inhibitor that exhibits a glucose lowering effect in vivo. Here, we report the synthesis of and biological data on the aforementioned derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Saitama, Japan.
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17
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Van der Veken P, De Meester I, Dubois V, Soroka A, Van Goethem S, Maes MB, Brandt I, Lambeir AM, Chen X, Haemers A, Scharpé S, Augustyns K. Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 8 and dipeptidyl peptidase 9. Part 1: Identification of dipeptide derived leads. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4154-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Discovery of new binding elements in DPP-4 inhibition and their applications in novel DPP-4 inhibitor design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3706-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Edmondson SD, Kim D. Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: The Discovery of JANUVIA
(™)
(Sitagliptin). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527621460.ch17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Simpkins LM, Bolton S, Pi Z, Sutton JC, Kwon C, Zhao G, Magnin DR, Augeri DJ, Gungor T, Rotella DP, Sun Z, Liu Y, Slusarchyk WS, Marcinkeviciene J, Robertson JG, Wang A, Robl JA, Atwal KS, Zahler RL, Parker RA, Kirby MS, Hamann LG. Potent non-nitrile dipeptidic dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6476-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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A three-dimensional pharmacophore model for dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1603-11. [PMID: 18207285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is a valid drug target for type-2 diabetes and DPP-IV inhibitors have been proven to efficiently improve glucose tolerance. In our study, 3D pharmacophore models were generated using a training set of 22 DPP-IV inhibitors. The best model consisted of important chemical features and mapped well into the active site of DPP-IV. The model gave high correlation coefficients of 0.97 and 0.84 for the training set and the test set, respectively, showing its good predictive ability for biological activity. Furthermore, the pharmacophore model demonstrated the capability to retrieve inhibitors from database with a high enrichment factor of 42.58. All results suggest that the model provides a useful tool for designing novel DPP-IV inhibitors.
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22
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Dunning BE, Gerich JE. The role of alpha-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:253-83. [PMID: 17409288 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hyperglycemic activity of pancreatic extracts was encountered some 80 yr ago during efforts to optimize methods for the purification of insulin. The hyperglycemic substance was named "glucagon," and it was subsequently determined that glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide synthesized and released from pancreatic alpha-cells. This article begins with a brief overview of the discovery of glucagon and the contributions that somatostatin and a sensitive and selective assay for pancreatic (vs. gut) glucagon made to understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of glucagon. Studies utilizing these tools to establish the function of glucagon in normal nutrient homeostasis and to document a relative glucagon excess in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and precursors thereof are then discussed. The evidence that glucagon excess contributes to the development and maintenance of fasting hyperglycemia and that failure to suppress glucagon secretion contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia is then reviewed. Although key human studies are emphasized, salient animal studies highlighting the importance of glucagon in normal and defective glucoregulation are also described. The past eight decades of research in this area have led to development of new therapeutic approaches to treating T2DM that have been shown to, or are expected to, improve glycemic control in patients with T2DM in part by improving alpha-cell function or by blocking glucagon action. Accordingly, this review ends with a discussion of the status and therapeutic potential of glucagon receptor antagonists, alpha-cell selective somatostatin agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors. Our overall conclusions are that there is considerable evidence that relative hyperglucagonemia contributes to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM, and there are several new and emerging pharmacotherapies that may improve glycemic control in part by ameliorating the hyperglycemic effects of this relative glucagon excess.
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23
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Kondo T, Sugimoto I, Nekado T, Ochi K, Ohtani T, Tajima Y, Yamamoto S, Kawabata K, Nakai H, Toda M. Design and synthesis of long-acting inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2715-35. [PMID: 17292611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of (4-substituted prolyl)prolinenitriles were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP-IV). Among those tested, the 4beta-[4-(hydroxyphenyl)prolyl]prolinenitriles showed a potent inhibitory activity with a long duration of action. Metabolic formation of the corresponding phenol glucuronates was found to contribute to their long duration of action. The activity profiles of the synthesized compounds are reported and structure-activity relationships are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kondo
- Minase Research Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-Cho, Mishima-Gun, 618-8585 Osaka, Japan.
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24
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Wiedeman PE. DPPIV inhibition: promising therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:63-109. [PMID: 17280902 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wiedeman
- Abbott Laboratories, Department R4CP, Building AP9B, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6113, USA
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25
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Sakashita H, Akahoshi F, Yoshida T, Kitajima H, Hayashi Y, Ishii S, Takashina Y, Tsutsumiuchi R, Ono S. Lead optimization of [(S)-γ-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine focused on γ-substituent: Indoline compounds as potent DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:641-55. [PMID: 17113301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are looked to as a potential new antidiabetic agent class. A series of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds in which the electrophilic nitrile is removed are chemically stable DPP-IV inhibitors. To discover a structure for the gamma-substituent of the proline moiety more suitable for interacting with the S(2) pocket of DPP-IV, optimization focused on the gamma-substituent was carried out. The indoline compound 22e showed a DPP-IV-inhibitory activity 100-fold more potent than that of the prolylthiazolidine 10 and comparable to that of NVP-DPP728. It also displayed improved inhibitory selectivity for DPP-IV over DPP8 and DPP9 compared to compound 10. Indoline compounds such as 22e have a rigid conformation with double restriction of the aromatic moiety by proline and indoline structures to promote interaction with the binding site in the S(2) pocket of DPP-IV. The double restriction effect provides a potent inhibitory activity which compensates for the decrease in activity caused by removing the electrophilic nitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Chemistry Laboratory, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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26
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Goodnow RA, Gillespie P. 1Hit and Lead Identification: Efficient Practices for Drug Discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 45:1-61. [PMID: 17280901 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(06)45501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Goodnow
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ 07110-1199, USA
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27
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Gilmore BF, Carson L, McShane LL, Quinn D, Coulter WA, Walker B. Synthesis, kinetic evaluation, and utilization of a biotinylated dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonate for the disclosure of dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like serine proteases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 347:373-9. [PMID: 16824486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the synthesis, kinetic characterisation, and application of a novel biotinylated and active site-directed inactivator of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). Thus, the dipeptide-derived proline diphenyl phosphonate NH(2)-Glu(biotinyl-PEG)-Pro(P)(OPh)(2) has been prepared by a combination of classical solution- and solid-phase methodologies and has been shown to be an irreversible inhibitor of porcine DPP-IV, exhibiting an over all second-order rate constant (k(i)/K(i)) for inhibition of 1.57 x 10(3) M(-1) min(-1). This value compares favourably with previously reported rates of inactivation of DPP-IV by dipeptides containing a P(1) proline diphenyl phosphonate grouping [B. Boduszek, J. Oleksyszyn, C.M. Kam, J. Selzler, R.E. Smith, J.C. Powers, Dipeptide phophonates as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV, J. Med. Chem. 37 (1994) 3969-3976; B.F. Gilmore, J.F. Lynas, C.J. Scott, C. McGoohan, L. Martin, B. Walker, Dipeptide proline diphenyl phosphonates are potent, irreversible inhibitors of seprase (FAPalpha), Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 346 (2006) 436-446.], thus demonstrating that the incorporation of the side-chain modified (N-biotinyl-3-(2-(2-(3-aminopropyloxy)-ethoxy)-ethoxy)-propyl) glutamic acid residue at the P(2) position is compatible with inhibitor efficacy. The utilisation of this probe for the detection of both purified dipeptidyl peptidase IV and the disclosure of a dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like activity from a clinical isolate of Porphyromonas gingivalis, using established electrophoretic and Western blotting techniques previously developed by our group, is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan F Gilmore
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, UK.
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28
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Sakashita H, Akahoshi F, Kitajima H, Tsutsumiuchi R, Hayashi Y. [(S)-γ-(Arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds as a novel series of potent and stable DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3662-71. [PMID: 16460948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) enhancers, are looked to as a potential new class of antidiabetic agents. In particular, potent and long-acting inhibitors might offer advantages in exploiting DPP-IV inhibition. The series of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine compounds on which we reported previously has a highly potent inhibitory activity but seemed to be unstable in neutral aqueous solution. Here, we describe [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine compounds as a novel series of potent and stable DPP-IV inhibitors. They are the thiazolidine analogs of [(S)-gamma-(arylamino)prolyl]-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine but with the electrophilic nitrile removed to improve chemical stability in aqueous solution. Of the compounds investigated in the present study, the [((S)-gamma-3,4-dicyanophenylamino)prolyl]thiazolidine 12 m was the most potent. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the gamma-substituent in the proline moiety of the thiazolidide was similar to that obtained with the (S)-2-cyanopyrrolidide. The gamma-substituent in the proline moiety of both the (S)-2-cyanopyrrolidide and the thiazolidide may engage with the S(2) binding pocket of DPP-IV and thereby achieve hydrophobic interaction in the same manner. Based on pharmacokinetic experiments in rats, the representative compound 11, which displayed high oral bioavailability (BA=83.9%) and long half-life in plasma (t(1/2)=5.27 h), was found to have an excellent pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Research Laboratory II, Pharmaceuticals Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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29
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Magnin DR, Taunk PC, Robertson JG, Wang A, Marcinkeviciene J, Kirby MS, Hamann LG. Seco-prolinenitrile inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV define minimal pharmacophore requirements at P1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1731-4. [PMID: 16376077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of seco-prolinenitrile-containing dipeptides were synthesized and assayed as inhibitors of the N-terminal sequence-specific serine protease dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a promising new target for treatment of type 2 diabetes. The inhibitors described herein assess the minimum structural requirements at P1 for this enzyme, resulting in the identification of inhibitors with low nM potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Magnin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
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30
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Qiao L, Baumann CA, Crysler CS, Ninan NS, Abad MC, Spurlino JC, Desjarlais RL, Kervinen J, Neeper MP, Bayoumy SS, Williams R, Deckman IC, Dasgupta M, Reed RL, Huebert ND, Tomczuk BE, Moriarty KJ. Discovery, SAR, and X-ray structure of novel biaryl-based dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:123-8. [PMID: 16236500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, SAR, and X-ray crystal structure of novel biarylaminoacyl-(S)-2-cyano-pyrrolidines and biarylaminoacylthiazolidines as potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 665 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA
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31
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Haffner CD, McDougald DL, Reister SM, Thompson BD, Conlee C, Fang J, Bass J, Lenhard JM, Croom D, Secosky-Chang MB, Tomaszek T, McConn D, Wells-Knecht K, Johnson PR. 2-Cyano-4-fluoro-1-thiovalylpyrrolidine analogues as potent inhibitors of DPP-IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5257-61. [PMID: 16168640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological activity of a series of 2-cyano-4-fluoro-1-thiovalylpyrrolidine inhibitors of DPP-IV. Within this series, compound 19 provided a potent, selective, and orally active DPP-IV inhibitor which demonstrated a very long duration of action in both rat and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt D Haffner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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32
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Zhao G, Taunk PC, Magnin DR, Simpkins LM, Robl JA, Wang A, Robertson JG, Marcinkeviciene J, Sitkoff DF, Parker RA, Kirby MS, Hamann LG. Diprolyl nitriles as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3992-5. [PMID: 16046120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is a multifunctional type II transmembrane serine peptidase which regulates various physiological processes, most notably plasma glucose homeostasis by cleaving peptide hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Inhibition of DPP4 is a potentially valuable therapy for type 2 diabetes. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of substituted diprolyl nitriles are described, leading to the identification of compound 1 with a measured DPP4 K(i) of 3.6 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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33
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Augustyns K, Van der Veken P, Haemers A. Inhibitors of proline-specific dipeptidyl peptidases: DPP IV inhibitors as a novel approach for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.15.10.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Lu IL, Lee SJ, Tsu H, Wu SY, Kao KH, Chien CH, Chang YY, Chen YS, Cheng JH, Chang CN, Chen TW, Chang SP, Chen X, Jiaang WT. Glutamic acid analogues as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV and 8 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3271-5. [PMID: 15927466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To find potent and selective inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), we synthesized a series of 2-cyanopyrrolidine with P2-site 4-substituted glutamic acid derivatives and tested their activities against DPP-IV, DPP8, and DPP-II. Analogues that incorporated a bulky substituent at the first carbon position of benzylamine or isoquinoline showed over 30-fold selectivity for DPP-IV over both DPP8 and DPP-II. From structure-activity relationship studies, we speculate that the S2 site of DPP8 might be similar to that of DPP-IV, while DPP-IV inhibitor with N-substituted glycine in the P2 site and/or with a moiety involving in hydrophobic interaction with the side chain of Phe357 might provide a better selectivity for DPP-IV over DPP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Lu
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Rd., Zhunan Town, Miaoli Country 350, Taiwan, ROC
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35
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Sakashita H, Kitajima H, Nakamura M, Akahoshi F, Hayashi Y. 1-((S)-γ-Substituted prolyl)-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidine as a novel series of highly potent DPP-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2441-5. [PMID: 15863294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1-(Gamma-substituted prolyl)-(S)-2-cyanopyrrolidines were designed based on the predicted binding mode of the known DPP-IV inhibitor NVP-DPP728 and evaluated for their inhibitory activity. In structure-activity relationship study at the gamma-position of proline, it became clear that compounds bearing (S)-stereochemistry were 20-fold more potent than the antipode. Of these compounds, the (3,4-dicyanophenyl)amino- and (3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)amino-derivatives showed the highest inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakashita
- Pharmaceuticals Research Unit, Research & Development Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan
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36
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Ferraris D, Ko YS, Calvin D, Chiou T, Lautar S, Thomas B, Wozniak K, Rojas C, Kalish V, Belyakov S. Ketopyrrolidines and ketoazetidines as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5579-83. [PMID: 15482928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of two classes of electrophile-based dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors, the ketopyrrolidines and ketoazetidines, is discussed. The SAR of these series demonstrate that the 2-thiazole, 2-benzothiazole, and 2-pyridylketones are optimal S1' binding groups for potency against DPP IV. In addition, both cyclohexyl glycine (CHG) and octahydroindole carboxylate (OIC) serve as the most potent S2 binding groups within each series. Stereochemistry at the alpha-position of the central ring is relevant to potency within the ketopyrrolidines series, but not in the ketoazetidine series. Finally, the ketoazetidines display enhanced stability over the corresponding ketopyrrolidines, while maintaining their potency. In fact, certain stabilized ketoazetidines can maintain their in vitro potency and inhibit DPP IV in the plasma for up to 6h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ferraris
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc., 6611 Tributary Street, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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37
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Augustyns K, Van der Veken P, Senten K, Haemers A. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors as new therapeutic agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Novel N-substituted-2-cyanopyrrolidines as potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.12.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Jiaang WT, Chen YS, Hsu T, Wu SH, Chien CH, Chang CN, Chang SP, Lee SJ, Chen X. Novel isoindoline compounds for potent and selective inhibition of prolyl dipeptidase DPP8. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:687-91. [PMID: 15664838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DPP8 is a prolyl dipeptidase homologous to DPP-IV, which is a drug target for Type II diabetes. The biological function of DPP8 is not known. To identify potent and selective chemical compounds against DPP8, we have synthesized a series of isoquinoline and isoindoline derivatives and have tested their inhibitory activity against DPP8, DPP-IV and DPP-II. Isoindoline derivatives were found to be more potent DPP8 inhibitors than isoquinoline derivatives. Isoindoline with a 1-(4,4'-difluor-benzhydryl)-piperazine group at the P2 site was observed to be a very potent DPP8 inhibitor, having an IC(50) value of 14nM with at least a 2500-fold selectivity over either DPP-IV or DPP-II. From SAR results, we speculate that the S1 site of DPP8 may be larger than that of DPP-IV, which would allow the accommodation of larger C-terminal residues, such as isoquinoline or isoindoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weir-Torn Jiaang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minchiuan E. Rd., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.
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40
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Fukushima H, Hiratate A, Takahashi M, Saito M, Munetomo E, Kitano K, Saito H, Takaoka Y, Yamamoto K. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of potent 3- or 4-substituted-2-cyanopyrrolidine dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:6053-61. [PMID: 15519151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors have attracted attention as potential drugs for use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes because they prevent degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and extend its duration of action. A series of 2-cyanopyrrolidines are among the most potent of DPP-IV inhibitors. We focused our attention on substitutions at the 3- or 4-position of 2-cyanopyrrolidines and synthesized and evaluated various derivatives. Among them, the 4-fluoro derivative was found to exhibit better DPP-IV inhibitory activity and higher plasma drug concentrations after oral administration to rats than the 4-unsubstituted derivative. We report here on the synthesis and biological data of the aforementioned derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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41
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Edmondson SD, Mastracchio A, Beconi M, Colwell LF, Habulihaz B, He H, Kumar S, Leiting B, Lyons KA, Mao A, Marsilio F, Patel RA, Wu JK, Zhu L, Thornberry NA, Weber AE, Parmee ER. Potent and selective proline derived dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5151-5. [PMID: 15380217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In-house screening of the Merck sample collection identified proline derived homophenylalanine 3 as a DPP-IV inhibitor with modest potency (DPP-IV IC50=1.9 microM). Optimization of 3 led to compound 37, which is among the most potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitors discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Edmondson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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42
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Xu J, Ok HO, Gonzalez EJ, Colwell LF, Habulihaz B, He H, Leiting B, Lyons KA, Marsilio F, Patel RA, Wu JK, Thornberry NA, Weber AE, Parmee ER. Discovery of potent and selective β-homophenylalanine based dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4759-62. [PMID: 15324903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modification of in-house screening lead beta-aminoacyl proline 8 gave an equipotent thiazolidide 9. Extensive SAR studies on the phenyl ring of 9 led to the discovery of a novel series of potent and selective DP-IV inhibitors. Introduction of a fluorine at the 2-position proved to be crucial for the potency of this series. The 2,5-difluoro (22q) and 2,4,5-trifluoro (22t) analogues were potent inhibitors of DP-IV (IC(50)=270, 119nM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyou Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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43
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Van der Veken P, Senten K, Kertèsz I, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Maes MB, Scharpé S, Haemers A, Augustyns K. Fluoro-Olefins as Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidases. J Med Chem 2004; 48:1768-80. [PMID: 15771423 DOI: 10.1021/jm0495982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of the fluoro-olefin function as a peptidomimetic group in inhibitors for dipeptidyl peptidase IV and II (DPP IV and DPP II) is investigated by evaluation of N-substituted Gly-Psi[CF=C]pyrrolidines, Gly-Psi[CF=C]piperidines, and Gly-Psi[CF=C](2-cyano)pyrrolidines. Of this later class, the (Z)- and (E)-fluoro-olefin analogues were prepared and chemical stability in comparison with the parent amide was checked. Most of these compounds exhibited a strong binding preference toward DPP II with IC(50) values in the low micromolar range, while only low DPP IV inhibitory potential is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van der Veken
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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44
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Senten K, Van Der Veken P, De Meester I, Lambeir AM, Scharpé S, Haemers A, Augustyns K. γ-Amino-Substituted Analogues of 1-[(S)-2,4-Diaminobutanoyl]piperidine as Highly Potent and Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase II Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2906-16. [PMID: 15139769 DOI: 10.1021/jm031122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using 1-[(S)-2,4-diaminobutanoyl]piperidine as lead compound, we developed a large series of highly potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase II (DPP II) inhibitors. gamma-Amino substitution with arylalkyl groups, for example, a 2-chlorobenzyl moiety, resulted in a DPP II inhibitor with an IC(50) = 0.23 nM and a high selectivity toward DPP IV (IC(50) = 345 microM). Furthermore, it was shown that the basicity of the gamma-amino is important and that alpha-amino substitution is not favorable. Piperidine-2-nitriles did not show an increase in potency but rather reduced the selectivity. Introduction of a 4-methyl or a 3-fluorine on piperidine improved selectivity and preserved the high potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Senten
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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45
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Caldwell CG, Chen P, He J, Parmee ER, Leiting B, Marsilio F, Patel RA, Wu JK, Eiermann GJ, Petrov A, He H, Lyons KA, Thornberry NA, Weber AE. Fluoropyrrolidine amides as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1265-8. [PMID: 14980678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amides derived from fluorinated pyrrolidines and 4-substituted cyclohexylglycine analogues have been prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV (DP-IV). Analogues which incorporated (S)-3-fluoropyrrolidine showed good selectivity for DP-IV over quiescent cell proline dipeptidase (QPP). Compound 48 had good pharmacokinetic properties and was orally active in an oral glucose tolerance test in lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Caldwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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46
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Hiramatsu H, Yamamoto A, Kyono K, Higashiyama Y, Fukushima C, Shima H, Sugiyama S, Inaka K, Shimizu R. The crystal structure of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) complex with diprotin A. Biol Chem 2004; 385:561-4. [PMID: 15255191 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV) is a serine protease, a member of the prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) family, and has been implicated in several diseases. Therefore, it seems important to develop selective inhibitors for human DPPIV (hDPPIV) that are able to control the biological function of hDPPIV. In order to elucidate the binding mode and substrate specificity, we determined the crystal structure complex of hDPPIV and diprotin A (IIe-Pro-IIe), a slowly hydrolyzed substrate of hDPPIV, at 2.2 A resolution. In this paper, we discuss the molecular interaction mechanism of diprotin A with hDPPIV based on the X-ray crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hiramatsu
- Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd., 3-16-89 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8505, Japan
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47
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Parmee ER, He J, Mastracchio A, Edmondson SD, Colwell L, Eiermann G, Feeney WP, Habulihaz B, He H, Kilburn R, Leiting B, Lyons K, Marsilio F, Patel RA, Petrov A, Di Salvo J, Wu JK, Thornberry NA, Weber AE. 4-Amino cyclohexylglycine analogues as potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:43-6. [PMID: 14684294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substituted 4-amino cyclohexylglycine analogues were evaluated for DP-IV inhibitory properties. Bis-sulfonamide 15e was an extremely potent 2.6 nM inhibitor of the enzyme with excellent selectivity over all counterscreens. 2,4-difluorobenzenesulfonamide 15b and 1-naphthyl amide 16b, however, combined an acceptable in vitro profile with good pharmacokinetic properties in the rat, and 15b was orally efficacious at 3 mpk in an OGTT in lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Parmee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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48
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Wang A, Huang Y, Taunk P, Magnin DR, Ghosh K, Robertson JG. Application of robotics to steady state enzyme kinetics: analysis of tight-binding inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Anal Biochem 2003; 321:157-66. [PMID: 14511679 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using available commercial robotics and instrumentation, we developed a fully automated and rigorous steady state enzyme kinetic assay for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV; E.C. 3.4.14.5). The automated assay was validated with isoleucyl thiazolidide, a potent inhibitor of DPP IV with K(is)=110nM. Signal window analysis indicated that the assay had a 98% probability of detecting an inhibitor yielding 15% inhibition, with a predicted false positive rate of 0.13%. A mechanistic inhibition version of the automated assay was validated with isoleucyl 4-cyanothiazolidide, a very potent inhibitor of DPP IV. Isoleucyl 4-cyanothiazolidide was a competitive inhibitor of purified porcine DPP IV with K(is)=1 nM. Similar K(is) values were obtained for purified rat DPP IV and for DPP IV activity in human plasma from normal and diabetic donors. The pH dependence of K(is) for isoleucyl 4-cyanothiazolidide yielded a bell-shaped profile, with pK(a)=5.0 and pK(b)=7.6. To date, over 100,000 data points have been generated in profiling targeted compound libraries and in the analysis of tight-binding inhibitors of DPP IV. The data also show that robotic analysis is capable of producing full mechanistic inhibition analysis in a timely fashion to support drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiying Wang
- Department of Metabolic Research, Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ 08534, USA
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49
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Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Scharpé S, De Meester I. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:209-94. [PMID: 12892317 DOI: 10.1080/713609354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 (DPP IV) is a cell-surface protease belonging to the prolyloligopeptidase family. It selectively removes the N-terminal dipeptide from peptides with proline or alanine in the second position. Apart from its catalytic activity, it interacts with several proteins, for instance, adenosine deaminase, the HIV gp120 protein, fibronectin, collagen, the chemokine receptor CXCR4, and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. DPP IV is expressed on a specific set of T lymphocytes, where it is up-regulated after activation. It is also expressed in a variety of tissues, primarily on endothelial and epithelial cells. A soluble form is present in plasma and other body fluids. DPP IV has been proposed as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for various tumors, hematological malignancies, immunological, inflammatory, psychoneuroendocrine disorders, and viral infections. DPP IV truncates many bioactive peptides of medical importance. It plays a role in glucose homeostasis through proteolytic inactivation of the incretins. DPP IV inhibitors improve glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet cell function in animal models of type 2 diabetes and in diabetic patients. The role of DPP IV/ CD26 within the immune system is a combination of its exopeptidase activity and its interactions with different molecules. This enables DPP IV/CD26 to serve as a co-stimulatory molecule to influence T cell activity and to modulate chemotaxis. DPP IV is also implicated in HIV-1 entry, malignant transformation, and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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50
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Engel M, Hoffmann T, Wagner L, Wermann M, Heiser U, Kiefersauer R, Huber R, Bode W, Demuth HU, Brandstetter H. The crystal structure of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) reveals its functional regulation and enzymatic mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5063-8. [PMID: 12690074 PMCID: PMC154298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0230620100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound glycoprotein dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) is a unique multifunctional protein, acting as receptor, binding and proteolytic molecule. We have determined the sequence and 1.8 A crystal structure of native DP IV prepared from porcine kidney. The crystal structure reveals a 2-2-2 symmetric tetrameric assembly which depends on the natively glycosylated beta-propeller blade IV. The crystal structure indicates that tetramerization of DP IV is a key mechanism to regulate its interaction with other components. Each subunit comprises two structural domains, the N-terminal eight-bladed beta-propeller with open Velcro topology and the C-terminal alpha/beta-hydrolase domain. Analogy with the structurally related POP and tricorn protease suggests that substrates access the buried active site through the beta-propeller tunnel while products leave the active site through a separate side exit. A dipeptide mimicking inhibitor complexed to the active site discloses key determinants for substrate recognition, including a Glu-Glu motif that distinguishes DP IV as an aminopeptidase and an oxyanion trap that binds and activates the P(2)-carbonyl oxygen necessary for efficient postproline cleavage. We discuss active and nonactive site-directed inhibition strategies of this pharmaceutical target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Engel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Abt. Strukturforschung, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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