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Herbein G, Varin A. The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: from activation to deactivation? Retrovirology 2010; 7:33. [PMID: 20380696 PMCID: PMC2859752 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in innate and adaptative immunity in response to microorganisms and are an important cellular target during HIV-1 infection. Recently, the heterogeneity of the macrophage population has been highlighted. Classically activated or type 1 macrophages (M1) induced in particular by IFN-γ display a pro-inflammatory profile. The alternatively activated or type 2 macrophages (M2) induced by Th-2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13 express anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties. Finally IL-10 has been described as the prototypic cytokine involved in the deactivation of macrophages (dM). Since the capacity of macrophages to support productive HIV-1 infection is known to be modulated by cytokines, this review shows how modulation of macrophage activation by cytokines impacts the capacity to support productive HIV-1 infection. Based on the activation status of macrophages we propose a model starting with M1 classically activated macrophages with accelerated formation of viral reservoirs in a context of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Then IL-4/IL-13 alternatively activated M2 macrophages will enter into the game that will stop the expansion of the HIV-1 reservoir. Finally IL-10 deactivation of macrophages will lead to immune failure observed at the very late stages of the HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA 4266 Pathogens and Inflammation, IFR 133 INSERM, Franche-Comte University, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France.
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Kass L. Cytoplasmic Abnormalities in Monocytes from Patients with AIDS. Lab Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1309/ky6m-x287-ugnf-yx62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kass
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
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Tiemessen CT, Kilroe B, Martin DJ. Interleukin-8 fails to induce human immunodeficiency virus-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells but differentially modulates induction by proinflammatory cytokines. Immunology 2000; 101:140-6. [PMID: 11012765 PMCID: PMC2327060 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the role of interleukin (IL)-8, a CXC-chemokine, the level of which is reported to be raised in the peripheral circulation of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, during the induction of HIV-1 expression from latency and during cytokine-mediated HIV-1 up-regulation. IL-8 at the higher concentrations tested (> or = 100 ng/ml) was unable to induce HIV-1 expression in the chronically infected promonocytic U1 cell line, as measured by p24 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), whereas at lower concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/ml, constitutive HIV-1 expression was only marginally reduced. HIV-1 replication in acutely infected U937 cells was also significantly reduced by IL-8. The potent up-regulation of HIV-1 expression in U1 cells by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) remained unaffected by the addition of IL-8. HIV-1 induction by IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-beta, cytokines grouped here as intermediate HIV-1 inducers, was suppressed by IL-8 at concentrations of 1 and 10 ng/ml. However, IL-8 at 100 ng/ml did not significantly alter the effect of IL-1beta, synergized with IL-6 in enhancing, and marginally suppressed TNF-beta-induced HIV-1 expression. IL-8 suppressed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-induced HIV-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of U1 cells with IL-8 did not alter the IL-8-mediated effects on cytokine-induced HIV-1 expression, suggesting that this chemokine exerts its effect at the time of HIV-1 induction or at a postinduction stage. Furthermore, IL-8 was itself induced by cytokines that up-regulate HIV-1 expression in U1 cells and the levels produced correlated directly with the levels of p24 antigen produced, suggesting common pathways for cytokine induction of both HIV-1 and IL-8. These results show that IL-8, typically a non-inducer, can differentially modulate HIV-1 expression in U1 cells and that this is dependent on the inducing cytokine and on the concentration of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Tiemessen
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Virology and Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Dourado I, Martínez-Maza O, Kishimoto T, Suzuki H, Detels R. Interleukin 6 and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma: a nested case control study within the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:781-8. [PMID: 9171222 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, there has been considerable research on the etiology of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) among HIV-infected individuals. A number of studies have confirmed that HIV or HIV-encoded products can interact with human cells to induce the production of cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6). In vitro observations have indicated that AIDS-KS cells can produce significant levels of IL-6 and also respond to this cytokine. Preliminary data suggested that IL-6 may be elevated among HIV-infected individuals that subsequently develop AIDS-KS. The objective of this study was to determine if elevated levels of IL-6 are associated with an increased incidence of AIDS-KS compared to other AIDS-defining illnesses such as opportunistic infections (OIs). Serum IL-6 levels were determined by ELISA in frozen sera collected from participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) at 6 months prior to AIDS diagnosis, in 73 cases (AIDS-KS), and 152 controls (OI). Elevated IL-6 levels were more prevalent among men with AIDS-OI than those with AIDS-KS: crude odds ratio (OR), 0.4 (95% CI, 0.2-0.9). Models of multivariate logistic regression were used to study potential confounders. Sexual behavior variables did not seem to confound the association between IL-6 and AIDS-KS. The higher prevalence of IL-6 among controls could be explained by the association of higher levels of IL-6 with lower levels of CD4 T cell number. IL-6 may be a marker of severe immune dysfunction among HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dourado
- Los Angeles Center of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, California 90095, USA
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Differential Effects of Interleukin-13 on Cytomegalovirus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Human Alveolar Macrophages. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.9.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAlveolar macrophages, which form a principal line of defense against a variety of pulmonary pathogens, may themselves be infected by viruses like human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), which impair their defensive functions. Interleukin-13 (IL-13), a multifunctional cytokine, has been considered for therapeutic use based on its potent inhibition of HIV-1 in these cells. We have further examined the effects of IL-13 on alveolar macrophages under conditions that reflect those seen in acquired immune deficiency syndrome, where this cell type is often infected by the opportunistic pathogen human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Alveolar macrophages exposed to both HCMV and HIV-1 consistently exhibited higher levels of HIV-1 replication than cells exposed to HIV-1 alone. HIV-1 production was strongly suppressed in alveolar macrophages treated with IL-13 regardless of whether or not the cultures were coinfected with HCMV. However, IL-13 treatment markedly enhanced the expression of HCMV in otherwise latently infected macrophages in a dose dependent manner. These unexpected differential effects of IL-13 on host-virus interactions are important considerations in guiding its potential therapeutic applications.
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Pacifici R, Di Carlo S, Bacosi A, Pichini S, Zuccaro P. Cytokine production in saquinavir treated mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1997; 19:243-8. [PMID: 9373775 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(97)00031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic and acute saquinavir treatment on murine cytokine production were investigated in both plasma and splenocyte cultures. Cytokine plasma levels were below the detection limit in both saquinavir treated mice and in control mice with the exception of IFN-gamma, whose levels were detectable in 15 day treated mice. Saquinavir was found to increase interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production from stimulated splenocytes. Saquinavir also caused a marked reduction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in supernatants of splenocytes cultures. Conversely, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production was not modified by drug treatment. In the present paper we hypothesized that this protease inhibitor may be involved in the immunoregulatory cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pacifici
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Cossarizza A, Mussini C, Mongiardo N, Borghi V, Sabbatini A, De Rienzo B, Franceschi C. Mitochondria alterations and dramatic tendency to undergo apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes during acute HIV syndrome. AIDS 1997; 11:19-26. [PMID: 9110071 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199701000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study alterations of mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi) and the propensity to undergo apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from subjects with acute HIV syndrome; and to evaluate possible modulations of these phenomena by antioxidants that can be used in therapy, such as N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), nicotinamide (NAM), or L-acetyl-carnitine (LAC). METHODS Mitochondrial function and the tendency of PBL to undergo spontaneous apoptosis were studied on freshly collected PBL from patients with symptomatic, acute HIV-1 primary infection, which were cultured for different durations in the presence of absence of NAC. NAM or LAC. By a cytofluorimetric method allowing analysis of delta psi in intact cells, we studied the function of these organelles under the different conditions. PBL apoptosis was evaluated by the classic cytofluorimetric method of propidium iodide staining, capable of revealing the typical DNA hypodiploid peak. RESULTS Significant delta psi alterations and tendency to undergo apoptosis were present in PBL from the subjects we studied. Indeed, when cultured even for a few hours in the absence of any stimulus, a consistent number of cells died. However, the presence of even different levels of NAC, NAM or LAC was able to rescue most of them from apoptosis. Both a fall in delta psi and apoptosis were evident in PBL collected in the earliest phases of the syndrome (before seroconversion), and changed significantly after a few days. A significant correlation was found between spontaneous apoptosis and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or p24 plasma levels, as well as between apoptosis and the percentages of circulating CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS PBL from patients with acute HIV syndrome are characterized by both significant mitochondrial alterations and a dramatic tendency to undergo apoptosis. The use of NAC, NAM or LAC seems to rescue cells through a protective effect on mitochondria, a well-known target for the action of TNF-alpha and for reactive oxygen species, the production of which is strongly induced by this cytokine. Thus, our data could provide the rationale for the use of such agents in addition to antiviral drugs in primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cossarizza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena School of Medicine, Italy
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Granowitz EV, Saget BM, Angel JB, Wang MZ, Wang A, Dinarello CA, Skolnik PR. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors inhibit phorbol myristate acetate and cytokine-induced HIV-1 expression chronically infected U1 cells. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 11:430-7. [PMID: 8605587 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199604150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding protein-1 (r-h TBP-1) and recombinant human soluble dimeric TNF receptor (rhu TNFR:Fc) were used to determine the relative contributions of TNF to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and cytokine-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in chronically infected cell lines. Treatment of HIV-1-infected promonocytic U1 cells with r-h-TBP-1 or rhu TNFR:Fc reduced PMA-induced HIV-1 p24 antigen production in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximal inhibition of approximately 90%. Maximal inhibition of p24 antigen production in T-lymphocytic ACH-2 cells was 47% with r-hTBP-1 and 42% with rhu TNFR:Fc. r-hTBP-1 and rhu TNFR:Fc also decreased p24 antigen synthesized by U1 cells in response to other stimuli, including phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced supernatant, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and TNF. Addition of r-hTBP-1 to U1 cells during the last 4 h of a 24 h incubation with PMA still inhibited p24 antigen production by 15%. U1 cells stimulated with 10(-7) M PMA released approximately 1 ng/ml endogenous TBP-1 with an initial peak observed at 1 h and a second peak at 24 h after PMA stimulation. r-hTBP-1 also partially reversed inhibition of U1 cellular proliferation caused by PMA. Both r-hTBP-1 and rhu TNFR:Fc blocked PMA induction of nuclear factor (NK)- kappa B DNA-binding activity in U1 cells in association with decreases in HIV-1 replication. We conclude that soluble TNF receptors can inhibit stimuli-induced HIV-1 expression and NK- kappa B DNA-binding activity in chronically infected U1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Granowitz
- Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospitals, Boston 02111, USA
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Esté JA, Witvrouw M, Tu J, Desmyter J, De Clercq E, Vandamme AM. Inhibition of HIV type 1 Tat-mediated trans-activation by oncostatin M in HLtat cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:1355-8. [PMID: 8573392 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have tested the effect of oncostatin M (OSM) on the Tat-mediated trans-activation in a HeLa cell line (HLtat) expressing Tat, using a transfection assay with the LacZ gene under the control of the HIV-1 LTR. Oncostatin M reduced the LacZ expression by 50% at a concentration of 9.5 ng/ml (IC50), which was far below the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50 > 400 ng/ml). Although HLtat cells may represent an interesting model for the study of the signal transduction pathway of OSM, this cytokine did not inhibit the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent activation of the HIV LTR in Molt pNAZ cells or the Tat-mediated trans-activation in HeLa, HeLa-CD4, Hep-II, COS-7, or Jurkat-tat cells. Likewise, OSM did not show any anti-HIV-1 activity in the MT4 cell/MTT assay. Our findings with OSM indicate that, for the screening of HIV Tat inhibitors, care must be taken in selecting a system that not only emulates HIV Tat trans-activation, but is also representative for in vivo-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Esté
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Roulston A, Lin R, Beauparlant P, Wainberg MA, Hiscott J. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytokine gene expression in myeloid cells by NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors. Microbiol Rev 1995; 59:481-505. [PMID: 7565415 PMCID: PMC239370 DOI: 10.1128/mr.59.3.481-505.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ macrophages in tissues such as lung, skin, and lymph nodes, promyelocytic cells in bone marrow, and peripheral blood monocytes serve as important targets and reservoirs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. HIV-1-infected myeloid cells are often diminished in their ability to participate in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing. HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells can lead to the expression of surface receptors associated with cellular activation and/or differentiation that increase the responsiveness of these cells to cytokines secreted by neighboring cells as well as to bacteria or other pathogens. Enhancement of HIV-1 replication is related in part to increased DNA-binding activity of cellular transcription factors such as NF-kappa B. NF-kappa B binds to the HIV-1 enhancer region of the long terminal repeat and contributes to the inducibility of HIV-1 gene expression in response to multiple activating agents. Phosphorylation and degradation of the cytoplasmic inhibitor I kappa B alpha are crucial regulatory events in the activation of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity. Both N- and C-terminal residues of I kappa B alpha are required for inducer-mediated degradation. Chronic HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells leads to constitutive NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity and provides an intranuclear environment capable of perpetuating HIV-1 replication. Increased intracellular stores of latent NF-kappa B may also result in rapid inducibility of NF-kappa B-dependent cytokine gene expression. In response to secondary pathogenic infections or antigenic challenge, cytokine gene expression is rapidly induced, enhanced, and sustained over prolonged periods in HIV-1-infected myeloid cells compared with uninfected cells. Elevated levels of several inflammatory cytokines have been detected in the sera of HIV-1-infected individuals. Secretion of myeloid cell-derived cytokines may both increase virus production and contribute to AIDS-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roulston
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Denis M, Ghadirian E. Dysregulation of interleukin 8, interleukin 10, and interleukin 12 release by alveolar macrophages from HIV type 1-infected subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:1619-27. [PMID: 7888221 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the in vitro release of interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and interleukin 12 (IL-12) by alveolar macrophages from normal volunteers and HIV-1-infected subjects. Normal volunteers had very low levels of IL-8 and IL-10 and undetectable IL-12 in the cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Asymptomatic HIV-1-infected subjects had elevated levels of IL-8 and IL-10 in their BALF, and HIV-1-infected subjects with nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NIP) or infected with Pneumocystis carinii had the highest BALF levels of IL-10 and IL-8. It was found that alveolar macrophages from asymptomatic HIV-1 subjects and from NIP subjects spontaneously released elevated IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12. However, AIDS subjects infected with P. carinii had cells that released elevated levels of IL-10 and IL-8, but low levels of IL-12. When alveolar macrophages were stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan (SAC), cells from normal volunteers responded with a considerably increased release of IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12; cells from HIV-1-infected subjects without P. carinii infection responded with a moderate increase in release of all three monokines. SAC stimulation did not enhance the release of monokines by cells from AIDS subjects with P. carinii infection, and IL-12 levels remained low. There was no strict relationship between spontaneous cytokine release and p24 HIV-1 antigen expression by alveolar macrophages. Finally, we showed that neutralizing IL-10 production by alveolar macrophages from AIDS subjects substantially increased IL-12 releasability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- Pulmonary Research Unit, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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JIRILLO EMILIO, COVELLI VITO, MAFFONE ANGELABRUNA, GRECO BEATRICE, PECE SALVATORE, FUMAROLA DONATO, ANTONACI SALVATORE, SIMONE CLAUDIO. Endotoxins, Cytokines, and Neuroimmune Networks with Special Reference to HIV Infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Denis M, Ghadirian E. Interleukin 13 and interleukin 4 protect bronchoalveolar macrophages from productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:795-802. [PMID: 7986585 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the impact of the predominantly Th2-type lymphokines interleukin 13 (IL-13) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) on acute infection of human bronchoalveolar macrophages with a macrophage-tropic isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Addition of 0.01-10 ng of IL-4 or IL-13 per milliliters significantly blocked HIV-1 replication in infected cells, judging from levels of reverse transcriptase and p24 antigen in the supernatants of infected cells. Both IL-4 and IL-13 were almost as efficient as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in preventing HIV-1 replication, when given in equivalent amounts. Moreover, neither IL-13 nor IL-4 interfered with the IFN-gamma-mediated enhancement of anti-HIV-1 activity in alveolar macrophages. Both IL-4 and IL-13 interfered with enhanced replication of HIV-1 in macrophages pulsed with the growth factor granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Interleukin 13 also prevented HIV-1 release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a cocultivation experiment with feeder cells from a seronegative subject. These data suggest that Th2-derived lymphokines have significant anti-HIV-1 activity in cells of the macrophage lineage, although they may enhance the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected subjects to some opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- Pulmonary Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Carrier F, McCary JM, Bae I, Yarosh DB, Fornace AJ. Activation of HIV type 1 long terminal repeat by ultraviolet light is serum and strain specific. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:767-73. [PMID: 7986581 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the UV responsiveness of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and HeLa cell lines transfected with a CAT reporter gene under the control of the HIV-1 LTR promoter. XP fibroblasts grown in 10% newborn bovine serum (NBS) were three times more responsive to UV radiation than cells grown in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Moreover, cocultivation of UV-irradiated XP cells with XP cells containing stable integrants of HIV-LTR CAT was found to be more than four times more effective in inducing the CAT activity when cells were maintained in 10% NBS than in 10% FCS. The level of induction was also dependent on the serum concentration. These data indicate that a serum component, possibly a cytokine(s), can enhance the UV response of both irradiated cells and unirradiated cells cocultivated with irradiated cells. The magnitude of UV responsiveness seemed also to be strain dependent. CAT activity for the HIV LTR promoter from the HTLV-IIIB (HIV-IIIB) strain was induced more than 30-fold by UV irradiation whereas activity from the LAV-1BRU strain was less than 2-fold. In contrast, both constructs were strongly induced by Tat expression. This indicates that there are differences in the induction mechanism for these two stimuli, even though UV radiation has been previously reported to induce a cellular Tat-like factor (Valerie K, et al., Nature [London] 1988;333:78-81).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Carrier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Turpin JA, Fan SX, Hansen BD, Francis ML, Baca-Regen LM, Gendelman HE, Meltzer MS. Regulation of HIV replication in monocytes by interferon. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 14:222-41. [PMID: 7520329 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78549-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Turpin
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100
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Butera ST. Cytokine involvement in viral permissiveness and the progression of HIV disease. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53:336-42. [PMID: 8300751 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240530411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses have evolved novel means of exploiting host defense mechanisms for their own survival. This exploitation may be best exemplified by the interrelationships between certain viruses and the host cytokine networks. Many viruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), rely on the liberation and cellular action of host immune cytokines to expand their host cell range, to regulate their cellular expression, and to maintain their dormant state until the proper extracellular conditions arise. As again exemplified by HIV-1, viruses may also take an active role regulating cytokine expression and cell surface cytokine receptors. Because the viral life cycle, and in particular the HIV-1 life cycle, is so intertwined with cytokine regulatory networks, these networks represent potential points for therapeutic intervention. As our understanding of cellular cytokine pathways involved in viral infection and replication continues to expand, so too will our ability to design rational anti-viral therapies to alter multiple steps along the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Butera
- Retrovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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18
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Peterson PK, Gekker G, Schut R, Hu S, Balfour HH, Chao CC. Enhancement of HIV-1 replication by opiates and cocaine: the cytokine connection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 335:181-8. [PMID: 8237594 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2980-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
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Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Schoolov Y, Balfour HH, Chao CC. Microglial cell upregulation of HIV-1 expression in the chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1: the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 41:81-7. [PMID: 1460095 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90198-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Culture supernatants from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine microglial cells were found to markedly induce the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 in the chronically infected human promonocytic cell line U1 as detected by measurements of HIV-1 p24 antigen release into U1 culture supernatants. Antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha had an inhibitory effect on the induction of virus by microglial cell supernatants. Also, treatment of microglia with pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha production, resulted in suppressed amounts of TNF in the supernatants of LPS-treated microglia and in a reduced stimulatory capacity of these supernatants on HIV-1 expression in U1 cells. These findings support the concept that TNF-alpha production by glial cells plays a pathogenetic role in HIV-1-associated brain disease by promoting the expression of the virus in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Peterson
- Neuroimmunobiology and Host Defense Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, MN
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Yarosh DB. The role of DNA damage and UV-induced cytokines in skin cancer. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1992; 16:91-4. [PMID: 1469514 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85156-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D B Yarosh
- Applied Genetics Inc., Freeport, NY 11520
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