1
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Shie JJ, Fang JM. Development of effective anti-influenza drugs: congeners and conjugates - a review. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:84. [PMID: 31640786 PMCID: PMC6806523 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a long-standing health problem. For treatment of seasonal flu and possible pandemic infections, there is a need to develop new anti-influenza drugs that have good bioavailability against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses, including the resistant strains. Relenza™ (zanamivir), Tamiflu™ (the phosphate salt of oseltamivir), Inavir™ (laninamivir octanoate) and Rapivab™ (peramivir) are four anti-influenza drugs targeting the viral neuraminidases (NAs). However, some problems of these drugs should be resolved, such as oral availability, drug resistance and the induced cytokine storm. Two possible strategies have been applied to tackle these problems by devising congeners and conjugates. In this review, congeners are the related compounds having comparable chemical structures and biological functions, whereas conjugate refers to a compound having two bioactive entities joined by a covalent bond. The rational design of NA inhibitors is based on the mechanism of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the sialic acid (Neu5Ac)-terminated glycoprotein. To improve binding affinity and lipophilicity of the existing NA inhibitors, several methods are utilized, including conversion of carboxylic acid to ester prodrug, conversion of guanidine to acylguanidine, substitution of carboxylic acid with bioisostere, and modification of glycerol side chain. Alternatively, conjugating NA inhibitors with other therapeutic entity provides a synergistic anti-influenza activity; for example, to kill the existing viruses and suppress the cytokines caused by cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. .,The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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2
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Khan MM, Saigal, Khan S. One‐Pot Knoevenagel–Michael–Cyclization Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized Novel 4 H‐pyrans by Using ZnCl 2as a Catalyst. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Musawwer Khan
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Saigal
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
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3
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Sodium alginate: An efficient biopolymeric catalyst for green synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyran derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 87:172-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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From neuraminidase inhibitors to conjugates: a step towards better anti-influenza drugs? Future Med Chem 2015; 6:757-74. [PMID: 24941871 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the treatment of seasonal flu and possible pandemic infections the development of new anti-influenza drugs that have good bioavailability against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses including the resistant strains is needed. In this review, we summarize previous methods for the structural modification of zanamivir, a potent neuraminidase inhibitor that has rare drug resistance, in order to develop effective anti-influenza drugs. We also report recent research into the design of multivalent zanamivir drugs and bifunctional zanamivir conjugates, some of which have shown better efficacy in animal experiments. As a step towards developing improved antivirals, conjugating anti-influenza drugs with anti-inflammatory agents can improve oral bioavailability and also exert synergistic effect in influenza therapy.
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5
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Hasaninejad A, Golzar N, Zare A. One-Pot, Four-Component Synthesis of Novel Spiro[indeno[2,1-b]quinoxaline-11,4′-pyran]-2′-amines. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hasaninejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Persian Gulf University; Bushehr; 75169; Iran
| | - Nooshin Golzar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Persian Gulf University; Bushehr; 75169; Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Zare
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; PO Box 19395-3697; Tehran; Bushehr; 1698; Iran
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6
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Zhang Y, Albohy A, Zou Y, Smutova V, Pshezhetsky AV, Cairo CW. Identification of selective inhibitors for human neuraminidase isoenzymes using C4,C7-modified 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA) analogues. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2948-58. [PMID: 23530623 DOI: 10.1021/jm301892f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, human neuraminidases (human sialidases, hNEUs) have been found to be involved in numerous pathways in biology. The development of selective and potent inhibitors of these enzymes will provide critical tools for glycobiology, help to avoid undesired side effects of antivirals, and may reveal new small-molecule therapeutic targets for human cancers. However, because of the high active site homology of the hNEU isoenzymes, little progress in the design and synthesis of selective inhibitors has been realized. Guided by our previous studies of human NEU3 inhibitors, we designed a series of C4,C7-modified analogues of 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA) and tested them against the full panel of hNEU isoenzymes (NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, NEU4). We identified inhibitors with up to 38-fold selectivity for NEU3 and 12-fold selectivity for NEU2 over all other isoenzymes. We also identified compounds that targeted NEU2 and NEU3 with similar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Alberta Glycomics Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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7
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Li Y, Silamkoti A, Kolavi G, Mou L, Gulati S, Air GM, Brouillette WJ. Pyrrolidinobenzoic acid inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase: the hydrophobic side chain influences type A subtype selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4582-9. [PMID: 22677529 PMCID: PMC3401542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) plays a critical role in the life cycle of influenza virus and is a target for new therapeutic agents. A series of influenza neuraminidase inhibitors with the pyrrolidinobenzoic acid scaffold containing lipophilic side chains at the C3 position have been synthesized and evaluated for influenza neuraminidase inhibitory activity. The size and geometry of the C3 side chains have been modified in order to investigate structure-activity relationships. The results indicated that size and geometry of the C3-side chain are important for selectivity of inhibition against N1 versus N2 NA, important type A influenza variants that infect man, including the highly lethal avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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8
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Design and an efficient synthesis of natural product-based cyclopenta[b]pyran derivatives with potential bioactivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:599-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Colman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3050;
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10
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Honda T, Kubo S, Masuda T, Arai M, Kobayashi Y, Yamashita M. Synthesis and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effect of ester prodrug of 4-guanidino-7-O-methyl-Neu5Ac2en. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2938-40. [PMID: 19414262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of ester prodrugs of 7-O-methyl derivative of Zanamivir (compound 3) was synthesized and their efficacy was evaluated in an influenza infected mice model by intranasal administration. Compound 7c (CS-8958), octanoyl ester prodrug of the C-9 alcohol of compound 3, was found to be much longer-acting than Zanamivir. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacies of compounds 12a, 12b, and 12c, the linear alkyl ester prodrug of the carboxylic acid, were comparable to that exerted by compound 7c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Honda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Islam T, von Itzstein M. Anti-Influenza Drug Discovery: Are We Ready for the Next Pandemic? Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2007; 61:293-352. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(07)61006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Williams GJ, Woodhall T, Nelson A, Berry A. Structure-guided saturation mutagenesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid lyase for the synthesis of sialic acid mimetics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2005; 18:239-46. [PMID: 15897188 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzi027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogues of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid, NANA, Neu5Ac), including 6-dipropylcarboxamides, have been found to be selective and potent inhibitors of influenza sialidases. Sialic acid analogues are, however, difficult to synthesize by traditional chemical methods and the enzyme N-acetylneuraminic acid lyase (NAL) has previously been used for the synthesis of a number of analogues. The activity of this enzyme towards 6-dipropylcarboxamides is, however, low. Here, we used structure-guided saturation mutagenesis to produce variants of NAL with improved activity and specificity towards 6-dipropylcarboxamides. Three residues were targeted for mutagenesis, Asp191, Glu192 and Ser208. Only substitution at position 192 produced significant improvements in activity towards the dipropylamide. One variant, E192N, showed a 49-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency towards the target analogue and a 690-fold shift in specificity from sialic acid towards the analogue. These engineering efforts provide a scaffold for the further tailoring of NAL for the synthesis of sialic acid mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Williams
- Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, School of Biochemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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14
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Abstract
Morbidity and mortality due to influenza virus infections remain a major problem throughout the world. Yearly, medical costs and loss of productivity resulting from influenza infection are estimated to be in the range of 12 dollars bn in the USA. The predicted increases in the elderly and immune-deficient populations will make influenza an even greater threat in the future. Despite the availability of vaccines, they have been least effective in these high-risk populations. Coupled with the requirement for routine revaccination, the need for effective antiviral agents is illustrated. The currently approved drugs, amantadine, rimantadine and ribavirin (in some countries), have limitations. They are only inhibitory against influenza A viruses, are prone to adverse reactions and quickly give rise to resistant virus. This review examines current drug therapies, antivirals in development and possible future opportunities for anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cianci
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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15
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Bethell RC, Smith PW. Sialidase as a target for inhibitors of influenza virus replication. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:1501-9. [PMID: 15989515 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.10.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design has led to the identification of potent and selective inhibitors of influenza virus sialidase, which have antiviral activity in vitro and in experimental animal models of influenza infection. Clinical studies with one such sialidase inhibitor, zanamivir, have shown this compound to be a safe and effective therapy for influenza infections in man. Passage of influenza viruses in the presence of zanamivir in vitro has been shown to result in the selection of viruses with reduced sensitivity to this drug. To date, however, there have been no reports of the isolation of zanamivir-resistant viruses during clinical studies of this compound. Further application of structure-based drug design is yielding novel classes of potent inhibitors of influenza virus sialidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Bethell
- Enzyme Pharmacology Unit, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, UK
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16
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Chand P, Babu YS, Bantia S, Rowland S, Dehghani A, Kotian PL, Hutchison TL, Ali S, Brouillette W, El-Kattan Y, Lin TH. Syntheses and neuraminidase inhibitory activity of multisubstituted cyclopentane amide derivatives. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1919-29. [PMID: 15055992 DOI: 10.1021/jm0303406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In further studies aimed toward identifying effective and safe inhibitors of influenza neuraminidases, we synthesized a series of multisubstituted cyclopentane amide derivatives. Amides prepared were 14 examples of N-substituted alkyl or aralkyl types from primary amines, 13 examples of the N,N-disubstituted alkyl, aralkyl, or substituted-alkyl type from secondary amines, and 12 examples from cycloaliphatic or substituted cycloaliphatic secondary amines. These compounds bearing two chiral centers, at position-1 in the ring and position-1' in the side chain attached at position 3, were tested for their ability to inhibit A and B forms of influenza neuraminidase. The 1-ethylpropylamide, diethylamide, dipropylamide, and 4-morpholinylamide showed very good inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 0.015-0.080 microM) vs the neuraminidase A form, but modest activity (IC(50) = 3.0-9.2 microM) vs the neuraminidase B form. Since the parent amides bear two chiral centers (C-1 and C-1'), three of the better inhibitors were tested at higher levels of diastereomeric purity. The diastereomers corresponding to the active forms of the 1-(ethyl)propylamide, the diethylamide, and the dipropylamide (all of the same configuration at the C-1' chiral center), and the diastereomer of the diethylamide representing the active form at both C-1' and C-1 were isolated or synthesized from precursors that were isolated as diastereomers. These diastereomers showed some improvement in neuraminidase inhibition over the parent diastereomeric mixtures. 1-Carboxy-1-hydroxy derivatives of the best active compounds, the diethylamide and the dipropylamide, were also prepared. These compounds were not as active as the compounds without the 1-hydroxy group. In an in vivo study, the C-1' active isomer of the diethylamide from the 1-carboxy series was tested in influenza-infected mice by oral and intranasal administration and found to be very effective only intranasally in preventing weight loss at doses as low as 0.1 (mg/kg)/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooran Chand
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2190 Parkway Lake Drive, Birmingham, AL 35244, USA.
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17
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Haselhorst T, Wilson JC, Thomson RJ, McAtamney S, Menting JG, Coppel RL, von Itzstein M. Saturation transfer difference (STD) 1H-NMR experiments and in silico docking experiments to probe the binding of N-acetylneuraminic acid and derivatives to Vibrio cholerae sialidase. Proteins 2004; 56:346-53. [PMID: 15211517 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Saturation transfer difference (STD) (1)H NMR experiments were used to probe the epitope binding characteristics of the sialidase [EC 3.2.1.18] from the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. Binding preferences were investigated for N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, 1), the product of the sialidase catalytic reaction, for the known sialidase inhibitor 5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enoic acid (Neu5Ac2en, 2), and for the uronic acid-based Neu5Ac2en mimetic iso-propyl 2-acetamido-2,4-dideoxy-alpha-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid (3), in which the native glycerol side-chain of Neu5Ac2en is replaced with an O-iso-propyl ether. The STD experiments provided evidence, supporting previous studies, that Neu5Ac (1) binds to the sialidase as the alpha-anomer. Docking experiments using DOCK (version 4.0.1) revealed further information regarding the binding characteristics of the enzyme active site in complex with Neu5Ac2en (2) and the Neu5Ac2en mimetic (3), indicating an expected dominant interaction of the acetamide moiety with the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Brouillette WJ, Bajpai SN, Ali SM, Velu SE, Atigadda VR, Lommer BS, Finley JB, Luo M, Air GM. Pyrrolidinobenzoic acid inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase: modifications of essential pyrrolidinone ring substituents. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2739-49. [PMID: 12788348 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the first benzoic acid, 1-[4-carboxy-2-(3-pentylamino)phenyl]-5,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (8), that is a potent inhibitor of avian influenza A neuraminidase (N9) and, unlike other reported potent neuraminidase inhibitors, does not contain a basic aliphatic amine or guanidine nor a simple N-acetyl grouping. However, 8 was a poor inhibitor of influenza B neuraminidase. In the present study we further evaluated 8 as an inhibitor of human influenza A NA isolates, and it was effective against N2NA but found to be 160-fold less active against N1NA. We also synthesized analogues of 8 involving moderate modifications of essential substituents on the pyrrolidinone ring. Specifically, the aminomethyl (9), hydroxyethyl (10), and aminoethyl (11) analogues were prepared. Only the most conservative change (compound 9) resulted in continued effective inhibition of influenza A, in addition to a noteworthy increase in the activity of 9 for N1NA. The effectiveness of 9 against influenza B neuraminidase was furthermore improved 10-fold relative to 8, but this activity remained 50-fold poorer than for type A NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J Brouillette
- Department of Chemistry, 901 14th Street South, CHEM 201, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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19
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Honda T, Yoshida S, Arai M, Masuda T, Yamashita M. Synthesis and anti-influenza evaluation of polyvalent sialidase inhibitors bearing 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1929-32. [PMID: 12113811 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized polyvalent sialidase inhibitors bearing 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en analogues on the polyglutamic acid back bone, via a spacer of alkyl ether at the C-7 position. These multivalent conjugates 9 and 10 showed enhancement of antiviral activity against infuenza A virus and more potent efficacy in vivo relative to a monomeric sialidase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Honda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
The description of the three-dimensional structure of the influenza virus neuraminidase in 1983 opened a new phase in the search for inhibitors of the enzyme. Two compounds in late development (February 1999) have similar levels of potency against influenza A viruses, different routes of administration and, surprisingly, different resistance profiles both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Colman
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. 3050, Australia.
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21
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Kati WM, Montgomery D, Maring C, Stoll VS, Giranda V, Chen X, Laver WG, Kohlbrenner W, Norbeck DW. Novel alpha- and beta-amino acid inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2563-70. [PMID: 11502530 PMCID: PMC90693 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.9.2563-2570.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to discover novel, noncarbohydrate inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase we hypothesized that compounds which contain positively charged amino groups in an appropriate position to interact with the Asp 152 or Tyr 406 side chains might be bound tightly by the enzyme. Testing of 300 alpha- and beta-amino acids led to the discovery of two novel neuraminidase inhibitors, a phenylglycine and a pyrrolidine, which exhibited K(i) values in the 50 microM range versus influenza virus A/N2/Tokyo/3/67 neuraminidase but which exhibited weaker activity against influenza virus B/Memphis/3/89 neuraminidase. Limited optimization of the pyrrolidine series resulted in a compound which was about 24-fold more potent than 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid in an anti-influenza cell culture assay using A/N2/Victoria/3/75 virus. X-ray structural studies of A/N9 neuraminidase-inhibitor complexes revealed that both classes of inhibitors induced the Glu 278 side chain to undergo a small conformational change, but these compounds did not show time-dependent inhibition. Crystallography also established that the alpha-amino group of the phenylglycine formed hydrogen bonds to the Asp 152 carboxylate as expected. Likewise, the beta-amino group of the pyrrolidine forms an interaction with the Tyr 406 hydroxyl group and represents the first compound known to make an interaction with this absolutely conserved residue. Phenylglycine and pyrrolidine analogs in which the alpha- or beta-amino groups were replaced with hydroxyl groups were 365- and 2,600-fold weaker inhibitors, respectively. These results underscore the importance of the amino group interactions with the Asp 152 and Tyr 406 side chains and have implications for anti-influenza drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Kati
- Discovery Research, Pharmaceutical Products Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6217, USA.
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22
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Kiefel MJ, von Itzstein M. Influenza virus sialidase: a target for drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 36:1-28. [PMID: 10818670 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kiefel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Atigadda VR, Brouillette WJ, Duarte F, Babu YS, Bantia S, Chand P, Chu N, Montgomery JA, Walsh DA, Sudbeck E, Finley J, Air GM, Luo M, Laver GW. Hydrophobic benzoic acids as inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:2487-97. [PMID: 10632058 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) plays a critical role in the life cycle of influenza virus and is a target for new therapeutic agents. A new benzoic acid inhibitor (11) containing a lipophilic side chain at C-3 and a guanidine at C-5 was synthesized. The X-ray structure of 4-(N-acetylamino)-5-guanidino-3-(3-pentyloxy)benzoic acid in complex with NA revealed that the lipophilic side chain binds in a newly created hydrophobic pocket formed by the movement of Glu 278 to interact with Arg 226, whereas the guanidine of 11 interacts in a negatively charged pocket created by Asp 152, Glu 120 and Glu 229. Compound 11 was highly selective for type A (H2N2) influenza NA (IC50 1 microM) over type B (B/Lee/40) influenza NA (IC50 500 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Atigadda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Atigadda VR, Brouillette WJ, Duarte F, Ali SM, Babu YS, Bantia S, Chand P, Chu N, Montgomery JA, Walsh DA, Sudbeck EA, Finley J, Luo M, Air GM, Laver GW. Potent inhibition of influenza sialidase by a benzoic acid containing a 2-pyrrolidinone substituent. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2332-43. [PMID: 10395473 DOI: 10.1021/jm980707k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the lead compound 4-(N-acetylamino)-3-guanidinobenzoic acid (BANA 113), which inhibits influenza A sialidase with a Ki of 2.5 microM, several novel aromatic inhibitors of influenza sialidases were designed. In this study the N-acetyl group of BANA 113 was replaced with a 2-pyrrolidinone ring, which was designed in part to offer opportunities for introduction of spatially directed side chains that could potentially interact with the 4-, 5-, and/or 6-subsites of sialidase. While the parent structure 1-(4-carboxy-2-guanidinophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (8) was only a modest inhibitor of sialidase, the introduction of a hydroxymethyl or bis(hydroxymethyl) substituent at the C5' position of the 2-pyrrolidinone ring resulted in inhibitors (9 and 12, respectively) with low micromolar activity. Crystal structures of these inhibitors in complex with sialidase demonstrated that the substituents at the 5'-position of the 2-pyrrolidinone ring interact in the 4- and/or 5-subsites of the enzyme. Replacement of the guanidine in 12 with a hydrophobic 3-pentylamino group resulted in a large enhancement in binding to produce an inhibitor (14) with an IC50 of about 50 nM against influenza A sialidase, although the inhibition of influenza B sialidase was 2000-fold less. This represents the first reported example of a simple, achiral benzoic acid with potent (low nanomolar) activity as an inhibitor of influenza sialidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Atigadda
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Crystallography, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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25
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Andrews DM, Cherry PC, Humber DC, Jones PS, Keeling SP, Martin PF, Shaw CD, Swanson S. Synthesis and influenza virus sialidase inhibitory activity of analogues of 4-Guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (Zanamivir) modified in the glycerol side-chain. Eur J Med Chem 1999; 34:563-74. [PMID: 11278042 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(00)80026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of 4-Guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (Zanamivir) have been prepared containing carbamate substituents at the 7-hydroxy position. (4S,5R,6R)-5-Acetylamino-6-[1R-[(6-aminohexyl)carbamoyloxy]-2R,3-dihydroxypropyl]-4-guanidino-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyran-2carboxylic acid and (4S,5R,6R)-5-Acetylamino-6-[1R-[heptylcarbamoyloxy]-2R,3-dihydroxypropyl]-4-guanidino-5,6-dihydro4H-pyran2-carboxylic acid were the two analogues possessing activity comparable to Zanamivir, showing potent inhibition of influenza virus sialidases and good antiviral activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Andrews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Glaxo-Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Herts, SG1 2NY, Stevenage, UK
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26
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Colacino JM, Staschke KA, Laver WG. Approaches and strategies for the treatment of influenza virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:155-85. [PMID: 10480736 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. These viruses are responsible for severe morbidity and significant excess mortality each year. Infection with influenza viruses usually leads to respiratory involvement and can result in pneumonia and secondary bacterial infections. Vaccine approaches to the prophylaxis of influenza virus infections have been problematic owing to the ability of these viruses to undergo antigenic shift by exchanging genomic segments or by undergoing antigenic drift, consisting of point mutations in the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes as a result of an error-prone viral polymerase. Historically, antiviral approaches for the therapy of both influenza A and B viruses have been largely unsuccessful until the elucidation of the X-ray crystallographic structure of the viral NA, which has permitted structure-based drug design of inhibitors of this enzyme. In addition, recent advances in the elucidation of the structure and complex function of influenza HA have resulted in the discovery of a number of diverse compounds that target this viral protein. This review article will focus largely on newer antiviral agents including those that inhibit the influenza virus NA and HA. Other novel approaches that have entered clinical trials or been considered for their clinical utility will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Colacino
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Abstract
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) catalyses the cleavage of sialic acid residues terminally linked to glycoproteins and glycolipids and plays an important role in the replication of the virus. Recently, several potent NA inhibitors have been synthesized based on the rational design of mimicking the transition state of the sialic acid cleavage. Zanamivir and oseltamivir (GS 4104, the prodrug of GS 4071) have emerged as promising influenza NA inhibitors for the treatment and prophylaxis of human influenza virus infection. This review describes the recent work toward the discovery and development of influenza NA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Kim
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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28
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Howes PD, Cleasby A, Evans DN, Feilden H, Smith PW, Sollis SL, Taylor N, Wonacott AJ. 4-Acetylamino-3-(imidazol-1-yl)-benzoic acids as novel inhibitors of influenza sialidase. Eur J Med Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(99)80055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Jones PS, Smith PW, Hardy GW, Howes PD, Upton RJ, Bethell RC. Synthesis of tetrasubstituted bicyclo[3.2.1]octenes as potential inhibitors of influenza virus sialidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:605-10. [PMID: 10098673 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several racemic bicyclo[3.2.1]octene derivatives have been synthesised and evaluated as inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. The 5-acetamido-bicyclo[3.2.1]octenol 4 showed modest activity against influenza A and B virus sialidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Jones
- Department of Enzyme Medicinal Chemistry II, Glaxo Wellcome Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, Herts UK.
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31
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Tai CY, Escarpe PA, Sidwell RW, Williams MA, Lew W, Wu H, Kim CU, Mendel DB. Characterization of human influenza virus variants selected in vitro in the presence of the neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:3234-41. [PMID: 9835519 PMCID: PMC106027 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.12.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An oral prodrug of GS 4071, a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza neuraminidases, is currently under clinical development for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza virus infections in humans. To investigate the potential development of resistance during the clinical use of this compound, variants of the human influenza A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus with reduced susceptibility to the neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071 were selected in vitro by passaging the virus in MDCK cells in the presence of inhibitor. After eight passages, variants containing two amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (A28T in HA1 and R124M in HA2) but no changes in the neuraminidase were isolated. These variants exhibited a 10-fold reduction in susceptibility to GS 4071 and zanamivir (GG167) in an in vitro plaque reduction assay. After 12 passages, a second variant containing these hemagglutinin mutations and a Lys substitution for the conserved Arg292 of the neuraminidase was isolated. The mutant neuraminidase enzyme exhibited high-level (30,000-fold) resistance to GS 4071, but only moderate (30-fold) resistance to zanamivir and 4-amino-Neu5Ac2en, the amino analog of zanamivir. The mutant enzyme had weaker affinity for the fluorogenic substrate 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid and lower enzymatic activity compared to the wild-type enzyme. The viral variant containing the mutant neuraminidase did not replicate as well as the wild-type virus in culture and was 10,000-fold less infectious than the wild-type virus in a mouse model. These results suggest that although the R292K neuraminidase mutation confers high-level resistance to GS 4071 in vitro, its effect on viral virulence is likely to render this mutation of limited clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Tai
- Research Virology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, USA
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32
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Varghese JN, Smith PW, Sollis SL, Blick TJ, Sahasrabudhe A, McKimm-Breschkin JL, Colman PM. Drug design against a shifting target: a structural basis for resistance to inhibitors in a variant of influenza virus neuraminidase. Structure 1998; 6:735-46. [PMID: 9655825 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of the influenza virus neuraminidase have been shown to be effective antiviral agents in humans. Several studies have reported the selection of novel influenza strains when the virus is cultured with neuraminidase inhibitors in vitro. These resistant viruses have mutations either in the neuraminidase or in the viral haemagglutinin. Inhibitors in which the glycerol sidechain at position 6 of 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac2en) has been replaced by carboxamide-linked hydrophobic substituents have recently been reported and shown to select neuraminidase variants. This study seeks to clarify the structural and functional consequences of replacing the glycerol sidechain of the inhibitor with other chemical constituents. RESULTS The neuraminidase variant Arg292-->Lys is modified in one of three arginine residues that encircle the carboxylate group of the substrate. The structure of this variant in complex with the carboxamide inhibitor used for its selection, and with other Neu5Ac2en analogues, is reported here at high resolution. The structural consequences of the mutation correlate with altered inhibitory activity of the compounds compared with wild-type neuraminidase. CONCLUSIONS The Arg292-->Lys variant of influenza neuraminidase affects the binding of substrate by modification of the interaction with the substrate carboxylate. This may be one of the structural correlates of the reduced enzyme activity of the variant. Inhibitors that have replacements for the glycerol at position 6 are further affected in the Arg292-->Lys variant because of structural changes in the binding site that apparently raise the energy barrier for the conformational change in the enzyme required to accommodate such inhibitors. These results provide evidence that a general strategy for drug design when the target has a high mutation frequency is to design the inhibitor to be as closely related as possible to the natural ligands of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Varghese
- Biomolecular Research Institute 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
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33
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Kati WM, Saldivar AS, Mohamadi F, Sham HL, Laver WG, Kohlbrenner WE. GS4071 is a slow-binding inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase from both A and B strains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 244:408-13. [PMID: 9514938 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of inhibition of purified influenza neuraminidases from A/Tokyo/3/67 and B/Memphis/3/89 influenza viruses by (3R,4R,5S)-4-acetamido-5-amino-3-(1-ethylpropoxy)-1-cyclohexene- 1-carboxylic acid (GS4071) were investigated. Progress curve experiments established that GS4071 is a time dependent inhibitor of both A and B strains of influenza neuraminidase. The apparent association and dissociation rate constants, as well as the overall Ki values, were only modestly different for the two neuraminidase strains. The time dependent inhibition phenomenon, often referred to as slow-binding inhibition, appears to be a consequence of the very slow rate of dissociation of the compound from influenza neuraminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Kati
- Infectious Diseases Research, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064, USA.
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34
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Smith PW, Sollis SL, Howes PD, Cherry PC, Starkey ID, Cobley KN, Weston H, Scicinski J, Merritt A, Whittington A, Wyatt P, Taylor N, Green D, Bethell R, Madar S, Fenton RJ, Morley PJ, Pateman T, Beresford A. Dihydropyrancarboxamides related to zanamivir: a new series of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. 1. Discovery, synthesis, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships of 4-guanidino- and 4-amino-4H-pyran-6-carboxamides. J Med Chem 1998; 41:787-97. [PMID: 9526555 DOI: 10.1021/jm970374b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
4-Amino- and 4-guanidino-4H-pyran-6-carboxamides 4 and 5 related to zanamivir (GG167) are a new class of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. Structure--activity studies reveal that, in general, secondary amides are weak inhibitors of both influenza A and B viral sialidases. However, tertiary amides, which contain one or more small alkyl groups, show much greater inhibitory activity, particularly against the influenza A virus enzyme. The sialidase inhibitory activities of these compounds correlate well with their in vitro antiviral efficacy, and several of the most potent analogues displayed useful antiviral activity in vivo when evaluated in a mouse model of influenza A virus infection. Carboxamides which were highly active sialidase inhibitors in vitro also showed good antiviral activity in the mouse efficacy model of influenza A infection when administered intranasally but displayed modest activity when delivered by the intraperitoneal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Smith
- Department of Enzyme Medicinal Chemistry, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development Limited, Stevenage, Herts, U.K
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35
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McKimm-Breschkin JL, Sahasrabudhe A, Blick TJ, McDonald M, Colman PM, Hart GJ, Bethell RC, Varghese JN. Mutations in a conserved residue in the influenza virus neuraminidase active site decreases sensitivity to Neu5Ac2en-derived inhibitors. J Virol 1998; 72:2456-62. [PMID: 9499107 PMCID: PMC109546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.3.2456-2462.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus neuraminidase (NA)-specific inhibitor zanamivir (4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en) is effective in humans when administered topically within the respiratory tract. The search for compounds with altered pharmacological properties has led to the identification of a novel series of influenza virus NA inhibitors in which the triol group of zanamivir has been replaced by a hydrophobic group linked by a carboxamide at the 6 position (6-carboxamide). NWS/G70C variants generated in vitro, with decreased sensitivity to 6-carboxamide, contained hemagglutinin (HA) and/or NA mutations. HA mutants bound with a decreased efficiency to the cellular receptor and were cross-resistant to all the NA inhibitors tested. The NA mutation, an Arg-to-Lys mutation, was in a previously conserved site, Arg292, which forms part of a triarginyl cluster in the catalytic site. In enzyme assays, the NA was equally resistant to zanamivir and 4-amino-Neu5Ac2en but showed greater resistance to 6-carboxamide and was most resistant to a new carbocyclic NA inhibitor, GS4071, which also has a hydrophobic side chain at the 6 position. Consistent with enzyme assays, the lowest resistance in cell culture was seen to zanamivir, more resistance was seen to 6-carboxamide, and the greatest resistance was seen to GS4071. Substrate binding and enzyme activity were also decreased in the mutant, and consequently, virus replication in both plaque assays and liquid culture was compromised. Altered binding of the hydrophobic side chain at the 6 position or the triol group could account for the decreased binding of both the NA inhibitors and substrate.
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36
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Mendel DB, Tai CY, Escarpe PA, Li W, Sidwell RW, Huffman JH, Sweet C, Jakeman KJ, Merson J, Lacy SA, Lew W, Williams MA, Zhang L, Chen MS, Bischofberger N, Kim CU. Oral administration of a prodrug of the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071 protects mice and ferrets against influenza infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:640-6. [PMID: 9517945 PMCID: PMC105511 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.3.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently described GS 4071, a carbocyclic transition-state analog inhibitor of the influenza virus neuraminidase, which has potent inhibitory activity comparable to that of 4-guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (GG167; zanamivir) when tested against influenza A virus replication and neuraminidase activity in vitro. We now report that GS 4071 is active against several strains of influenza A and B viruses in vitro and that oral GS 4104, an ethyl ester prodrug which is converted to GS 4071 in vivo, is active in the mouse and ferret models of influenza virus infection. Oral administration of 10 mg of GS 4104 per kg of body weight per day caused a 100-fold reduction in lung homogenate viral titers and enhanced survival in mice infected with influenza A or B viruses. In ferrets, a 25-mg/kg dose of GS 4104 given twice daily reduced peak viral titers in nasal washings and eliminated constitutional responses to influenza virus infection including fever, increased nasal signs (sneezing, nasal discharge, mouth breathing), and decreased activity. Consistent with our demonstration that the parent compound is highly specific for influenza virus neuraminidases, no significant drug-related toxicity was observed after the administration of oral dosages of GS 4104 of up to 800 mg/kg/day for 14 days in nonclinical toxicology studies with rats. These results indicate that GS 4104 is a novel, orally active antiviral agent with the potential to be used for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Mendel
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, USA.
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37
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Chand P, Babu YS, Bantia S, Chu N, Cole LB, Kotian PL, Laver WG, Montgomery JA, Pathak VP, Petty SL, Shrout DP, Walsh DA, Walsh GM. Design and synthesis of benzoic acid derivatives as influenza neuraminidase inhibitors using structure-based drug design. J Med Chem 1997; 40:4030-52. [PMID: 9406595 DOI: 10.1021/jm970479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of 94 benzoic acid derivatives was synthesized and tested for its ability to inhibit influenza neuraminidase. The enzyme-inhibitor complex structure was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis for compounds which inhibited the enzyme. The most potent compound tested in vitro, 5 (4-acetylamino)-3-guanidinobenzoic acid), had an IC50 = 2.5 x 10(-6) M against N9 neuraminidase. Compound 5 was oriented in the active site of the neuraminidase in a manner that was not predicted from the reported active site binding of GANA (4) with neuraminidase. In a mouse model of influenza, 5 did not protect the mice from weight loss due to the influenza virus when dosed intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chand
- BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Birmingham, Alabama 35244, USA
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38
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Takayama H, Iimura Y, Kitajima M, Aimi N, Konno K, Inoue H, Fujiwara M, Mizuta T, Yokota T, Shigeta S, Tokuhisa K, Hanasaki Y, Katsuura K. Discovery of anti-influenza A virus activity of a corynanthe-type indole alkaloid, hirsutine, in vitro and the structure-activity relationship of natural and synthetic analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)10154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Varghese JN, Colman PM, van Donkelaar A, Blick TJ, Sahasrabudhe A, McKimm-Breschkin JL. Structural evidence for a second sialic acid binding site in avian influenza virus neuraminidases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:11808-12. [PMID: 9342319 PMCID: PMC23599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.22.11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The x-ray structure of a complex of sialic acid (Neu5Ac) with neuraminidase N9 subtype from A/tern/Australia/G70C/75 influenza virus at 4 degrees C has revealed the location of a second Neu5Ac binding site on the surface of the enzyme. At 18 degrees C, only the enzyme active site contains bound Neu5Ac. Neu5Ac binds in the second site in the chair conformation in a similar way to which it binds to hemagglutinin. The residues that interact with Neu5Ac at this second site are mostly conserved in avian strains, but not in human and swine strains, indicating that it has some as-yet-unknown biological function in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Varghese
- Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 Australia.
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40
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Parr IB, Horenstein BA. New Electronic Analogs of the Sialyl Cation: N-Functionalized 4-Acetamido-2,4-dihydroxypiperidines. Inhibition of Bacterial Sialidases. J Org Chem 1997; 62:7489-7494. [PMID: 11671872 DOI: 10.1021/jo9708497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian B. Parr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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41
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Smith PW, Whittington AR, Sollis SL, Howes PD, Taylor NR. Novel inhibitors of influenza sialidases related to zanamivir. Heterocyclic replacements of the glycerol sidechain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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43
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Kim CU, Lew W, Williams MA, Liu H, Zhang L, Swaminathan S, Bischofberger N, Chen MS, Mendel DB, Tai CY, Laver WG, Stevens RC. Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors Possessing a Novel Hydrophobic Interaction in the Enzyme Active Site: Design, Synthesis, and Structural Analysis of Carbocyclic Sialic Acid Analogues with Potent Anti-Influenza Activity. J Am Chem Soc 1997; 119:681-90. [PMID: 16526129 DOI: 10.1021/ja963036t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of the novel carbocycles as transition-state-based inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase (NA) are described. The double bond position in the carbocyclic analogues plays an important role in NA inhibition as demonstrated by the antiviral activity of 8 (IC50 = 6.3 microM) vs 9 (IC50 > 200 microM). Structure-activity studies of a series of carbocyclic analogues 6a-i identified the 3-pentyloxy moiety as an apparent optimal group at the C3 position with an IC50 value of 1 nM for NA inhibition. The X-ray crystallographic structure of 6h bound to NA revealed the presence of a large hydrophobic pocket in the region corresponding to the glycerol subsite of sialic acid. The high antiviral potency observed for 6h appears to be attributed to a highly favorable hydrophobic interaction in this pocket. The practical synthesis of 6 starting from (-)-quinic acid is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Kim
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California 94404, USA
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44
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Smith PW, Sollis SL, Howes PD, Cherry PC, Cobley KN, Taylor H, Whittington AR, Scicinski J, Bethell RC, Taylor N, Skarzynski T, Cleasby A, Singh O, Wonacott A, Varghese J, Colman P. Novel inhibitors of influenza sialidases related to GG167 structure-activity, crystallographic and Molecular dynamics studies with 4H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid 6-carboxamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(96)00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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